Chidziwitso Chofunika Katswiri: Awa ndi mawu a wolemba zakale kutengera komwe adachokera komanso zitsanzo zomwe zidapezeka panthawi yomwe idasindikizidwa. Sizofotokozera zamakono, malangizo achitetezo, upangiri wazachuma kapena kutsimikizira zomwe zikuchitika, kuthamanga, mtengo kapena momwe makampani ndi zinthu zomwe zatchulidwazi zilili. Kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse pakali pano popanga zowonjezera kumafunikira cheke cha zolembedwa za wopanga, katundu, chitetezo chapantchito, ufulu wazinthu zaluntha ndi malamulo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito.
Ntchito zowonjezera zopanga ndi kusindikiza sizinthu zomwe anthu akutsatsa pano za Savo Kusić. Zopangira masiku ano zili ndi mazenera amatabwa, mazenera amatabwa a aluminiyamu ndi zitseko zamwambo.
Zofuna, ukadaulo ndi kupanga
Ukadaulo watsopano wopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito chosindikizira cha 3D, unafunanso kuunikanso lusoli, momwe zimakhudzira kupanga zinthu komanso njira zatsopano zopangira.
Zolemba zambiri zonena za mafakitale (komanso magawo ena ambiri) zimayamba ndi kunena kuti “teknoloji yamakono (mankhwala, chemistry, etc.) yapita patsogolo kwambiri moti …”
Mawu omveka awa, monga momwe zidachitikira m’mbuyomu, adzakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri zikubwera ndipo mwina adzakhala ndi moyo kuposa ife, chifukwa monga momwe ziliri, tsiku lomwe tikuwerenga lembali, chikhalidwe cha anthu sichinayambe kukula, koma sichidzakhala, monga momwe zidzakhalire mawa.
Ndipo ndithu, zosowa zolengedwa ndi munthu zimasiyana tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo kusowa kulikonse kumatengera zatsopano, zomwe ziyenera kukhala zangwiro ndi zabwino kwambiri kuposa zam’mbuyo. Ngati mungaike zosowazo munkhani ya mwachitsanzo. za makampani opanga makompyuta, titha kuwona kuti kompyuta yomwe, zaka zisanu zapitazo ndi zina zambiri, imagwira ntchito zathu zonse sizokwanira kwa ife (zosowa zatsopano zimafuna mapulogalamu athunthu, omwe amafunikiranso hardware, ndi zina zotero). Makamaka, izi zidafotokozedwa ndi Gordon Moore, m’modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa Intel, yemwe amati mphamvu zamakompyuta zimachulukitsa 18 mpaka 20 msec iliyonse, chifukwa chake lamuloli linatchedwa Moore’s Law. Chifukwa chake lero foni yathu yam’manja ili ndi mphamvu zamakompyuta kuposa bungwe lonse la NASA lomwe ndi 1969. anatumiza amuna awiri ku mwezi kapena e.g. masewera apakanema omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri zamakompyuta kuti azitha kutengera zochitika za mbali zitatu kuposa kompyuta yayikulu imodzi yazaka khumi zapitazi (Kaku, 2011).
Apa zinthu ziwiri ziyenera kulekanitsidwa nthawi yomweyo. Zosowa zomwe zili tsiku ndi tsiku, makompyutawo sakanatha kukwaniritsa, koma mbali ina ya nkhaniyi, poyang’anitsitsa, kompyutayo, monga tafotokozera, inali yokwanira kuyambitsa munthu ku mwezi. Choncho, kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kunakhala kopanda kudalira pa liwiro la mwachitsanzo. mapurosesa ndipo pali kutsindika kwakukulu pa nthambi zina, zomwe zimalepheretsa kupita patsogolo. Mwachidule, sayansi imalumikizana njira ziwiri ndi kompyuta ndikuisintha kuti ikhale yokha.
Komabe, zosowa si zokhazo zomwe “zimakankhira” anthu patsogolo. Zilakolako zomwe munthu amapanga, mosasamala kanthu kuti akuzifuna kapena ayi, zimatsegula malo atsopano kuti mafakitale azithamanga kuti amupatse zomwe akufuna kapena zomwe angafune, osadziŵa. Sitiyenera kuiwala zamalonda, zomwe zimathandizira nkhani yonseyi ndikuti ndizosowa zathu komanso zomwe sitingathe kuchita popanda, osati kungolakalaka zomwe sizofunikira kwa ife. Tikamaphatikizaponso munthu monga chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe, yemwe akufuna kukhala wosiyana ndi ena ndi kupanga umunthu wake womwe udzawonetsere chikhalidwe chake chauzimu chamkati (chomwe chiri chosowa ndi chikhumbo kumlingo wina), timapeza chithunzi chovuta kwambiri cha kasitomala wamakono, kuchokera ku lingaliro la mwachitsanzo. ya kampani yomwe ikufuna kugulitsa galimoto yake, komwe kampaniyo iyenera kuwononga ndalama zambiri, kufufuza ndi kukonza zomwe akufuna, popanda ngakhale kupanga galimotoyo.
Ndiye mungapangire bwanji chinthucho, kuti chikhale chomwe wina akufuna? Ndi mtundu wanji wa kafukufuku ndi njira yabwino yochitira izo, kotero kuti izo zikuwonetseratu chikhumbo chenicheni cha kasitomala ndi chinachake chimene wina angagule, popanda kukhala mu katundu ndi kutaya mtengo? Imodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri zopangira chinthu ndi kuti wogula azinena zomwe akuyembekezera kuchokera kuzinthuzo, ndiyeno tingakhale otsimikiza kuti tidzamugulitsa. Zoonadi, mbali ina ya vutoli ndi momwe mungakwaniritsire zonsezi ndi zinthu zochepa momwe mungathere, ndikulemekeza kasitomala aliyense payekha.
Kusintha Kwamisala
Oyamba kupereka yankho ku funsoli ndi olimbikitsa njira yatsopano yopangira zinthu. Njira yomwe idawonekera zaka makumi awiri zapitazo imapereka njira yoganizira komanso malingaliro okonzekera kupanga kuti alemekeze zonse izi, pomwe akupeza njira zowakhutiritsa kuti apindule. Choncho, pangani zomwe kasitomala aliyense akufuna ndipo akhoza kulipira ndikupanga phindu. Njirayi imatchedwa **_mass customization **. Ndalamayi idapangidwa kuchokera ku mawu achingerezi mass (misa, yayikulu, unyinji) ndi **kusintha mwamakonda ** (kusintha), komwe kumasulira kungatanthauze **kusintha mwamakonda ** m’lingaliro la kuthekera kopanga zinthu payokha pakupanga kochuluka (malinga ndi Suzić, 2014).
Kupanga lero
Pali njira zambiri zopangira, koma yomwe yapita patsogolo kwambiri komanso yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano ndikusintha mwamakonda. Tikamalankhula za makonda, nthawi zonse zimagwirizana ndi nthawi yomwe tikukhalamo ndipo malingaliro okhudzana ndi makonda amakhala makamaka kuti amafotokoza mtundu wabwino kwambiri wopangira komanso momwe angayandikire kapangidwe kazinthu ndi kupanga. Kusintha mwamakonda sikumalongosola mtundu wanji wa kupanga bwino komanso momwe mungapangire chinthu. Kusintha mwamakonda ndi njira ndi **njira yoganizira **, ndipo njira zabwino kwambiri zopangira ndi zotsatila za njirayi ndipo mwachizoloŵezi chisankho chogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro amtunduwu popanga (kulenga).
Makampani onse ochita bwino adatsata njirayi ndikupanga makina opambana omwe adakwanitsa kukonza zopanga zawo kuti athe kuyankha bwino pamsika. Kusintha mwamakonda kudanenedwa kuti kuwonetse kufunikira kokonzekera dongosololi kuti lichepetse kukula kwa zolowetsa popanga, molingana ndi kukula kwake, motero idachita gawo lofunikira kwambiri ngati njira.
Izi zabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu momwe zinthu zimapangidwira, komabe, pachimake, njira yopangira sinasinthe. Kukonzekera kwabwinoko ndiko kumaperekedwa.
Kuwonjezera ndi kuchotsa zinthu
Kupanga kwam’mbuyo kumatengera mfundo yochotsa zinthu. Pochita izi, izi zikutanthauza kuti chidutswa chokhala ndi miyeso yayikulu kuposa miyeso ya chomaliza chimatengedwa ndipo zinthuzo zimachotsedwa pachidutswacho, mpaka chidutswacho chibweretsedwe ku miyeso yomaliza. Kupanga kotereku kudakali kokulirapo m’makampani opanga zinthu masiku ano. Zoonadi, pali zosiyana, monga zinthu zomwe zimapezedwa ndi njira zoponyera, kuwomba, zokometsera ndi zina zotero, koma njirazi sizimapereka ufulu wokwanira “wotsatira” pakupanga mankhwala, koma zimachepetsedwa ndi kukonzekera koyambirira (ma templates, mapangidwe azinthu, ndi zina zotero).
Njira yopangira yoperekedwa ndi 3D yosindikiza ndiyosiyana ndendende ndi njira yomwe yatchulidwayi ndipo imapereka kupanga powonjezera zida. Njira yopangirayi imachokera pa mfundo yowonjezeretsa zida mpaka gawo lomaliza litapezeka.
3D sindikiza
Mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo, njira iyi inkawoneka ngati nthano ya sayansi, koma inali uinjiniya womwe unathandizira kuyambitsa mtundu uwu wa kupanga. Pakusindikiza kwa mbali zitatu, chinthu chimapangidwa pogwiritsira ntchito zigawo za zinthu motsatizana. Imathandizira kupanga magawo ndi zolumikizira kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo zosiyanasiyana, zokhala ndi makina komanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana (Wikipedia, 2015).
Ngati tifufuze za kusindikiza kwa 3D, zikadakhalapo kuyambira masiku a “zida zamadzi”, koma uinjiniya wathandizira kuti kuphatikiza kwa makina a CNC [1] ndi chotulutsa wamba (chomwe chimatha kukankhira zinthu zitatu zomwe zikuwonetsedwa, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa muzojambula) zimapereka chithunzithunzi cha zinthu zitatu zomwe zawonetsedwa) 1.
Chithunzi 1 - Kuphatikiza makina a CNC ndi pulasitiki extruder (kudula makatoni pa cnc,2015) (Chatsopano M’dziko la3D Kusindikiza? ,2015) (3D kusindikiza,2015)
Zoonadi, m’kupita kwa nthawi, njira zowonjezereka zamtunduwu ndi njira zophatikizira zigawo zogwiritsidwa ntchito zapangidwa, kumene kutsirizitsa bwino kumapezedwa nthawi zonse, zipangizo zatsopano zimayambitsidwa ndipo kumanga osindikiza okha kumapangidwa bwino. Tiyeneranso kutchula chosindikizira chomwe chinaperekedwa panthawiyo cha kampani ya Carbon3D, yomwe omanga ake adauziridwa ndi kanema “Terminator 2”, pomwe chinthu chomwe chimachotsedwa mu utomoni wamadzimadzi chimapangidwa (chithunzi 2). Monga m’modzi mwa omwe adapanga chosindikizirachi, a Joseph DeSimone, adati, 3D osindikiza kwenikweni ndi 2D osindikiza omwe amabwereza ndondomekoyi mobwerezabwereza, ndipo ndondomekoyi inatenga nthawi yayitali. Chosindikizirachi “chosavuta” chimakoka chinthu chonsecho kuchokera kumadzimadzi, chokonzedweratu mothandizidwa ndi kuwala, ndipo malinga ndi gwero la nthawiyo limapereka kuchokera ku 25 mpaka 100 nthawi yosindikiza mofulumira (Carbon3D, 2015).
Chithunzi 2 - Mfundo yoyendetsera ntchito 3D ya chosindikizira cha Carbon 3D. (Carbon3D, 2015)
3D kusindikiza ndi kupanga
Zitha kuwoneka kale momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito3Osindikiza a D amafalikira kumadera onse amakampani, kotero tsopano pali ziwalo za thupi zosindikizidwa kale, zipolopolo zamagalimoto, zodula, zovala, ngakhale nyumba ndi nyumba, ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo Boeing lero amasindikiza kuposa20 000magawo a ndege yanu (DICKEY,2015).
Tekinolojeyi ikakhala yotsika mtengo komanso yofikirika, akatswiri pankhaniyi amalosera kuti zopanga izi zichoka kumakampani kupita kwa makasitomala. Ndi makina osindikizira a 3D, anthu azitha kupanga zitsanzo zawo, kusintha zomwe zilipo kale ndikusintha zinthu kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa zawo. Mutha kupeza kale mitundu yambiri yaulere pa intaneti, yomwe imatha kutsitsidwa ndikusindikizidwa mwachindunji.
Komabe, ngati tiyang’ana chitsanzo cha banal, anthu ambiri masiku ano ali ndi “osindikiza” 2D m’nyumba zawo, koma palinso makina osindikizira, ndipo ngakhale omwe ali ndi makina osindikizira amasindikiza m’makopera. Zidzakhala chimodzimodzi ndi 3D osindikiza. Pali zifukwa zingapo zochitira izi, zina mwa izo ndi:
- zifukwa zachuma, chifukwa kupanga zinthu zambiri kumakhala kotsikabe kuposa munthu payekha;
- kumaliza kwabwinoko, komwe anthu ambiri sadzakhala ndi mikhalidwe ya akatswiri;
- chidziwitso cha zinthu zakuthupi, zomangamanga ndi kukonza mapulogalamu;
- luso la kulenga la munthu payekha;
- kulephera kwa chosindikizira.
Pankhani yokwaniritsa zosowa za makasitomala,3Kusindikiza kwa D kumapereka mwayi wokulirapo wosinthira malondawo ku zofuna za kasitomala, kuposa momwe angaperekere kupanga kwachikhalidwe potengera kuchotsedwa kwazinthu. Koma kwa sewerolo kaonedwe, izo zimathandiza kupanga popanda owonjezera (zinyalala) zipangizo, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha makina, kuchepetsa ndalama yosungirako, etc. Komanso, pamakhala malo makonda tatchulawa, kumene nsanja mankhwala akhoza kupangidwa pasadakhale, amene akalumikidzidwa ankafuna akhoza kusindikizidwa ndi kuwonjezera kukumana makasitomala, ndi liwiro yobereka ndi zina zotero. Komanso, kuthekera kosiya chinthu chosamalizidwa kudzatsegulidwa, komwe kudzaperekedwa kwa kasitomala motere, ndipo kasitomala azithanso kusindikiza malondawo ndi chosindikizira chake.
M’munsimu muli zitsanzo zingapo zomwe zapezeka3D zosindikizidwa
Zowonjezera1 - Kampani yaku China WinSun, yapadera pakumanga nyumba ndi3D luso, “kusindikizidwa” nyumba yake yoyamba ya nsanjika zambiri
Chithunzi 3 - Nyumba Yosindikizidwa - http://svetzanimljivosti.com/zgrada-iz-stampaca-prva-visespratnica-po-3d-tehnologiji/
Chithunzi 4 - Mkati mwa nyumba yosindikizidwa -http://kiko-unico.com.hr/hocemo-li-u-skoroj-buducnosti-printati-stambene-objekte-luksuzne-vile/
Zowonjezera2- Kampani ya Local Motors idapanga galimoto pomwe zida ndi ziwalo zathupi zimasindikizidwa3D chosindikizira, ndiyeno zigawo zina zaikidwa mu galimoto
Chithunzi 5 - Galimoto yomwe magawo ake amasindikizidwa -http://www.b92.net/automobili/razno.php?yyyy=2015&mm=01&nav\_id=946245
Zowonjezera3-3D mfuti ndi mfuti
Chithunzi 6 -3d mfuti - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2295283/3D-printing-gunsmiths-make-blueprints-available-free-download-granted-firearms-licence.html
Chithunzi 7 - http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22421185
Zowonjezera4 - 3D mkono kwa anthu olumala
Chithunzi 8 -3D mkono -http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/14/tech/innovation/carpenter-fingers-robohand-3-d/
Chidziwitso Chakugwiritsa Ntchito: Zitsanzo zakale, zolosera, kufananitsa liwiro ndi zidziwitso zamakampani sizolowa m’malo mwa kufananitsa kwenikweni kwaukadaulo ndi malonda. Chitetezo cha ndondomekoyi chimadalira makina, zinthu, mpweya wabwino, kutentha, kukonza, cholinga cha gawolo ndi kuwunika kwa katswiri pazochitikazo.
Magwero
3D kusindikiza. (2015, 4 14). Zotengedwa kuchokera ku Wikipedia, insaikulopediya yaulere: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
Carbon3D. (2015, 04 5). Zachotsedwa ku Carbon3D | CLIP Technology - Ukadaulo wotsogola wokhazikika pamapangidwe azithunzithunzi osasunthika opanda 3D kusindikiza:: http://carbon3d.com/
DICKEY, M. R. (2015, 4 15). Hope You Trust 3D Printers — Boeing Amazigwiritsa Ntchito ‘Kusindikiza’ Magawo A Ma Ndege Ake. Zabwezedwa kuchokera ku Business Insider: http://www.businessinsider.com/
Kaku, D. M. (2011). Physics zam’tsogolo.
Cardboard kudula pa cnc. (2015, 4 14). Zobwezedwa kuchokera ku elitesecurity.org - ma forum: http://www.elitesecurity.org/t415702-0
Suzić, N. (. (n.d.). Novi Sad.
Chatsopano Ndi Chiyani Padziko Lonse la 3D Printing? . (2015, 4 14). Zabwezedwa kuchokera ku Brit + co: http://www.brit.co/3d-june/
Wikipedia. (2015, 04 12). 3D sitampu. Zabwezedwa ku Wikipedia: http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/3%D0%94_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0
[1] CNC (eng. computer numerical control) ndi makina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zomwe zidalowetsedwa kale pakuyenda kwake, zomwe zimalowetsedwa kutengera malo omwe akufunidwa munjira yowonera.