Chiziviso Chakakosha Nehunyanzvi: Ichi chinyorwa chemunyori kubva pane zvakabva uye nemienzaniso iripo panguva yekuburitswa. Haisi yazvino tekinoroji yakatarwa, mirairo yekuchengetedza, zano rekudyara kana kusimbiswa kwezvino kugona, kumhanya, mutengo kana chimiro chemakambani ataurwa uye zvigadzirwa. Kushandiswa kwega kwega kwega kwega kwega kwega kunoda cheki yemagwaro emugadziri azvino, zvivakwa, kuchengetedzwa kwebasa, kodzero dzezvivakwa zveuchenjeri uye mitemo inoshanda.
Kuwedzera kugadzira uye kudhinda masevhisi haisi chikamu chezvino ruzhinji zvinopihwa neSavo Kusić. Mazuva ano kutariswa kwekugadzirwa kunosanganisira mahwindo emapuranga, mahwindo emapuranga-aruminiyamu uye magonhi etsika.
Zvinoda, tekinoroji uye kugadzira
Tekinoroji itsva yekugadzira zvinhu uchishandisa 3D printa, yaidawo kuti tiongorore tekinoroji iyi, magadzirisiro ayo pakugadzira uye maitiro matsva angangove uye nzira dzekuronga kugadzira.
Zvinyorwa zvizhinji zvinobata nechikamu cheindasitiri (pamwe chete nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda) zvinotanga nemhedziso yekuti “mazuva ano tekinoroji (mushonga, chemistry, nezvimwewo) yakakwira zvekuti …”
Ichi chirevo chekubata, sezvakaitika kare, chicharamba chiripo kwemakore akawanda ari kuuya uye zvichida chichatipfuura isu, nokuti sezvazviri, pazuva chairo ratiri kuverenga chinyorwa ichi, nzanga yevanhu haina kumbobvira yakagadziridzwa, asi hazvizove zvakadaro, sezvazvichaita mangwana.
Uye zvirokwazvo, zvinodikanwa zvakasikwa nemunhu zvinosiyana zuva nezuva uye chinoda chimwe nechimwe chinoisa chitsva, chinofanira kunge chakakwana uye chirinani pane chakapfuura. Kana iwe waizoisa izvo zvidikanwi mumamiriro ezvinhu e.g. yeindasitiri yekugadzira makomputa, taizoona kuti komputa inogona, makore mashanu apfuura uye kupfuura, kuita mabasa edu ese haichakwane kwatiri (zvido zvitsva zvinoda mamwe software akazara, ayo anowedzera zvinoda hardware, nezvimwewo). Kunyanya, chiitiko ichi chakatsanangurwa naGordon Moore, mumwe wevakatanga Intel, uyo anoti simba rekombuta rinowedzera kaviri 18 kusvika 20 msec, ndosaka mutemo uyu wakanzi Moore’s Law. Saka nhasi mbozhanhare yedu ine simba remakomputa rakawanda kupfuura sangano rese reNASA iro 1969. akatuma varume vaviri kumwedzi kana e.g. mitambo yemavhidhiyo inoshandisa zviwanikwa zvekombuyuta kutevedzera mamiriro emativi matatu kupfuura komputa huru imwe chete yemakore gumi apfuura (Kaku, 2011).
Pano zvinhu zviviri zvinofanirwa kupatsanurwa nekukurumidza. Izvo zvinodikanwa zviri zuva nezuva nhasi, iyo komputa yaisagona kuzadzisa, asi rumwe rutivi rwenyaya, kana ichitariswa kazhinji, iyo komputa, sezvakataurwa, yakanga yakakwana kuburitsa murume kumwedzi. Nokudaro, kufambira mberi kwesayenzi kwakava kusina kutsamira pakukurumidza kwe e.g. processors uye kune kukoshesa kukuru kune mamwe mapazi, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kufambira mberi. Muchidimbu, sainzi inotaurirana nzira mbiri nekombuta uye yozvigadzirisa kuti ive yayo.
Zvisinei, zvinodiwa handizvo chete “zvinosundira” vanhu mberi. Zvishuwo zvinogadzirwa nemunhu, zvisinei nekuti anozvida here kana kuti kwete, zvinovhura nzvimbo itsva yekuti maindasitiri aite nhangemutange kuti amupe chaizvo zvaanoda kana zvaanoda, asingazvizivi. Hatifaniri kukanganwa kushambadzira, iyo inotsigira nyaya yacho yose nechokwadi chokuti izvo chaizvoizvo zvatinoda uye izvo zvatisingagoni kuita pasina, uye kwete zvishuwo zvisingakoshi kwatiri. Kana isu tichibatanidzawo munhu sevanhu vemagariro evanhu uye tsika, uyo anoda kuva akasiyana nevamwe uye kuumba chiziviso chake icho chicharatidza chimiro chake chemukati chemweya (izvo zvose zvinodiwa uye chido kune imwe nzvimbo), tinowana mufananidzo wakaoma zvikuru wemutengi wemazuva ano, kubva pamaonero e. yekambani inoda kutengesa mota yayo, uko kambani iyoyo inofanirwa kushandisa zviwanikwa zvakawanda, kutsvaga nekugadzira iyo yainopihwa, isina kana kupinda mukugadzirwa kwemota iyoyo.
Wobva wagadzira chigadzirwa ichocho, kuti chive chinhu chinodiwa nemunhu? Ndeupi rudzi rwekutsvakurudza uye ndeipi nzira yakanakisisa yekuiitisa, kuitira kuti ive chiratidzo chechishuwo chaicho chemutengi uye chimwe chinhu icho mumwe munhu achatenga, pasina iyo yakagara muchitoro uye ichirasikirwa nekukosha? Imwe yenzira dzakanakisa dzekugadzira chigadzirwa ndechekuti mutengi ataure zvaanotarisira kubva kune chigadzirwa, uye ipapo tinogona kuva nechokwadi chekuti tichamutengesa kwaari. Ehe, rimwe divi redambudziko nderekuti ungazadzisa sei zvese izvi nezviwanikwa zvishoma sezvinobvira, uku uchiremekedza mutengi wega wega.
Misa Kugadzirisa
Vakatanga kupa mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu vamiriri venzira itsva mukugadzira. Maitiro akaonekwa makore makumi maviri apfuura anopa nzira yekufunga uye huzivi hwekuronga kugadzirwa kuti varemekedze zvese izvi zvinodiwa, uchitsvaga mhinduro dzekuvagutsa kuti vabatsirikane. Saka, gadzira izvo zvinodiwa nemutengi wese uye anogona kubhadhara uye kuita purofiti. Nzira iyi inonzi mass customization. Mari iyi yakagadzirwa kubva kumazwi echiRungu mass (misa, hombe, kuwanda) uye customization (kugadziridzwa), izvo mukududzira zvaizoreva kugadziriswa kwevanhu vakawanda mupfungwa yekugona kuita zvega zvigadzirwa mukugadzirwa kwakawanda (maererano naSuzić, 2014).
Kugadzirwa nhasi
Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekugadzira, asi iyo yakawana kukurumidza uye inonyanya kushandiswa nhasi ndeyekugadzirisa. Kana tichitaura nezve gadziriso, inogara ine chekuita nenguva yatinogara uye fungidziro dzine chekuita nekugadzirisa ndeye kunyanya iyo inoraira yakanakisa mhando yekugadzira uye maitiro ekuita dhizaini nekugadzira chigadzirwa. Kugadziridza hakurondedzere kuti rudzii rwekugadzirwa rwakanyanya uye maitiro ekugadzira chigadzirwa. Customization inzira uye **nzira yekufunga **, uye nzira dzakanakisa uye nzira dzakanakisa dzekugadzira zvinongova mhedzisiro yeiyi nzira uye kazhinji sarudzo yekushandisa iyi mhando yekufunga mukugadzira (kusika).
Makambani ese akabudirira akatevera nzira iyi uye akavaka masisitimu akabudirira ayo akakwanisa kuronga kugadzira kwavo kuitira kuti vapindure zvakanyanya kumusika. Kugadzirisa kwakataurwa kuitira kuratidza kukosha kwekuronga sisitimu munzira yekudzikisa saizi yekupinza mukugadzira, maererano nehukuru hwekubuda, uye nekudaro yakaita basa rakakosha senzira.
Izvi zvakaunza shanduko huru munzira iyo zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa, asi zvakadaro, pamusimboti, nzira yekugadzira haina kuchinja. Kurongeka kuri nani chete kunopihwa.
Kuwedzera uye kubvisa zvinhu
Kugadzirwa kwekare kwakavakirwa pamusimboti wekubvisa zvinhu. Mukuita, izvi zvinoreva kuti chidimbu chine zviyero zvakakura kudarika zviyero zvechigadzirwa chekupedzisira chinotorwa uye zvinhu zvinobviswa kubva pachidimbu, kusvikira chidimbu chacho chaunzwa kune zviyero zvekupedzisira. Mhando iyi yekugadzira ichiri kutonga muindasitiri yekugadzira nhasi. Ehe, pane zvisizvo, senge zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa nemaitiro ekukanda, kuvhuvhuta, embossing nezvimwe zvakadaro, asi nzira idzi hadzipi rusununguko rwakakwana “runotevera” mukuumba chigadzirwa, asi rinoganhurirwa nekugadzirira kwekare (matemplate, zvimiro zvezvinhu, nezvimwewo)
Iyo nzira yekugadzira inopihwa ne 3D kudhinda inonyatso pikisa nzira yataurwa uye inopa kugadzira nekuwedzera zvinhu. Iyi nzira yekugadzira yakavakirwa pamusimboti wekuwedzera zvinhu kusvika chiyero chekupedzisira chawanikwa.
3D dhinda
Kusvika makore mashoma apfuura, nzira iyi yaiita sengano yesainzi, asi yaive engineering yakabatsira kutanga rudzi urwu rwekugadzira. Mukudhinda kwemativi matatu, chinhu chinogadzirwa nekushandisa zvakatevedzana zvidimbu zvezvinhu. Inogonesa kugadzirwa kwezvikamu uye maassemblies kubva kune akati wandei akasiyana zvinhu, ane akasiyana mechaniki uye emuviri zvimiro (Wikipedia, 2015).
Kana tikanyatsoongorora mukati meiyo 3D kudhinda, inogona kunge iripo kubva mazuva e “zvinwiwa zvemvura”, asi mainjiniya akabatsira pakuti musanganiswa weCNC [1] muchina uye yakajairwa extruder (iyo inogona kusunda mune chimwe chinhu chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo) chinopa mukana wekugadzira chimwe chinhu mumufananidzo unoratidzwa 1.
Mufananidzo 1 -Kusanganiswa kweCNC muchina uye epurasitiki extruder (Kadhibhodhi yekucheka pa cnc,2015) (Chii Chitsva Munyika ye3D Kudhinda? ,2015) (3D kudhinda,2015)
Ehe, nekufamba kwenguva, nzira dzakaomesesa dzerudzi urwu uye hunyanzvi hwekubatanidza zvidimbu zvakaiswa zvakagadziridzwa, uko kupera kuri nani kunogara kuchiwanikwa, zvinhu zvitsva zvinounzwa uye kuvakwa kwevanodhinda ivo pachavo kunovandudzwa. Isu tinofanirwa zvakare kutaura iyo yakazopihwa printa yekambani Carbon3D, ine vavaki vakafemerwa nebhaisikopo “Terminator 2”, apo chinhu chinobviswa kubva mumvura resin inoumbwa (mufananidzo 2). Semumwe wevagadziri veprinta iyi, Joseph DeSimone, akati, 3D maprinta anonyatso 2D maprinta anodzokorora maitiro aya kakawanda, uye maitiro aya akatora nguva refu kumashure. Printer iyi “inodhonza” inodhonza chinhu chose kubva kumvura, yakafanogadzirwa nerubatsiro rwechiedza, uye zvinoenderana nekwabva panguva yacho inopa kubva 25 kusvika 100 nguva nekukurumidza kudhinda (Carbon3D, 2015).
Mufananidzo 2 - Musimboti wekushanda 3D yeCarbon 3D printer. (Carbon3D, 2015)
3D kudhinda uye kugadzira
Inogona kutoonekwa kuti inoshandiswa sei3D madhinda akapararira kunzvimbo dzese dzeindasitiri, saka iko zvino kwave nenhengo dzemuviri dzakadhindwa, mateko emota, cutlery, wadhiropu, uye kunyange dzimba nezvivakwa, nezvimwewo. Semuenzaniso Boeing nhasi anodhinda kupfuura20 000zvikamu zvendege yako (DICKEY,2015)
Sezvo tekinoroji iyi inova yakachipa uye ichiwanikwa, nyanzvi munharaunda iyi dzinofanotaura kuti rudzi urwu rwekugadzira ruchabva kuindasitiri kuenda kune vatengi. Nemaprinta e3D, vanhu vanozokwanisa kugadzira modhi dzavo, kugadzirisa dziripo uye kugadzirisa zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvavanoda. Unogona kutowana akawanda emahara modhi paInternet, anogona kudhaunirodwa nekudhindwa zvakananga.
Zvisinei, kana tikatarisa muenzaniso webhanari, vanhu vazhinji nhasi vane “zvakajairwa” 2D maprinta mudzimba dzavo, asi kuchine makopi, uye kunyangwe vane maprinta anodhinda mumakopi. Zvichafanana ne 3D maprinta. Pane zvikonzero zvakati kuti zveizvi, zvimwe zvacho ndeizvi:
- zvikonzero zvehupfumi, nekuti kugadzirwa kwakawanda kuchiri kuchipa pane munhu mumwe;
- kupedzisa kuri nani, uko vanhu vazhinji vasingazove nemamiriro ezvinhu sevashandi;
- ruzivo rwemhando yezvinhu, kuvaka uye kugadzirisa software;
- kugona kwemunhu;
- zvimiro zvemudhinda.
Panyaya yekuzadzisa zvinodiwa nevatengi,3D-kudhinda kunopa mukana wakakura kwazvo wekugadzirisa chigadzirwa kune zvishuwo zvemutengi, pane kukwanisa kupa kugadzirwa kwechinyakare zvichienderana nekubviswa kwezvinhu. Asi kubva pakuona kwemugadziri, inogonesa kugadzirwa pasina kuwandisa (marara) zvinhu, kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwemichina, kuderera kwemitengo yekuchengetera, nezvimwewo, zvakare, pachine nzvimbo yezvataurwa pamusoro pekugadzirisa, uko mapuratifomu echigadzirwa anogona kugadzirwa pachine nguva, paari maumbirwo anodiwa anogona kudhindwa uye nekuwedzera kusangana nevatengi, nekukurumidza kuburitsa uye nezvimwe. Zvakare, mukana wekusiya chigadzirwa chisina kupera unovhurwa, uko uchaendeswa kune mutengi saizvozvo, uye mutengi achakwanisawo kudhinda chigadzirwa neprinta yake.
Pazasi pane mienzaniso miviri yakawanikwa3D mune zvakadhindwa
Appendix1 - Kambani yeChinese WinSun, nyanzvi mukuvaka dzimba ne3D tekinoroji, “yakadhindwa” chivakwa chayo chekutanga chine nhurikidzwa dzakawanda
Mufananidzo 3 – Yakadhindwa Chivako - http://svetzanimljivosti.com/zgrada-iz-stampaca-prva-visespratnica-po-3d-tehnologiji/
Mufananidzo 4 - Imo mukati mechivako chakadhindwa -http://kiko-unico.com.hr/hocemo-li-u-skoroj-buducnosti-printati-stambene-objekte-luksuzne-vile/
Appendix2- Kambani yeLocal Motors yakagadzira mota inodhindwa zvinhu zvemukati nenhengo dzemuviri3D printer, uyezve zvimwe zvikamu zvinoiswa mumotokari
Mufananidzo 5 - Mota ine zvikamu zvakadhindwa -http://www.b92.net/automobili/razno.php?yyyy=2015&mm=01&nav\_id=946245
Appendix3-3D pfuti nepfuti
Mufananidzo 6 -3d pfuti - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2295283/3D-printing-gunsmiths-make-blueprints-available-free-download-granted-firearms-licence.html
Mufananidzo 7 - http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22421185
Appendix4 - 3D ruoko rwevanhu vakaremara
Mufananidzo 8 -3D ruoko -http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/14/tech/innovation/carpenter-fingers-robohand-3-d/
Cherechedzo Yechishandiso: Mienzaniso yenhoroondo, fungidziro, kuenzanisa kwekumhanya uye matatimendi ekambani hazvisi zvinotsiva kuenzanisa kwehunyanzvi uye kwekutengesa. Kuchengetedzeka kwemaitiro kunoenderana nemuchina, zvinhu, kufefetedza, tembiricha, kugadzirisa, chinangwa chechikamu uye kuongororwa kwenyanzvi kwenyaya chaiyo.
Zvinyorwa
3D kudhinda. (2015, 4 14). Zvakatorwa kubva kuWikipedia, encyclopedia yemahara: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
Carbon3D. (2015, 04 5). Zvakatorwa kubva kuCarbon3D | CLIP Tekinoroji - Kuburikidza tekinoroji yakanangana neinotakurika photochemical process isina layer 3D kudhinda:: http://carbon3d.com/
DICKEY, M. R. (2015, 4 15). Tariro Yaunovimba nayo 3D Printers — Boeing Inoashandisa ‘Kudhinda’ Zvikamu Zvendege Dzayo. Zvakatorwa kubva kuBusiness Insider: http://www.businessinsider.com/
Kaku, D. M. (2011). Physics yeramangwana.
Cardboard yekucheka pa cnc. (2015, 4 14). Zvakatorwa kubva kuelitesecurity.org - maforamu ewebhu: http://www.elitesecurity.org/t415702-0
Suzić, N. (. (n.d.). Novi Sad.
Chii Chitsva Munyika Ye 3D Kudhinda? . (2015, 4 14). Zvakatorwa kubva kuBrit + co: http://www.brit.co/3d-june/
Wikipedia. (2015, 04 12). 3D chitambi. Zvakatorwa kubva kuWikipedia: http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/3%D0%94_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0
[1] CNC (eng. computer numberal control) muchina unoshandisa pre-entered coordes pakufamba kwawo, ayo anopinzwa zvichienderana nenzvimbo dzinodiwa mucherechedzo coordinate system.