I kēia lā, ua kālele ʻia ka hāʻawi ʻana o Savo Kusić i mau puka makani lāʻau, mau pukaaniani laau-aluminika, pukapuka maʻamau, puka a me noi no ka haʻi ʻōlelo. He moʻolelo waihona waihona kēia kikokikona a ʻaʻole ia he makana no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ka impregnation, ka hana huluhulu a i ʻole ka poli kemika.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻo palekana koʻikoʻi: ʻo nā kaʻina hana i wehewehe ʻia a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mai kahi kumu mōʻaukala a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi hou. Hiki i kēia mau kemika ke hoʻopilikia nui i ke olakino, ke kaiapuni a me ka palekana ahi. Mai hoʻohui a hoʻohana me ka ʻole o ka pepa ʻikepili palekana kūpono, ka loiloi pilikia, ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻoihana, ka ea kūpono a me nā lako pale pilikino. No nā lole, e hahai i ka ʻōlelo a ka mea hana a e hoʻokaʻaʻike i kahi mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo ʻoihana; pili nā lula kūpono a me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hoʻolako no nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana.
holoi maloo
ʻO nā kumu nui: inā e haumia nā textiles, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe koke i ka ʻili, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻili hou. No ka hana wikiwiki, lawa pinepine ke kopa a me ka wai mehana.
ʻO ka ʻanuʻu mua i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana: e hoʻoholo i ke kumu o ka haumia (e laʻa me ka ʻaila huaʻai, ka ʻaila mineral, ka aila, ka pā, ke kō, ka resin, ke kāpili, ka pena, ka ʻōpala, ka inika). Ma hope o kēlā, pono e hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o ka textile (e laʻa me ka hulu hipa, ka pulupulu, ka huluhulu me ka pulupulu, ka siliki cellulose, ka siliki hana, perlon, nylon, orlon, PVC, linen, hemp). Inā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ka textile, pono e hana ʻia kahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia a ʻike inā he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka mea hoʻohana.
Hoʻomaopopo i nā lole lole
Mai ka lole a mākou e hoʻomaʻemaʻe nei, huki mākou - mai ka longitudinal a me ka ʻaoʻao transverse - he nui nā fibers a me lākou e hana mākou i kahi hoʻāʻo ikaika pulu a me kahi hoʻāʻo ahi.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ikaika pulu, lawe mākou i kahi fiber lōʻihi 15-20 cm, e kīkoʻo maikaʻi a noi i kekahi e hopu i ka waena o ka fiber me nā manamana pulu. Inā nahā ka pulupulu i waena, he cellulose, inā ʻaʻole, he pulupulu.
ʻO ke ala ʻoi loa e ʻike ai i ka textile ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lapalapa. ʻAʻole e wela ka asbestos a me ke aniani. ʻAʻole puhi nā lole lole synthetic a me nā silika acetate, akā heheʻe. He paʻakikī ke puhi ʻana i nā fibers o ka holoholona (hulu, hulu hipa, i ka manawa hoʻokahi e pīpī liʻiliʻi, e like me ka momona momona, a hāʻawi i kahi ʻala e like me ka wā e wela ai ka lauoho. ʻO ka mea puhi ahi he lehu puffy, hina a ʻeleʻele paha, hiki ke maʻalahi (Figure 1, Part 1).
ʻO ka palena palekana: ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka lapalapa ʻaʻole ia he kono e hoʻā i nā fibers ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohālike ʻia, ʻoki ʻia, puhi ʻia a hana ʻia paha ka asbestos a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe me ka ʻole o ka ʻike loea a me nā hana pale i kuhikuhi ʻia.
ʻO nā mea kanu kumu: pulupulu, olonā, hemp, cellulose kumu viscose siliki a me ka cellulose puhi me ka lapalapa nui. Ma hope o ke ahi, waiho ʻia ka lehu keʻokeʻo-hina.
Hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe mākou ma kahi papaʻaina. E hoʻomākaukau kākou: kahi pulupulu kui maʻemaʻe, ka pauka talcum, ka ʻōhuʻu, ka pepa hoʻoheheʻe a kānana paha, ka pulupulu pulupulu, kahi lole keʻokeʻo maʻemaʻe a me nā kemika. Pono e hana ʻia nā kemika hiki ke hoʻā ʻia (gasoline, ether, alcohol) me ka pukaaniani hāmama, ma kahi mamao aku i ke ahi, a koi ʻia ka ea ma hope o ka hana (kiʻi).1, hapa2).
Kiʻi1. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe
Pono e holoi i ka lole ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, no ka mea, ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, e nalowale ka ʻili, akā e waiho ʻia kahi wahi māmā ma ke kahua hoʻomaʻemaʻe inā ʻaʻole maʻemaʻe ka lole. Ma lalo o ka lole hoʻokomo mākou i ka 2-3 mau ʻāpana pepa kānana a i ʻole ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, he ʻāpana lole keʻokeʻo paha. E pulu i ka lole maʻemaʻe me ke kemika i koho ʻia a, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka lihi o ka ʻili, e hamo i ka lole. Ke wehe mākou i ka hapa nui o ka lepo, e hoʻoinu i ka wahi me kekahi mau kulu o ka solvent, e waiho ana i 2–3 m mau minuke, a laila e hoʻomaloʻo i ka lole me ka pepa kānana. Inā pono, e hoʻohana i kahi pulupulu liʻiliʻi e wehe i nā kaula o ka lole a hamo hou e hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻili.
Nā meaʻai no ka hoʻohemo ʻana i nā pila no ka wā kahiko
Nā momona a me nā momona holoholona
Inā he lepo ʻē aʻe ka ʻili, a laila e hana mākou i ka slurry o ka talc a me ka ʻaila (carbon tetrachloride, turpentine), a mākou e hoʻopili ai i kahi papa mānoanoa i ka ʻili. Mālama mākou i ka paʻi ma ka ʻili a hiki i ka wā e mahuka ai ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a lilo ka pauda talcum i pauda. Wehe mākou i ka pauka talcum me kahi pulupulu. Inā loaʻa kekahi mea o ka ʻili momona, e hana hou mākou i ka hana like. E hoʻopau ke kemika i ka lepo, aʻo ka talc, ma muli o kona hygroscopicity a me ka absorption, e hoʻopaʻa iā ia iho i ka momona a me nā lepo ʻē aʻe. Inā pulu ka talc, pono e ho’omalo’o mua ia.
Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻili o ka hinu kāmaʻa me ka turpentine a i ʻole benzene, a me ka kala kala me ka hydrogen peroxide.
Hoʻopau ʻia nā lipstick me ka waiʻona, a laila kopa a me ka wai mālie, a me ka ʻulaʻula me ka hydrogen peroxide.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā ʻōpala o nā hua, compote, nā mea ʻono mai nā lole huluhulu me ka wai mālie a me ke kopa, a laila me ka waiʻona a me ka waika formic. Inā keʻokeʻo ka hulu hipa, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i ka hydrogen peroxide. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, holoi hou ʻia ka lole me ka wai no ka wehe ʻana i nā kemika nui, hiki ke hōʻino i ka lole.
Mālama mākou i nā lole pulupulu me ka hydrogen peroxide ma hope o ke kopa a holoi ʻana i ka wai wela.
Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻōpala me ka waika oxalic. No ka mea he mea ʻawaʻawa, hoʻololi mākou me ka waikawa citric (15%), ’o ia ho’i, me ka sonoacidic bisulfite solution.
Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻōpala e nā mauʻu (chlorophyll stains) me ka waiʻona. Hana mākou i nā ʻeleʻele kahiko me ka waiʻona i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka ammonium hydroxide a laila holoi i ka nui o ka wai mehana.
ʻO ke kala mai nā peʻa, nā mea helu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, wehe ʻia me ka wai wela i ka maka60°Cme ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waiʻona. Akā, me ka waiʻona pono’ī, ua wela hoʻi60°C, hiki i ka ether a i ʻole chloroform ke wehe i ka hapa nui o ke kala. E wehe i ke kala i koe me ka hydrogen peroxide. Pono ka holoi nui ʻana no ka wehe ʻana i nā kemika.
Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻili pā me ka xylene, toluene a i ʻole benzene a laila me ka wai kopa.
Holoi mākou i nā ʻōpala hou10%me ka ammonium hydroxide, a laila holoi me ka wai a i ʻole ke kopa. Hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā lole keʻokeʻo me ka waikawa citric a i ʻole hydrogen peroxide.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā stains mai nā pena momona me ka varnish-gasoline a i ʻole turpentine aila. E pulu i na wahi maloo2-4hola i loko o ka turpentine. Lawe ʻia ka neutralization o nā kala me ka hydrogen peroxide.
Wehe i ka nail polish me ka acetone a i ʻole ka ether.
Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻōpala mai nā peni pōpō a me ka inika me ka waiʻona, potassium carbonate a i ʻole glycerin.
Wehe ʻia nā ʻōpala mai nā pena nitro me kā lākou mau mea hoʻoheheʻe ponoʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi ka acetone. Wehe mākou i ke koena pena me ka citric acid a i ʻole hydrogen peroxide.
Inā he hou ke koko, wehe maʻalahi me ka wai. Wehe i ka ʻili maloʻo3%hydrogen peroxide solution, a laila10%hoʻonā amonia, a laila wai.
Impregnation o nā lole
ʻO ke kaʻina hana impregnation, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ka wai ʻole o nā lole, penei: e hoʻopaʻa i ka lole i loko o kahi solution kumu o ka alumini formate, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana 2 B °, a laila e hōʻike i ka hana o ka wai (i ka wā e decompose ai ka formate) a ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana, hao.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka puka alumini
Ma nā ʻāpana 160 ma ke kaumaha o ka wai wela e hoʻokomo mākou i nā ʻāpana 34 ma ke kaumaha o ka alumini sulfate. I loko o kekahi hoʻonā o 60 ʻāpana ma ke kaumaha o ka wai, 16 ʻāpana ma ke kaumaha o ka sodium carbonate (me ka ʻole o ka wai aniani). Hoʻopili ʻia nā hoʻonā i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka precipitate hopena e ka kānana, holoi ʻia a maloʻo. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka epeke ma 15 ʻāpana ma ke kaumaha o ka waika formic.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kapa ua me ka hoʻonā o 0,35 ʻāpana alumini sulfate a me 0,15 ʻāpana sodium carbonate. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka sulfate aluminika ma 1,5 lit. o ka wai, a me ka sodium carbonate ma 0,5 lit. wai wela. E hoʻohui i nā haʻina ʻelua, kānana i ka wai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hoʻoheheʻe i 150 ml o ka waika formic a hiki i 1000 ml. Hoʻomoʻa mākou i nā textiles me kēia hoʻomākaukau, mahu ma luna o ka wai paila, maloʻo a me ka hao.
Backpack, windbreaker a me nā lole liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hiki ke hoʻokomo koke ʻia penei: 50 g/lit. E hoʻomāmā i ka wai o ke kopa potassium i loko o kahi pahu ma kahi o 40°C a hoʻonā i ka waiwai no ka manawa pōkole, a laila ma 60 g/lit. E mālama i loko o ka wai alum wela no 2-3 hola, a laila maloʻo, hao paha.
Ma waho aʻe o nā lole - ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā hoʻoilo - he mea nui nō hoʻi ka hana ʻana i nā kāmaʻa i wai ʻole.
E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kapuaʻi o nā kāmaʻa me kēia hui ʻana:30g o ka aila castor,50g o ka aila linseed40g o ka paraffin,20g o stearin a10g o resin hehee, hoʻoheheʻe i ka melted mass i loko20g o ka hinuhinu a me ka pulupulu a pulu paha i na kapuwai me keia nuipa.
Hoʻopili mākou i ka ʻili luna, palaki me ka hui ʻana:20g o ka paraffin,10g ʻai,10g o resin a10g o ka aila i’a me50 mHoʻoheheʻe mākou i ka ʻaila mineral a hoʻohana i ka hopena lukewarm.
Hana huluhulu
ʻAʻole naʻe he hana chemist, akā he mea like. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻili o nā holoholona liʻiliʻi he nui no ka hana huluhulu, akā hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻili o ka tame a me nā lapeti hihiu.
ʻO ka ʻili wale nō o kahi rabbit i pepehi ʻia i ka hoʻoilo e kūpono i ka hana huluhulu. Hoʻohana wale ʻia nā huluhulu kauwela ma ka ʻoihana pāpale.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻili ma luna o ke kumu lāʻau a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i kahi kikoʻī. ʻAʻole pono e ʻike ʻia i ka lā pololei. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻomaloʻo koke ʻia, no ka mea, hiki mai ka maloʻo ʻana a laila paʻakikī ke hana.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hulu mai nā haumia mīkini a hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻili i ka nui o ka wai i ka wā holoi. I ka holo ana o24hola, hoʻoluʻu ʻia ka hulu i ka wai i ka mahana o ka lumi, a ʻoki ʻia ka membrane loja me ka pahi. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hulu i loko o kahi wai hoʻoheheʻe, i manaʻo ʻia e uhi i ka maka15manawa i ka nui o ka ili.
Huina o ka hū
40g / l paʻakai pākaukau,
0,5 ml / l o ka waikawa lactic,
0,5 ml / l o ka waika formic,
0,5 ml / l formalin, hoʻohui i ka wai a hiki1000 ml.
Mālama mākou i ka hulu i loko o ka hopena i hoʻomākaukauʻia ma kēiaʻano24hola a hana hou mākou me ka pahi, wehe i ka membrane loja me nā koena o ka momona a me ka ʻiʻo.
ʻAla
Hana ʻia ka hana ʻana (canning) o ka ʻili maka i kēia hopena:
60g / l paʻakai pākaukau,
0,5 ml / l o ka waikawa lactic,
2 ml / l sulfuric acid,
1 ml / l o ka acetic acid a hoʻohui i ka wai a hiki i1000 ml.
ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻae15lita o ka wai waihoʻoluʻu900kalima o ka paʻakai,7,5 ml waiu,30 ml sulfurous (ma ke kumu helu helu ʻia ka hui ʻana “i” i heluhelu hewa ʻia ʻo “1”) a15 ml o ka acetic acid. Hana ʻia ka hopena ma ka hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻana i ka paʻakai papaʻaina, a laila hoʻohui i nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Mālama ʻia ka hulu i loko o ka wai no nā lā ʻelua a hoʻoulu ʻia ka hopena i kēlā me kēia lā4-5manawa.
Lubrication a palupalu
Hoʻopili i ka hulu me ka emulsion, i hana ʻia mai ka ʻāpana ʻaila ʻulaʻula Turkish a me 0,1 ʻāpana ʻaila mineral. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia hui ʻana me ka wai ma ka ratio 2:1. Ma kahi o ka hapalua lita o ia emulsion e pono ai no hoʻokahi ʻili rabbit. Hoʻopili mākou i ka emulsion me kahi pulupulu a i ʻole ka lole, e hamo ana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻili o ka hulu. Ma hope o ʻelua hola, hoʻomaloʻo mākou i ka ʻili i loko o nā keʻena i ka wela 30-35°C.
Pono e hana ʻia nā huluhulu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma kēia ʻano. I mea e palupalu ai, hoʻololi mākou i ka ʻili i loko o nā barela ʻōniʻoniʻo i loaʻa nā koʻi lāʻau no kahi o ʻekolu hola. A laila, me nā mea blunt kūpono, kā mākou i ka huluhulu, crosswise. Ma hope o ka hui ʻana, hoʻomau ʻia ka palupalu ʻana i nā barela kaʻa, aia i kēia manawa nā kohu lāʻau i hoʻomoʻi ʻia i ka ʻaila. Ma ka hui hou ʻana, ua pau ka hana ʻana o ka hulu.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa kemika
ʻO ke kumu o ka poli kemika, ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻinoʻino mai nā ʻili metala a lawe i kēlā mau papa i ke aniani aniani. Hana ʻia ka poni ʻana i loko o nā “ʻauʻau” kūikawā.
He mea koʻikoʻi loa ka haku mele ʻana a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o kēia mau ʻauʻau, no ka mea, inā ʻaʻole e nānā ʻia kēia, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena like ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia ka sulfuric, phosphoric acid a me nā paʻakai like ʻole o nā metala kaumaha ma ke ʻano he catalysts no ka polishing.
ʻōlinolino ʻeleu o ka alumini
70 wt. %ʻakika phosphoric,
22% sulfuric acid,
8% boric acid.
Ka wela 90°C. ʻO ka manawa poli 3-8 mminute
Aluminum poni
95 kaumaha % phosphoric acid,
4,5 paona % nitric acid,
0,5 paona % nickel-nitrate.
Mahina ʻauʻau 90°C, manawa polū 3-5 min.
Ka poni ʻana o nā ili hao
1000g o 75% phosphoric acid solution,
400 g 70%–ʻaʻohe nitric acid,
600 g 95%-ʻakika sulfuric ʻole,
Hui pu me 192 g o ka wai.
Mahana ʻauʻau 100°C, manawa polū 5-10 min.
Poni keleawe a me keleawe
600 ml 75% solution of phosphoric acid,
200 ml 40 B°, nitric acids,
400 ml 98%-ʻakika non-acetic a me 10 g molasses.
māhana ʻauʻau 25°C, manawa polū 1 min.
No ka zinc a me ka cadmium polishing, hoʻohana mākou i 1/4-1/2% nitric acid solution.
ʻenehana hoʻoliʻi
Pana i nā mea ʻauʻau i kahi mahana o 90°C. Hoʻokomo mākou i nā mea a mākou e makemake ai e poli i loko o ka lumi ʻauʻau, paʻa iā lākou no 3-8 m mau minuke, lawe i waho a holoi i ka wai mehana, a laila maloʻo. No ka poli kemika, hoʻohana mākou i nā kīʻaha i hana ʻia me ke aniani kūpaʻa ahi, seramika a i ʻole metala (i uhi ʻia (i uhi ʻia) me PVC). Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā mea ma mua o ka poli ʻana. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka metala ma mua o 2% silika, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa kemika. He kūpono loa nā ʻili i kālai ʻia me ke kemika no ka anodizing a pena.
Meka palekana hope loa: ʻaʻole nā kaʻina hana o kēia manawa ka manaʻo o ka mōʻaukala, ka mahana, a me nā manawa o kēia kikokikona. Pono ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ka mālama ʻili a me ka hoʻoliʻi ʻana i nā ʻoihana i nā mea i ʻike ʻia, nā lako kūpono, ka mālama ʻana i ka mahu, ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻolei ʻana, nā mea hana i aʻo ʻia a me nā palapala e pili ana i nā lula pili.