Zidziwitso Zofananira: Mawindo amatabwa opangidwa molingana ndi polojekiti yanu. · Mazenera a aluminiyamu opangidwa kuti apangidwe. · Mawindo okonda nyumba, mapulojekiti ndi kutumiza kunja. · Zitseko zamatabwa ndi zamatabwa za aluminiyamu. · Tumizani pempho la mtengo.
Chenjezo lofunika lachitetezo: njira zomwe tafotokozazi ndi maphikidwe akuchokera ku mbiri yakale ndipo siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsogozo chamakono. Mankhwalawa amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi, chilengedwe komanso chitetezo chamoto. Osasakaniza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito popanda pepala lovomerezeka lachitetezo, kuwunika zoopsa, kuyang’anira akatswiri, mpweya wokwanira komanso zida zodzitetezera. Kwa nsalu, tsatirani zomwe wopanga adalengeza ndikulumikizana ndi katswiri wotsuka; malamulo ovomerezeka ndi malangizo a ogulitsa amagwira ntchito pamafakitale.
Dry cleaning
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu: ngati nsaluyo yadetsedwa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyeretsa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa madontho atsopano ndiosavuta kuchotsa. Pochitapo kanthu mwachangu, sopo ndi madzi ofunda nthawi zambiri amakhala okwanira.
Njira yoyamba yoyeretsera ndi: kudziwa komwe kunachokera (monga mafuta a masamba, mafuta a mineral, mafuta, phula, shuga, utomoni, guluu, utoto, dzimbiri, inki). Pambuyo pake, mtundu wa nsalu uyenera kukhazikitsidwa (mwachitsanzo, ubweya, thonje, ubweya ndi thonje, silika wa cellulose, silika wopangira, perlon, nayiloni, orlon, PVC, bafuta, hemp). Ngati magwero a nsalu sakudziwika, kuyezetsa kumayenera kuchitidwa pamalo osawoneka ndikuwonetsetsa ngati wogwiritsidwa ntchito ali ndi vuto.
Kuzindikira kwa nsalu
Kuchokera pansalu yomwe timatsuka, timachotsa - kuchokera kumbali yotalikirapo komanso yodutsa - ulusi wambiri ndipo nawo timayesa mphamvu yonyowa ndikuyesa moto.
Kuti tidziwe mphamvu yonyowa, timatenga ulusi wautali 15-20 cm, kuutambasula bwino ndikupempha wina kuti agwire pakati pa ulusi ndi zala zonyowa. Ulusi wonyowa ukathyoka pakati, ndi cellulose, ngati ayi, ndi thonje.
Njira yotsimikizika yodziwira nsalu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lawi lamoto. Asibesitosi ndi ulusi wagalasi siziwotcha. Zovala zopangidwa ndi silika wa acetate nazonso siziwotcha, koma zimasungunuka. Zingwe zamtundu wa nyama (ubweya, tsitsi la kalulu) zimakhala zovuta kuwotcha, nthawi yomweyo zimapopera pang’ono, monga mafuta akayaka, ndikupereka fungo ngati tsitsi limayaka. Choyaka ndi phulusa lotuwa, lotuwa kapena lakuda, lotha kutentheka mosavuta (Chithunzi 1, Gawo 1).
Mphepete mwa chitetezo: kufotokoza kwa mbiri yakale ya kuyesa kwa lawi si kuyitanitsa kuyatsa ulusi wosadziwika. Asibesito ndi zinthu zina zosadziwika siziyenera kutengedwa, kudulidwa, kutenthedwa kapena kukonzedwa popanda chidziwitso cha akatswiri komanso njira zodzitetezera.
Ulusi wa masamba: thonje, nsalu, hemp, wa cellulose zochokera ku viscose silika ndi cellulose zimawotcha ndi lawi lalikulu. Akapsa, amatsalira phulusa lotuwa motuwira.
Kukonzekera kuyeretsa
Kuyeretsa kumachitika patebulo losalala. Tiyeni tikonzekere: burashi ya misomali yoyera, ufa wa talcum, siponji, pepala loyamwitsa kapena kusefa, ubweya wa thonje, nsalu yoyera yoyera ndi mankhwala. Mankhwala oyaka (petulo, etha, mowa) ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zenera lotseguka, kutali ndi moto, ndipo mpweya wautali umafunika pambuyo pa ntchito (chithunzi 1, gawo 2).
**Chithunzi 1. Kuyeza ulusi ndi kukonzekera kuyeretsa **
Ndikoyenera kutsuka nsalu musanayeretse, chifukwa pamene mwayeretsa, banga limatha, koma malo opepuka amakhalabe pamalo oyeretserapo ngati nsaluyo ilibe yoyera. Pansi pa nsalu timayika 2-3 zigawo za pepala losefera kapena zoyamwitsa, mwina chidutswa cha nsalu yoyera. Nyowetsani nsalu yoyera ndi mankhwala osankhidwa ndipo, kuyambira pamphepete mwa banga, pukutani nsaluyo. Tikachotsa zothimbirira zambiri, zilowerereni ndi madontho ochepa a zosungunulira, kusiya 2–3 m mphindi, kenako yimitsani nsaluyo ndi pepala losefera. Ngati ndi kotheka, gwiritsani ntchito burashi yaying’ono kuti mutulutse ulusi wa nsalu ndikupukuta kachiwiri kuti musungunuke banga.
Maphikidwe Akale Ochotsa Madontho
Mafuta a mchere ndi a nyama
Ngati banga lili ndi dothi lina, ndiye kuti tipanga slurry ya talc ndi petulo (carbon tetrachloride, turpentine), yomwe timayika mumtambo wokhuthala ku banga. Timasunga phala pa banga mpaka zosungunulirazo zitasanduka nthunzi ndipo ufa wa talcum ukhale waufa. Timachotsa ufa wa talcum ndi burashi. Ngati pali china chotsalira cha banga lamafuta, timabwereza ndondomeko yomweyo. Mankhwalawa amasungunula dothi, pomwe talc, chifukwa cha hygroscopicity ndi kuyamwa kwake, imadzimanga yokha mafuta ndi dothi lina. Ngati talcyo yanyowa, iyenera kuumitsidwa kaye.
Madontho a mafuta a nsapato amachotsedwa ndi turpentine kapena benzene, ndi mtundu wa kirimu ndi hydrogen peroxide.
Madontho a milomo amachotsedwa ndi mowa, kenako sopo ndi madzi ofunda, ndi mtundu wofiira ndi hydrogen peroxide.
Madontho a zipatso, compote, maswiti a nsalu zaubweya amatsukidwa ndi madzi ofunda ndi sopo, kenako ndi mowa ndi formic acid. Ngati ubweya uli woyera, tingagwiritsenso ntchito hydrogen peroxide. Pambuyo poyeretsa, nsaluyo imatsukidwanso ndi madzi kuchotsa mankhwala owonjezera, omwe angawononge nsalu.
Timatsuka nsalu za thonje ndi hydrogen peroxide pambuyo pa sopo ndi kuchapa m’madzi otentha.
Timachotsa madontho a dzimbiri ndi oxalic acid. Popeza ndi yapoizoni, timayikamo citric acid (15%), ndiye kuti, ndi sonic acid solution ya bisulfite.
Madontho obwera chifukwa cha udzu (madontho a chlorophyll) amachotsedwa ndi mowa. Timathira madontho akale ndi mowa wosungunuka ndi ammonium hydroxide ndiyeno timatsuka ndi madzi ofunda ambiri.
Mtundu wa masitampu, manambala, ndi zina zotero. amachotsedwa ndi madzi otenthedwa mpaka pafupifupi 60°C ndi kuwonjezera mowa. Koma ndi mowa wokha, wotenthedwanso mpaka 60°C, ether kapena chloroform, mitundu yambiri imatha kuchotsedwa. Chotsani mtundu wotsalawo ndi hydrogen peroxide. Pamafunika kutsuka kwambiri kuti muchotse mankhwala owonjezera.
Madontho a phula amachotsedwa ndi xylene, toluene kapena benzene kenako madzi a sopo.
Madontho a thukuta amapakidwa ndi 10% ammonium hydroxide, kenako amatsuka ndi madzi kapena sopo. Nsalu zoyera zimatha kuyeretsedwa ndi citric acid kapena hydrogen peroxide.
Madontho ochokera ku utoto wamafuta amatsukidwa ndi vanishi-petulo kapena mafuta a turpentine. Timaviika madontho ouma mu turpentine kwa 2-4 maola. Mtundu wa neutralization umachitidwa ndi hydrogen peroxide.
Politi ya misomali imachotsedwa ndi acetone kapena ether.
Madontho a zolembera ndi inki amachotsedwa ndi mowa, potaziyamu carbonate kapena glycerin.
Madontho a utoto wa nitro amachotsedwa ndi zosungunulira zawo, mwachitsanzo, acetone. Timachotsa utoto wotsalira ndi citric acid kapena hydrogen peroxide.
Ngati banga lamagazi lili kwatsopano, limachotsedwa mosavuta ndi madzi. Chotsani banga louma ndi 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, kenako 10% ammonia solution, kenako madzi.
Kuyika kwa nsalu
Njira yopangira impregnation, kuti akwaniritse nsalu zosalowa madzi, ndi motere: kuviika nsaluyo muzitsulo zoyambira za aluminiyamu, ndende.2B °, ndiye timayiwonetsera ku ntchito ya nthunzi yamadzi (pamene formate ikuwola) ndipo titatha kuyanika, timayimitsa.
Kukonzekera kwa aluminiyamu mawonekedwe
U160mbali ndi kulemera kwa madzi otentha34ndi kulemera kwa aluminium sulphate. Mu yankho lachiwiri,60zigawo pa kulemera kwa madzi, 16magawo ndi kulemera kwa sodium carbonate (popanda madzi a crystalline). Mayankho okonzeka amasakanizidwa, chifukwa cha precipitate imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusefera, kutsukidwa ndi zouma. Timasungunula mpweya mu15zigawo ndi kulemera kwa formic acid.
Zovala zamvula zimapangidwa kuti zisalowe madzi ndi yankho la0,35zigawo za aluminium sulphate ndi0,15zigawo za sodium carbonate. Aluminium sulphate amasungunuka mkati1,5kuyatsa. madzi, ndi sodium carbonate mu0,5kuyatsa. madzi otentha. Sakanizani zonse ziwiri, sefa zomwe zatuluka, sungunulani150 ml formic acid ndi kuwonjezera1000 ml. Timathira nsalu ndi kukonzekera uku, nthunzi pamadzi otentha, owuma ndi chitsulo.
Titha kuyimitsa zikwama mwachangu, zotchingira mphepo ndi nsalu zina zosamva bwino motere:50g/lit. tenthetsani njira yamadzimadzi ya potaziyamu sopo mumtsuko mpaka pafupifupi 40°Cndikunyowetsa katunduyo kwakanthawi kochepa, kenako kulowa60g/lit. otentha alum solution2-3ola, kenako youma, mwina chitsulo.
Kuwonjezera pa nsalu - makamaka m’nyengo yozizira - ndikofunika kupanga nsapato zopanda madzi.
Nyowetsani pansi pa nsapato ndikusakaniza motere:30g mafuta a masamba,50g wa mafuta a masamba40g wa parafini,20g stearin ndi10g wa resin kusungunula, sungunulani misa yosungunuka20g wa petulo ndi burashi kapena kunyowetsa zidendene ndi misa.
Timapaka khungu lakumtunda, ndikutsuka ndi chosakaniza chotsatirachi:20g wa parafini,10g mchere,10g utomoni ndi10g mafuta a nsomba50 mTimasungunula l mafuta amchere ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yofunda.
Kukonza ubweya
Osati ndendende ntchito ya chemist, koma china chofanana. Khungu la nyama zing’onozing’ono zambiri zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ubweya, koma khungu la akalulu am’tchire limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Khungu lokha la kalulu lomwe laphedwa m’nyengo yozizira ndiloyenera kukonza ubweya. Ubweya wachilimwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipewa zokha.
Khungu ndi anatambasula pa matabwa chimango ndi zouma mu kukonzekera. Siyenera kukhala padzuwa lolunjika. Kuyanika sikuyenera kukhala kwadzidzidzi, chifukwa kuyanika kumachitika ndiyeno kumakhala kovuta kukonza.
Kunyowetsa kumafuna kuyeretsa ubweya ku zonyansa zamakina ndi kubwezera pakhungu kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe anali nawo pochapa. M’kupita kwa24ola, ubweya umanyowa m’madzi kutentha, ndipo nembanemba ya loja imatsegulidwa ndi mpeni. Kenaka ubweyawo umayikidwa mu njira yonyowetsa, yomwe imayenera kuphimba diso15nthawi kuchuluka kwa khungu.
Mapangidwe a yisiti
40g/l mchere wa tebulo,
0,5 ml / l lactic acid,
0,5 ml / l formic acid,
0,5 mL / L formalin, kuwonjezera madzi mpaka1000 ml.
Timasunga ubweya mu njira yokonzekera motere24ora ndikuchikonzanso ndi mpeni, kuchotsa nembanemba ya loja pamodzi ndi zotsalira za mafuta ndi nyama.
Kupukuta
Kutentha (kuyika) chikopa chaiwisi kumachitika motere:
60g/l mchere wa tebulo,
0,5 ml / l lactic acid,
2 ml/l sulfuric acid,
1 ml/l acetic acid ndi kuwonjezera madzi mpaka1000 ml.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti inde15lita imodzi ya utoto ili900gramu ya mchere,7,5 ml mkaka,30 ml sulphurous (mu gwero la digito cholumikizira “i” chimawerengedwa molakwika ngati “1”) ndi15 ml asidi asidi. Njira yothetsera vutoli imapangidwa ndikuyamba kusungunula mchere wa tebulo, kenaka kuwonjezera zigawo zina.
Ubweya umasungidwa mu utoto kwa masiku awiri ndipo yankho limagwedezeka tsiku ndi tsiku4-5nthawi.
Kupaka mafuta ndi kufewetsa
Kupaka ubweya kumapangidwa ndi emulsion, yopangidwa ndi gawo limodzi lofiira lamafuta aku Turkey ndi 0,1 gawo limodzi la mafuta amchere. Kusakaniza kumeneku kumachepetsedwa ndi madzi molingana ndi 2:1. Pafupifupi theka la lita imodzi ya emulsion yotere imafunika pakhungu limodzi la kalulu. Timayika emulsion ndi burashi kapena nsalu, ndikupukuta mbali ya chikopa cha ubweya bwino. Pambuyo pa maola awiri, timawumitsa khungu m’zipinda momwe kutentha kuli 30-35°C.
Ubweya wokonzedwa motere uyenera kukonzedwa mwamakina. Kuti tifewetse, timatembenuza chikopacho m’migolo yozungulira yokhala ndi matabwa kwa maola atatu. Kenako, ndi zinthu zoyenera zosaoneka bwino, timaphwanya ubweyawo, kuwoloka. Pambuyo pokanda, kufewetsa kumapitirizabe m’migolo yozungulira, yomwe tsopano ili ndi matabwa oviikidwa ndi mafuta. Pakukandanso, kupangidwa kwa ubweya kwatha.
Chemical polishing
Zomwe zimafunikira pakupukuta kwamankhwala ndikuchotsa tinthu ting’onoting’ono ndi zolimba pazitsulo ndikupangitsa kuti malowo awonekere pagalasi. Kupukuta kumachitikira mu “zipinda” zapadera.
Mapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa malo osambirawa ndikofunika kwambiri, chifukwa ngati sichinaperekedwe pa izi, zotsatira zotsutsana zimatha kupezeka. Sulfuric, phosphoric acid ndi salt zosiyanasiyana zazitsulo zolemera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kupukuta.
Kupukuta kolimba kwa aluminiyamu
70 wt. % phosphoric acid,
22% sulfuric acid,
8% boric acid.
Kutentha 90°C. Nthawi yopukutira 3-8 mminiti
Aluminium polishing
95 kulemera % phosphoric acid,
4,5 kulemera % nitric acid,
0,5 kulemera kwa % nickel-nitrate.
Kutentha kosambira 90°C, nthawi yopukutira 3-5 min.
Kupukuta kwachitsulo
1000g ya 75% phosphoric acid solution,
400 g 70%–palibe nitric acid,
600 g 95%-non sulfuric acid,
Sakanizani ndi 192 g madzi.
Kutentha kwa kusamba 100°C, nthawi yopukutira 5-10 min.
Kupukuta kwa mkuwa ndi mkuwa
600 ml 75% solution ya phosphoric acid,
200 ml 40 B°, nitric acid,
400 ml 98%-non-acetic acid ndi 10 g molasses.
Kutentha kosambira 25°C, nthawi yopukutira 1 min.
Pakupukuta zinki ndi cadmium, timagwiritsa ntchito 1/4-1/2% nitric acid solution.
Ukadaulo wopukutira
Kutenthetsera madzi osambira ndi kutentha kwa 90°C. Timayika zinthu zomwe tikufuna kupukuta ku bafa, kuzigwira kwa mphindi 3-8 m, kuzitulutsa ndikuzitsuka m’madzi ofunda, kenako ziume. Popukuta mankhwala, timagwiritsa ntchito mbale zopangidwa ndi magalasi osagwira moto, zoumba kapena zitsulo (zokutidwa (zokutidwa) ndi PVC). Zinthu zimadetsedwa musanapukutidwe. Ngati chitsulocho chili ndi silikoni wopitilira 2%, sichingapukutidwe ndi mankhwala. Malo opukutidwa ndi mankhwala ndi oyenera kudzoza ndi kupenta.
Chidziwitso chomaliza chachitetezo: kuchuluka kwa mbiri yakale, kutentha, ndi nthawi zomwe zili m’malembawa si njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Kuyeretsa kowuma, kuyeretsa zikopa ndi kupukuta kwa mafakitale kumafunikira zinthu zozindikirika, zida zogwirizana, kuwongolera nthunzi, kusungirako kotetezedwa ndi kutaya, ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi zolemba zotsatizana ndi malamulo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito.