Hnub no, qhov kev thov ntawm Savo Kusić yog tsom rau qhov rais ntoo, wood-aluminium Qhov rais, kev cai Qhov rais, qhov rooj thiab thov lus hais. Cov ntawv no tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg thiab tsis yog ib qho kev thov rau kev tu kom qhuav, impregnation, ua plaub lossis tshuaj txhuam hniav.
Cov lus ceeb toom tseem ceeb txog kev nyab xeeb: cov txheej txheem thiab cov zaub mov tau piav qhia yog los ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv raws li cov lus qhia niaj hnub no. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj rau kev noj qab haus huv, ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb hluav taws. Tsis txhob sib tov lossis siv yam tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj kev nyab xeeb, kev soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo, kev saib xyuas kev tshaj lij, kev ua pa txaus thiab cov khoom siv tiv thaiv tus kheej. Rau cov ntaub, ua raws li cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus tshaj tawm thiab hu rau tus kws kho tshuab ziab khaub ncaws; Cov kev cai siv tau thiab cov lus qhia tus neeg muag khoom siv rau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam.
Dry tu
Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: yog tias cov ntaub ntawv tau qias neeg, nws raug nquahu kom ntxuav cov stain tam sim ntawd, vim tias cov stains tshiab yooj yim dua tshem tawm. Rau kev cuam tshuam sai, xab npum thiab dej sov feem ntau yog txaus.
Thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev ntxuav yog: txiav txim siab lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm impurity (xws li zaub roj, roj ntxhia, roj, tar, qab zib, resin, kua nplaum, xim, xeb, number case). Tom qab ntawd, yuav tsum tau tsim hom textile (xws li ntaub plaub, paj rwb, ntaub plaub nrog paj rwb, cellulose txhob lo lo ntxhuav, paj ntaub, paj rwb, nylon, orlon, PVC, linen, hemp). Yog tias lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm textile tsis paub, kev kuaj xyuas yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsis pom thiab paub tseeb tias tus neeg sawv cev siv tau muaj kev phom sij rau nws.
Kev lees paub ntawm textiles
Los ntawm cov ntaub peb tab tom ntxuav, peb rub tawm - los ntawm txoj kab ntev thiab transverse kev taw qhia - ob peb fibers thiab nrog lawv peb ua ib qho kev ntsuas ntub dej thiab kev sim nplaim taws.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab ntub lub zog, peb siv cov fiber ntau ntev 15-20 cm, ncab nws zoo thiab hais kom ib tug neeg tuav hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov fiber ntau nrog ntiv tes ntub. Yog hais tias lub moistened fiber tawg nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, nws yog cellulose, yog hais tias tsis, nws yog paj rwb.
Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv yog siv cov nplaim taws. Asbestos thiab iav fibers tsis hlawv. Synthetic textiles thiab acetate silks kuj tsis hlawv, tab sis yaj. Fibers ntawm tsiaj keeb kwm (wool, luav plaub hau) yog ib qho nyuaj rau hlawv, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv tsuag me ntsis, zoo li thaum rog hlawv, thiab muab ib tug tsw zoo li thaum cov plaub hau hlawv. Cov khoom combustion yog puffy, grey los yog dub, yooj yim friable tshauv (Daim duab 1, Tshooj 1).
Kev nyab xeeb margin: cov lus piav qhia keeb kwm ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws tsis yog kev caw kom ignite tsis paub fibers. Asbestos thiab lwm yam khoom siv tsis paub yuav tsum tsis txhob muab coj mus kuaj, txiav, hlawv lossis ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev qhia paub txog thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv.
Fibers ntawm zaub keeb kwm: paj rwb, linen, hemp, cellulose keeb kwm viscose silk thiab cellulose hlawv nrog nplaim taws loj. Tom qab hlawv, dawb-grey, crumbly tshauv tseem.
Npaj tu
Kev ntxuav yog ua tiav ntawm lub rooj du. Cia peb npaj: txhuam txhuam txhuam, talcum hmoov, daim txhuam cev, nqus los yog lim ntawv, paj rwb ntaub plaub, ntaub dawb huv thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (roj av, ether, cawv) yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog lub qhov rais qhib, kom deb ntawm hluav taws, thiab qhov cua ntev yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm tom qab ua haujlwm (daim duab 1, ntu 2).
_**Image 1. Kev kuaj fiber ntau thiab kev npaj rau kev tu ** _
Nws raug nquahu kom ntxuav cov ntaub ua ntej ntxuav, vim tias tom qab ntxuav, cov stains yuav ploj mus, tab sis thaj chaw sib dua yuav nyob twj ywm ntawm qhov chaw tu yog tias cov ntaub tsis huv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv peb muab 2-3 txheej ntawm cov ntawv lim los yog absorbent, tejzaum nws yog ib daim ntaub dawb. Npog ib daim ntaub huv nrog cov tshuaj uas tau xaiv thiab, pib ntawm ntug ntawm qhov stain, rub daim ntaub. Thaum peb tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm cov stains, tsau qhov chaw nrog ob peb tee ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, tawm hauv 2–3 m feeb, ces qhuav cov ntaub nrog lim ntawv. Yog tias tsim nyog, siv cov txhuam me me kom xoob cov fibers ntawm cov ntaub thiab rov ua dua kom yaj cov stain.
Historical Stain Removal Recipes
Mineral thiab tsiaj rog
Yog tias cov stain muaj lwm cov av, ces peb yuav ua cov slurry ntawm talc thiab roj av (carbon tetrachloride, turpentine), uas peb siv rau hauv ib txheej tuab rau cov stain. Peb khaws cov tshuaj txhuam rau ntawm qhov chaw kom txog thaum cov kuab tshuaj evaporates thiab cov hmoov talcum ua hmoov. Peb tshem tawm cov hmoov talcum nrog txhuam. Yog hais tias muaj ib yam dab tsi sab laug ntawm cov greasy stain, peb rov ua tib yam txheej txheem. Cov tshuaj yuav yaj cov av, thaum lub talc, vim nws hygroscopicity thiab nqus, yuav khi rau nws tus kheej roj thiab lwm yam av. Yog tias cov talc ntub, nws yuav tsum tau qhuav ua ntej.
Stains los ntawm cov khau roj raug tshem tawm nrog turpentine los yog benzene, thiab cov xim cream nrog hydrogen peroxide.
Cov kab xev nplaum raug tshem tawm nrog cawv, ces xab npum thiab dej sov, thiab xim liab nrog hydrogen peroxide.
Stains los ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo, compote, khoom qab zib los ntawm ntaub ntaub ntaub yog ntxuav nrog dej sov thiab xab npum, ces nrog cawv thiab formic acid. Yog tias cov ntaub plaub dawb, peb tuaj yeem siv hydrogen peroxide. Tom qab ntxuav, cov ntaub yog ntxuav dua nrog dej kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj ntau dhau, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntaub puas.
Peb kho cov paj rwb ntaub nrog hydrogen peroxide tom qab soaping thiab ntxuav hauv dej kub.
Peb tshem tawm cov kab xeb nrog oxalic acid. Txij li thaum nws muaj tshuaj lom, peb hloov nws nrog citric acid (15%), uas yog, nrog rau sonic acid tov ntawm bisulfite.
Stains los ntawm cov nyom (chlorophyll stains) raug tshem tawm nrog cawv. Peb kho cov laus stains nrog diluted cawv thiab ammonium hydroxide thiab tom qab ntawd ntxuav hauv cov dej loj loj.
Cov xim ntawm cov nyiaj muas, cov lej, thiab lwm yam. nws yog muab rho tawm nrog dej rhuab mus txog 60°C nrog ntxiv ntawm cawv. Tab sis nrog cawv nws tus kheej, kuj rhuab rau 60°C, ether lossis chloroform, feem ntau cov xim tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm. Decolorize cov xim seem nrog hydrogen peroxide. Kev ntxhua khaub ncaws ntau yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov tshuaj ntau dhau.
Tar stains raug tshem tawm nrog xylene, toluene lossis benzene thiab tom qab ntawd soapy dej.
hws stains yog rubbed nrog 10% ammonium hydroxide, ces ntxuav nrog dej los yog xab npum. Tom qab ntawd cov ntaub dawb tuaj yeem bleached nrog citric acid lossis hydrogen peroxide.
Stains los ntawm greasy xim yog ntxuav nrog kua roj vanish-kua roj los yog turpentine roj. Peb tsau cov pob qhuav hauv turpentine rau 2-4 teev. Xim neutralization yog ua tiav nrog hydrogen peroxide.
Cov ntsia hlau ntsia hlau raug tshem tawm nrog acetone lossis ether.
Stains los ntawm cov cwj mem thiab tus cwj mem raug tshem tawm nrog cawv, potassium carbonate lossis glycerin.
Stains los ntawm cov xim nitro raug tshem tawm nrog lawv tus kheej cov kuab tshuaj, piv txwv li acetone. Peb tshem tawm cov xim seem nrog citric acid lossis hydrogen peroxide.
Yog tias cov ntshav stain tshiab, nws yooj yim tshem tawm nrog dej. Tshem cov stain qhuav nrog 3% hydrogen peroxide tov, ces 10% ammonia tov, ces dej.
Fabric impregnation
Cov txheej txheem impregnation, txhawm rau ua kom tsis muaj dej tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub, yog raws li hauv qab no: muab cov ntaub ntim rau hauv lub hauv paus daws ntawm aluminium formate, concentration 2 B°, tom qab ntawd muab tso rau hauv dej vapor (thaum lub formate decomposes) thiab tom qab ziab, hlau nws.
Kev npaj ntawm aluminium formate
In 160 qhov hnyav ntawm cov dej kub peb muab 34 qhov hnyav ntawm txhuas sulfate. Hauv lwm qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm 60 ntu los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm dej, 16 qhov chaw los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm sodium carbonate (tsis muaj dej siv lead ua). Cov kev daws teeb meem yog tov, lub resulting precipitate yog sib cais los ntawm filtration, ntxuav thiab qhuav. Lub precipitate yog yaj nyob rau hauv 15 qhov hnyav ntawm formic acid.
Cov tsho tiv no los nag yog ua rau cov dej tsis muaj dej nrog cov tshuaj 0,35 qhov txhuas sulfate thiab 0,15 qhov chaw sodium carbonate. Aluminium sulfate yog yaj nyob rau hauv 1,5 lit. dej, thiab sodium carbonate hauv 0,5 lit. dej kub. Sib tov ob qho kev daws teeb meem, lim cov dej nag, yaj hauv 150 ml ntawm formic acid thiab ua rau 1000 ml. Peb tsau cov ntaub ntawv nrog qhov kev npaj no, ncu dhau dej npau npau, qhuav thiab hlau.
Backpack, windbreaker thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv uas tsis tshua muaj rhiab tau sai sai impregnated raws li nram no: 50 g/lit. Ua kom sov cov kua dej ntawm cov poov tshuaj xab npum hauv ib lub thawv kom txog 40°C thiab tsau cov khoom rau lub sijhawm luv, tom qab ntawd hauv 60 g / lit. khaws cia hauv cov tshuaj alum kub rau 2-3 teev, ces qhuav, tejzaum hlau.
Ntxiv rau cov ntaub - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj no - nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum ua kom cov khau tsis muaj dej.
ntub cov khau khau nrog cov hauv qab no sib tov:30g ntawm castor roj,50g ntawm linseed roj40g ntawm paraffin,20g ntawm stearin thiab10g ntawm resin yaj, yaj lub melted loj nyob rau hauv20g ntawm cov roj av thiab txhuam los yog ntub cov khau nrog qhov loj.
Peb rub daim tawv nqaij, txhuam nws nrog cov hauv qab no sib tov:20g ntawm paraffin,10g loj,10g ntawm resin thiab10g ntawm ntses roj nrog50 mPeb yaj l ntawm ntxhia roj thiab siv cov kua qaub.
Cov txheej txheem plaub
Tsis yog raws nraim ib tug kws tshuaj txoj hauj lwm, tab sis ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm ntau cov tsiaj me tuaj yeem siv rau kev ua plaub, tab sis cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov nyom thiab cov luav qus feem ntau yog siv.
Tsuas yog daim tawv nqaij ntawm ib tug luav slaughtered nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no yog haum rau fur ua. Lub caij ntuj sov furs tsuas yog siv hauv kev lag luam kaus mom.
Cov tawv nqaij yog ncab rau ntawm ib lub thav duab ntoo thiab qhuav hauv ib daim ntawv. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob raug tshav ntuj ncaj qha. Kev ziab yuav tsum tsis txhob tam sim ntawd, vim tias ziab tshwm sim thiab tom qab ntawd nws nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm.
Kev ntub dej lub hom phiaj los ntxuav cov plaub hau los ntawm cov tshuab impurities thiab rov qab mus rau daim tawv nqaij cov dej uas nws muaj thaum ntxuav. Hauv chav kawm ntawm24teev, cov pluab yog tsau rau hauv dej ntawm chav tsev kub, thiab loja membrane yog cais qhib nrog rab riam. Tom qab ntawd cov pluab yog muab tso rau hauv ib qho dej ntub dej, uas yuav tsum tau npog qhov muag15lub sij hawm lub ntim ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Cov poov xab
40g / l zaub ntsev,
0,5 ml / l ntawm lactic acid,
0,5 ml / l ntawm formic acid,
0,5 ml / l formalin, ntxiv dej mus txog1000 ml.
Peb khaws cov plaub hauv cov tshuaj npaj ua li no24teev thiab peb txheej txheem nws dua nrog rab riam, tshem tawm cov loja daim nyias nyias ua ke nrog cov seem ntawm cov rog thiab nqaij.
Tanning
Tanning (canning) ntawm raw hide yog ua nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no tov:
60g / l zaub ntsev,
0,5 ml / l ntawm lactic acid,
2 ml / l sulfuric acid,
1 ml / l ntawm acetic acid thiab ntxiv dej mus txog1000 ml.
Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias yog15liter ntawm dye muaj900grams ntsev,7,5 ml tej,30 ml sulphurous (hauv qhov chaw digitized qhov sib txuas “i” yog nyeem tsis raug raws li “1”) thiab15 ml ntawm acetic acid. Cov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm thawj dissolving lub rooj ntsev, ces ntxiv rau lwm yam Cheebtsam.
Cov plaub yog khaws cia rau hauv cov xim rau ob hnub thiab cov tshuaj yog nplawm txhua hnub4-5sij hawm.
Lubrication thiab softening
Txheej cov plaub yog ua tiav nrog ib qho emulsion, ua los ntawm ib feem liab Turkish roj thiab 0,1 ib feem ntxhia roj. Qhov sib tov no yog diluted nrog dej hauv qhov piv ntawm 2:1. Kwv yees li ib nrab ib liter ntawm xws li emulsion yog xav tau rau ib tug luav daim tawv nqaij. Peb siv cov emulsion nrog txhuam los yog ntaub, txhuam cov tawv sab ntawm cov plaub hau zoo. Tom qab ob teev, peb qhuav cov tawv nqaij hauv chav uas qhov kub thiab txias yog 30-35°C.
Cov furs npaj nyob rau hauv no txoj kev yuav tsum tau mechanically ua. Yuav kom soften nws, peb tig cov tawv nyob rau hauv revolving chim uas muaj ntoo shavings li peb teev. Tom qab ntawd, nrog cov khoom tsim blunt, peb mash lub furs, crosswise. Tom qab kneading, softening tseem nyob rau hauv revolving chim, uas tam sim no muaj roj av-soaked ntoo shavings. Los ntawm kneading dua, tsim cov plaub hau tiav.
Tshuaj polishing
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj polishing yog tshem tawm cov pob me me thiab roughness los ntawm cov hlau nto thiab coj cov chaw mus rau daim iav ci. Polishing yog ua nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb “chaw da dej”.
Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab concentration ntawm cov da dej no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, vim hais tias yog tsis tau them nyiaj mloog mus rau qhov no, qhov opposite nyhuv yuav ua tau tiav. Sulfuric, phosphoric acid thiab ntau cov ntsev ntawm cov hlau hnyav yog siv los ua catalysts rau polishing.
Coarse polishing ntawm txhuas
70 wt. % phosphoric acid,
22% sulfuric acid,
8% boric acid.
Kub 90°C. Lub sijhawm polishing 3-8 mminute
Aluminium polishing
95 nyhav% phosphoric acid,
4,5 hnyav% nitric acid,
0,5 nyhav % nickel-nitrate.
da dej kub 90°C, polishing lub sij hawm 3-5 min.
Polishing ntawm hlau nto
1000g ntawm 75% phosphoric acid kua,
400 g 70%–tsis muaj nitric acid,
600 g 95%-non sulfuric acid,
Sib tov nrog 192 g dej.
da dej kub 100°C, polishing lub sij hawm 5-10 min.
tooj liab thiab tooj dag polishing
600 ml 75% kua ntawm phosphoric acid,
200 ml 40 B°, nitric acids,
400 ml 98%-non-acetic acid thiab 10 g molasses.
Dej kub 25°C, lub sijhawm polishing 1 min.
Rau zinc thiab cadmium polishing, peb siv 1/4-1/2% nitric acid tov.
Polishing tshuab
Kub cov tshuaj da dej rau qhov kub ntawm 90°C. Peb muab cov khoom uas peb xav polish rau hauv chav dej, tuav rau 3-8 m feeb, tshem tawm thiab ntxuav lawv hauv dej sov, ces qhuav. Rau cov tshuaj polishing, peb siv cov tais diav ua los ntawm cov iav hluav taws kub, ceramics lossis hlau (coated (coated) nrog PVC). Cov khoom yog degreased ua ntej polishing. Yog tias cov hlau muaj ntau dua 2% silicon, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tshuaj polished. Chemically polished nto yog heev haum rau anodizing thiab painting.
Daim ntawv ceeb toom txog kev nyab xeeb zaum kawg: keeb kwm ntau, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab lub sijhawm hauv cov ntawv no tsis yog cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tam sim no. Kev tu kom qhuav, kev kho tawv nqaij thiab polishing muaj cov khoom siv txheeb xyuas, cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo, kev tswj hwm vapor, kev nyab xeeb cia thiab pov tseg, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais kev cob qhia thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua raws li cov kev cai siv.