Ulwazi Oluhlobene: Amawindi okhuni enziwe ngokuya ngephrojekthi yakho. · amawindi e-aluminum enziwe ngokhuni. · Amawindi enziwe ngokwezifiso amakhaya, amaphrojekthi kanye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle. · Izicabha ezenziwe ngokhuni neze-aluminium ezenziwe ngokhuni. · Thumela isicelo sekhwothi.
Isixwayiso esibalulekile sokuphepha: izinqubo ezichaziwe nezindlela zokupheka zivela emthonjeni womlando futhi akufanele zisetshenziswe njengesiqondiso sesimanjemanje. Lawa makhemikhali angaba yingozi enkulu empilweni, emvelweni nasekuphepheni emlilweni. Ungaxubani noma usebenzise ngaphandle kweshidi ledatha yezokuphepha elivumelekile, ukuhlolwa kobungozi, ukugadwa kochwepheshe, ukungena komoya owanele kanye nezinto zokuzivikela. Ngezindwangu, landela isimemezelo somkhiqizi bese uthintana nomsebenzi wokuhlanza okomile; imithetho esebenzayo kanye nemiyalelo yabahlinzeki iyasebenza ezinqubweni zezimboni.
Ukuhlanza okomile
Izimiso eziyinhloko: uma indwangu ingcola, kuyanconywa ukuthi uhlanze ibala ngokushesha, ngoba amabala amasha kulula kakhulu ukuwasusa. Ukuze kungenelele ngokushesha, insipho namanzi afudumele kuvame ukwanele.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanza yilesi: thola umsuka wokungcola (isb. amafutha emifino, amafutha amaminerali, uwoyela, itiyela, ushukela, inhlaka, inhlaka, upende, ukugqwala, uyinki). Emva kwalokho, kufanele kusungulwe uhlobo lwendwangu (isib. uboya, ukotini, uboya obunokotini, usilika we-cellulose, usilika wokwenziwa, i-perlon, inayiloni, i-orlon, i-PVC, ilineni, i-hemp). Uma imvelaphi yendwangu ingaziwa, ukuhlolwa kokuhlanza kufanele kwenziwe endaweni engabonakali futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-ejenti esetshenzisiwe inomphumela oyingozi kuyo.
Ukuqashelwa kwezindwangu
Kusuka kwendwangu esiyihlanzayo, sikhipha - kusukela ekuqondeni kwe-longitudinal kanye ne-transverse - imicu eminingana futhi senza ngayo ukuhlolwa kwamandla okumanzi kanye nokuhlolwa komlilo.
Ukunquma amandla amanzi, sithatha ifayibha ende 15-20 cm, siyilule kahle bese sicela othile ukuthi abambe maphakathi nefayibha ngeminwe emanzi. Uma i-fiber emanzi iphuka phakathi, i-cellulose, uma kungenjalo, ukotini.
Indlela eqinisekile yokuhlonza izindwangu ukusebenzisa ilangabi. I-asbestos nemicu yengilazi ayishi. Izindwangu zokwenziwa nosilika we-acetate nakho akushi, kodwa kuyancibilika. Imicu yemvelo yezilwane (uvolo, izinwele zikanogwaja) kunzima ukuyishisa, ngesikhathi esifanayo ifafaza kancane, njengalapho amafutha eshisa, futhi akhiphe iphunga elifana nezinwele ezishisayo. Umkhiqizo ovuthayo uwumlotha okhukhumele, ompunga noma omnyama, ophephetheka kalula (Umfanekiso 1, Ingxenye 1).
Imajini yokuphepha: incazelo yomlando yokuhlolwa kwelangabi akusona isimemo sokuthungela imicu engaziwa. I-asbestos nezinye izinto ezingaziwa akumele zithathwe isampula, zisikwe, zishiswe noma zicutshungulwe ngaphandle kokuhlonzwa kochwepheshe kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela ezinqunyiwe.
Imicu yemifino: ukotini, ilineni, i-hemp, ye-cellulose umsuka we-viscose usilika kanye ne-cellulose kusha ngelangabi elikhulu. Ngemva kokusha, kusale umlotha omhlophe-mpunga, ophuqekayo.
Amalungiselelo okuhlanza
Ukuhlanza kwenziwa etafuleni elibushelelezi. Masilungiselele: ibhulashi lezinzipho elihlanzekile, impushana ye-talcum, isipontshi, iphepha elimunca noma lokuhlunga, uboya bekotini, indwangu emhlophe ehlanzekile namakhemikhali. Amakhemikhali avuthayo (uphethiloli, i-ether, utshwala) kufanele asetshenzwe ngefasitela elivuliwe, kude nomlilo, futhi kudingeke umoya omude ngemva komsebenzi (isithombe 1, ingxenye 2).
Isithombe 1. Ukuhlolwa kwefayibha nokulungiselela ukuhlanza
Kunconywa ukugeza indwangu ngaphambi kokuhlanza, ngoba ngemva kokuhlanza, ibala lizonyamalala, kodwa indawo elula izohlala endaweni yokuhlanza uma indwangu ingahlanzekile. Ngaphansi kwendwangu sibeka 2-3 izendlalelo zephepha lokuhlunga noma izinto ezimuncayo, mhlawumbe ucezu lwendwangu emhlophe. Manisa indwangu ehlanzekile ngamakhemikhali akhethiwe futhi, kusukela emaphethelweni ebala, gcoba indwangu. Uma sesisuse ibala eliningi, cwilisa indawo ngamaconsi ambalwa esincibilikisi, ushiye amaminithi 2–3 m, bese womisa indwangu ngephepha lokuhlunga. Uma kunesidingo, sebenzisa ibhulashi elincane ukuze ukhulule imicu yendwangu bese uhlikihla futhi ukuze uhlakaze ibala.
Amaresiphi Omlando Okususa Ibala
Amafutha amaminerali nawezilwane
Uma ibala liqukethe okunye ukungcola, khona-ke sizokwenza i-slurry ye-talc nophethiloli (i-carbon tetrachloride, i-turpentine), esiyigcoba ungqimba olujiyile ebaleni. Sigcina unamathisele entweni kuze kube yilapho i-solvent iyahwamuka futhi impushana ye-talcum iba yimpuphu. Sisusa i-talcum powder ngebhulashi. Uma kukhona okusele kwebala elinamafutha, siphinda inqubo efanayo. Ikhemikhali izoncibilikisa ukungcola, kuyilapho i-talc, ngenxa ye-hygroscopicity yayo nokumuncwa kwayo, izozibophezela ngokwawo amafutha nokunye ukungcola. Uma i-talc imanzi, kufanele yomiswe kuqala.
Amabala asuka kugrisi wezicathulo akhishwa nge-turpentine noma i-benzene, nombala kakhilimu nge-hydrogen peroxide.
Amabala e-lipstick akhishwa ngotshwala, bese kuba insipho namanzi afudumele, nombala obomvu nge-hydrogen peroxide.
Amabala ezithelo, i-compote, amaswidi endwangu yovolo ahlanzwa ngamanzi afudumele nensipho, bese kuba ngotshwala ne-formic acid. Uma uboya bumhlophe, singasebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide. Ngemva kokuhlanza, indwangu iphinde igezwe ngamanzi ukuze kukhishwe amakhemikhali amaningi, angalimaza indwangu.
Siphatha izindwangu zikakotini nge-hydrogen peroxide ngemva kwesepha futhi siziwashe emanzini ashisayo.
Sisusa amabala okugqwala nge-oxalic acid. Njengoba inobuthi, siyishintsha sifake i-citric acid (15%), okungukuthi, ngesisombululo se-sonic acid se-bisulfite.
Amabala adalwa utshani (amabala e-chlorophyll) asuswa ngotshwala. Selapha amabala amadala ngotshwala obuhlanjululwe kanye ne-ammonium hydroxide bese sigeza ngamanzi amaningi ayisivivi.
Umbala wezitembu, izinombolo, njll. ukhishwa ngamanzi ashiselwe cishe ku-60°C ngokungezwa kotshwala. Kodwa ngotshwala ngokwabo, futhi bushiswe ku-60°C, ether noma i-chloroform, iningi lombala lingasuswa. Nciphisa umbala osele nge-hydrogen peroxide. Kudingeka ukugeza kakhulu ukuze kukhishwe amakhemikhali amaningi.
Amabala etiyela akhishwa ngexylene, toluene noma benzene bese kuba namanzi anensipho.
Amabala omjuluko ahlikihlwa nge-10% ammonium hydroxide, bese iwashwa ngamanzi noma insipho. Izindwangu ezimhlophe zingabe sezicoliswa nge-citric acid noma i-hydrogen peroxide.
Amabala asuka kupende onamafutha ahlanzwa ngevarnish-uphethiloli noma uwoyela we-turpentine. Sicwilisa amabala omisiwe ku-turpentine amahora angu-2-4. Ukungathathi hlangothi kombala kwenziwa nge-hydrogen peroxide.
I-nail polish ikhishwa nge-acetone noma i-ether.
Amabala aphuma kumapeni e-ballpoint noyinki akhishwa ngotshwala, i-potassium carbonate noma i-glycerin.
Amabala avela kupende we-nitro akhishwa ngezincibilikisi zawo, okungukuthi i-acetone. Sisusa upende osele nge-citric acid noma i-hydrogen peroxide.
Uma ibala legazi lilisha, likhishwa kalula ngamanzi. Susa ibala elomile nge-3% hydrogen peroxide solution, bese 10% isixazululo se-ammonia, bese amanzi.
Ukufakwa kwendwangu
Inqubo yokufakelwa, ukuze kuzuzwe ukungenwa kwamanzi kwezindwangu, imi kanje: cwilisa indwangu kusixazululo sesisekelo se-aluminium formate, ukugxila2B °, bese siyiveza esenzweni somphunga wamanzi (lapho i-formate ibola) futhi ngemva kokumisa, siyi-ayina.
Ukulungiswa kwefomathi ye-aluminium
U160izingxenye ngesisindo samanzi ashisayo34ngesisindo se-aluminium sulfate. Kwisixazululo sesibili,60izingxenye ngesisindo samanzi, 16izingxenye ngesisindo se-sodium carbonate (ngaphandle kwamanzi ayikristalu). Izixazululo ezilungisiwe zixutshwe, i-precipitate ephumela ihlukaniswa ngokuhlunga, igezwe futhi yomiswe. Sincibilikisa imvula phakathi15izingxenye ngesisindo se-formic acid.
Ama-raincoat enziwe angangeni manzi ngesisombululo se0,35izingxenye ze-aluminium sulfate kanye0,15izingxenye ze-sodium carbonate. I-aluminium sulfate incibilika ngaphakathi1,5lit. amanzi, kanye ne-sodium carbonate ngaphakathi0,5lit. amanzi ashisayo. Hlanganisa zombili izixazululo, hlunga imvula ewumphumela, hlakazeka150 ml ye-formic acid bese wengeza ku1000 ml. Sicwilisa izindwangu ngalokhu kulungiselelwa, sishuke phezu kwamanzi abilayo, somile nensimbi.
Singakwazi ukumithisa ojosaka, ama-windbreaker nezinye izindwangu ezingazweli ngendlela elandelayo:50g/lit. shisisa isisombululo sensipho ye-potassium esitsheni esicishe sibe yi-approx 40°Cfuthi manzisa izimpahla isikhathi esifushane, bese ungena60g/lit. isixazululo se-alum esishisayo2-3ihora, bese yomile, mhlawumbe insimbi.
Ngaphandle kwezindwangu - ikakhulukazi ebusika - kubalulekile ukwenza izicathulo zingangeni manzi.
Mmanzisa amathe ezicathulo ngale ngxube elandelayo:30g amafutha e-castor,50g kawoyela we-linseed40g kapharafini,20g ye-stearin kanye10g we-resin ncibilika, ncibilikisa inqwaba encibilikile20g kaphethiloli kanye shayela noma manzisa ematheni nale mass.
Sihlikihla isikhumba esingaphezulu, sixube ngengxube elandelayo:20g kapharafini,10g mhlophe,10g we-resin kanye10g kawoyela wezinhlanzi nge50 mSincibilikisa uwoyela wamaminerali bese usebenzisa isisombululo esivivi.
Ukucutshungulwa koboya
Akuwona impela umsebenzi wamakhemikhali, kodwa into efanayo. Isikhumba sezilwane eziningi ezincane singasetshenziselwa ukucutshungulwa koboya, kodwa isikhumba sikanogwaja abathombile kanye nabasendle sisetshenziswa kakhulu.
Isikhumba sikanogwaja ohlatshwe ebusika kuphela esilungele ukucutshungulwa koboya. Uboya behlobo busetshenziswa kuphela embonini yezigqoko.
Isikhumba sinwetshwa ohlakeni lwamapulangwe bese somiswa kuhlaka. Akumelwe ichayeke elangeni eliqondile. Ukomiswa akumele kube ngokuzumayo, ngoba ukomiswa kwenzeka bese kuba nzima ukucubungula.
Ukumanzisa kuhlose ukuhlanza uboya ekungcoleni kwemishini kanye nokubuyisela esikhumbeni inani lamanzi obunawo ngesikhathi sokugeza. Ekuhambeni kwe24ihora, uboya bucwiliswe emanzini ekamelweni lokushisa, futhi ulwelwesi lwe-loja luhlukaniswa luvuleke ngommese. Khona-ke uboya bufakwa esitsheni sokumanzisa, okufanele sivale iso15izikhathi umthamo wesikhumba.
Ukwakheka kwemvubelo
40g/l usawoti wetafula,
0,5 ml / l ye-lactic acid,
0,5 ml / l ye-formic acid,
0,5 ml / l formalin, engeza amanzi kuze kube1000 ml.
Sigcina uboya kwisixazululo esilungiselelwe ngale ndlela24ihora futhi siyicubungula futhi ngommese, sisusa ulwelwesi lwe-loja kanye nezinsalela zamafutha nenyama.
Ukushuka
Ukushuka (ukushukwa) kwesikhumba esiluhlaza kwenziwa ngesixazululo esilandelayo:
60g/l usawoti wetafula,
0,5 ml / l ye-lactic acid,
2 ml/l i-sulfuric acid,
1 ml / l ye-acetic acid bese wengeza amanzi kuze kube1000 ml.
Lokho kusho ukuthi yebo15ilitha likadayi liqukethe900amagremu kasawoti,7,5 ml ubisi,30 ml sulphurous (emthonjeni oyidijithali isihlanganisi “i” sifundeka ngendlela engafanele ngokuthi “1”) kanye15 ml i-acetic acid. Isixazululo senziwa ngokuqala ukuncibilikisa usawoti wetafula, bese wengeza ezinye izingxenye.
Uboya bugcinwa kudayi izinsuku ezimbili futhi isisombululo siyanyakaziswa nsuku zonke4-5izikhathi.
Ukuthambisa nokuthambisa
Ukumboza uboya kwenziwa nge-emulsion, eyenziwe ngengxenye eyodwa yamafutha e-Turkish abomvu kanye 0,1 ingxenye yamafutha amaminerali. Le ngxube ihlanjululwa ngamanzi ngesilinganiso 2:1. Cishe ingxenye yelitha ye-emulsion enjalo iyadingeka esikhumbeni sonogwaja esisodwa. Sisebenzisa i-emulsion ngebhulashi noma indwangu, sihlikihla uhlangothi lwesikhumba loboya kahle. Ngemva kwamahora amabili, somisa isikhumba emakamelweni lapho izinga lokushisa lingu-30-35°C.
Iziboya ezilungiswe ngale ndlela kufanele zicutshungulwe ngomshini. Ukuze sithambe, sizungeza isikhumba emiphongolweni ezungezayo enamapulangwe cishe amahora amathathu. Khona-ke, ngezinto ezifanele ezibuthuntu, sigaya uboya, buphambanise. Ngemva kokuxova, ukuthamba kuyaqhubeka emiphongolweni ejikelezayo, manje equkethe izigxobo zokhuni ezifakwe uphethiloli. Ngokuxova futhi, ukudalwa koboya kuqediwe.
Ukupholisha ngamakhemikhali
Ingqikithi yokupholisha amakhemikhali ukususa amaqhuqhuva amancane kanye nama-rough endaweni yensimbi bese lezo zindawo zikhanya esibukweni. Ukupholisha kwenziwa “ezindlini zokugeza” ezikhethekile.
Ukwakheka nokugxila kwalawa mabhafu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba uma kunganakwa kulokhu, imiphumela ephambene ingafinyelelwa. I-sulfuric, i-phosphoric acid kanye nosawoti ohlukahlukene wezinsimbi ezinzima kusetshenziswa njengezisusa zokupholisha.
Ukupholisha okumahhadla kwe-aluminium
70 wt. % i-phosphoric acid,
22% sulfuric acid,
8% i-boric acid.
Izinga lokushisa 90°C. Isikhathi sokupholisha 3-8 miminithi
Aluminium polishing
95 isisindo % phosphoric acid,
4,5 isisindo % nitric acid,
0,5 isisindo % nickel-nitrate.
Izinga lokushisa lokugeza 90°C, isikhathi sokupholisha 3-5 min.
Ukucwebeliswa kwendawo yensimbi
1000g ye-75% isixazululo se-phosphoric acid,
400 g 70%–ayikho i-nitric acid,
600 g 95%-non sulfuric acid,
Hlanganisa ne-192 g yamanzi.
Izinga lokushisa lokugeza 100°C, isikhathi sokupholisha 5-10 min.
Ukupholisha ithusi nethusi
600 ml 75% isixazululo se-phosphoric acid,
200 ml 40 B°, ama-nitric acid,
400 ml 98%-non-acetic acid kanye ne-10 g molasses.
Izinga lokushisa lokugeza 25°C, isikhathi sokupholisha 1 min.
Ngokupholisha i-zinc ne-cadmium, sisebenzisa 1/4-1/2% isixazululo se-nitric acid.
Ubuchwepheshe bokupholisha
Shisisa izixazululo zokugeza ezingeni lokushisa elingu-90°C. Sibeka izinto esifuna ukuzipholisha endlini yangasese, sizibambe imizuzu engu-3-8 m, sizikhiphe bese sizigeza ngamanzi afudumele, bese sizomisa. Ukupholisha ngamakhemikhali, sisebenzisa izitsha ezenziwe ngengilazi engashi, izitsha zobumba noma insimbi (ehlanganiswe (ehlanganiswe) nge-PVC). Izinto zikhishwa amafutha ngaphambi kokupholishwa. Uma insimbi iqukethe ngaphezu kwe-silicon engu-2%, ayikwazi ukupholishwa ngokwekhemikhali. Izindawo ezipholishelwe ngamakhemikhali zifaneleka kakhulu ukugcotshwa nokupenda.
Inothi lokugcina lokuphepha: ukugxila komlando, amazinga okushisa, nezikhathi kulo mbhalo akuzona izinqubo zokusebenza zamanje. Ukuhlanza okomile, ukuhlanzwa kwesikhumba kanye nokupholishwa kwezimboni kudinga izinto ezihlonziwe, okokusebenza okuhambisanayo, ukulawula umhwamuko, ukugcinwa nokulahlwa okuphephile, ama-opharetha aqeqeshiwe kanye nemibhalo ehambisana nemithethonqubo esebenzayo.