Iinkcukacha eziyeleleneyo: Iifestile zomthi ezenziwe ngokweprojekthi yakho. · Iifestile ezenziwe ngomthi zealuminiyam. · Iifestile ezilungiselelwe amakhaya, iiprojekthi kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle. · I-odolo yeengcango zeplanga kunye ne-aluminiyam eyenziwe ngomthi. · Thumela isicelo sekowuti.
Isilumkiso esibalulekileyo sokhuseleko: iinkqubo ezichaziweyo kunye neeresiphi zivela kumthombo wembali kwaye akufanele zisetyenziswe njengesikhokelo sale mihla. Ezi khemikhali zinokubeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwimpilo, kwendalo kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo. Musa ukuxuba okanye ukusebenzisa ngaphandle kwephepha ledatha elisemthethweni lokhuseleko, uvavanyo lomngcipheko, ukubeka iliso kwiingcali, ukungena komoya okwaneleyo kunye nezixhobo zokuzikhusela. Ngamalaphu, landela isibhengezo somenzi kwaye uqhagamshelane nochwephesha wokucoca owomileyo; imimiselo esebenzayo kunye nemiyalelo yomthengisi isebenza kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso.
Ukucoca okomileyo
Imigaqo ephambili: ukuba i-textile iba mdaka, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ucoce ibala ngokukhawuleza, kuba amabala amatsha kulula kakhulu ukususa. Ukungenelela ngokukhawuleza, isepha kunye namanzi adikidiki ahlala anele.
Inyathelo lokuqala lokucoca: misela imvelaphi yokungacoceki (umzekelo, igrisi yemifuno, igrisi yeminerali, ioli, itela, iswekile, intlaka, iglu, ipeyinti, irusi, i-inki). Emva koko, uhlobo lwelaphu kufuneka lusekwe (umzekelo uboya, umqhaphu, uboya obunomqhaphu, isilika yeselulosi, isilika eyenziweyo, iperlon, inayiloni, i-orlon, iPVC, ilinen, i-hemp). Ukuba imvelaphi ye-textile ayiyazi, ukucocwa kovavanyo kufuneka kwenziwe kwindawo engabonakaliyo kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-arhente esetyenzisiweyo inefuthe elibi kuyo.
Ukuqatshelwa kwamalaphu
Ukusuka kwilaphu esilicocayo, sikhupha - ukusuka kwi-longitudinal kunye ne-transverse direction - iifiber ezininzi kunye nabo senza uvavanyo lwamandla olumanzi kunye novavanyo lomlilo.
Ukumisela amandla amanzi, sithatha ifayibha ende 15-20 cm, iyolule kakuhle kwaye ucele umntu ukuba abambe umbindi wefiber ngeminwe emanzi. Ukuba ifayibha efumileyo yophuka embindini, yiselulosi, ukuba akunjalo, ngumqhaphu.
Eyona ndlela iqinisekileyo yokuchonga amalaphu kukusebenzisa ilangatye. I-asbestos kunye nemicu yeglasi ayitshisi. Amalaphu enziweyo kunye neesilika zeacetate nazo azitshi, kodwa ziyanyibilika. Iintsinga zemvelaphi yezilwanyana (uboya, uboya bomvundla) kunzima ukutshisa, ngaxeshanye zitshiza kancinci, njengaxa kutshisa amanqatha, kwaye zikhuphe ivumba elifana nokutshisa kweenwele. Imveliso yokutsha iluthuthu oludumbileyo, olungwevu okanye olumnyama, olulula lula (Umfanekiso 1, Inxalenye 1).
Umda wokhuseleko: inkcazo yembali yovavanyo lomlilo ayikho isimemo sokutshisa iifayili ezingaziwayo. Iasbestos kunye nezinye izinto ezingaziwayo akufuneki zithathwe iisampulu, zisikwe, zitshiswe okanye zisetyenzwe ngaphandle kokuchongwa kobuchwephesha kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko emiselweyo.
IiFayibha zemifuno: umqhaphu, ilinen, ihemp, yeselulosi imvelaphi yesilika ye-viscose kunye neselulosi itsha ngedangatye elikhulu. Emva kokutshiswa, kushiyeka bumhlophe-ngwevu, nothuthu oluqhekezayo.
Amalungiselelo okucoca
Ukucoca kwenziwa kwitafile egudileyo. Masilungiselele: ibrashi yezikhonkwane ecocekileyo, umgubo wetalcum, isiponji, i-absorbent okanye iphepha lokucoca, uboya becotton, ilaphu elimhlophe elicocekileyo kunye neekhemikhali. Iikhemikhali ezinokutsha (i-petroli, i-ether, i-alcohol) kufuneka zisetyenzwe ngefestile evulekileyo, kude nomlilo, kunye ne-ventilation ende iyadingeka emva komsebenzi (umfanekiso 1, inxalenye 2).
Umfanekiso 1. Uvavanyo lwefayibha kunye nokulungiselela ukucoca
Kucetyiswa ukuba uhlambe ilaphu phambi kokucoca, kuba emva kokucoca, ibala liya kunyamalala, kodwa indawo elula iya kuhlala kwindawo yokucoca ukuba ilaphu alicocekanga. Ngaphantsi kwelaphu sibeka 2-3 iileya zephepha lokucoca okanye i-absorbent, mhlawumbi iqhekeza lelaphu elimhlophe. Gcoba ilaphu elicocekileyo kunye nekhemikhali ekhethiweyo kwaye, ukususela kumda webala, gcoba ingubo. Xa sisuse uninzi lwebala, gcoba indawo ngamaconsi ambalwa e-solvent, ushiye 2–3 m imizuzu, uze womise ilaphu ngephepha lokucoca. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, sebenzisa ibrashi encinci ukukhulula imicu yelaphu kwaye uhlahle kwakhona ukunyibilikisa ibala.
IiRecipe zokususa ibala ngokwembali
Iminerali kunye namafutha ezilwanyana
Ukuba i-stain iqulethe enye inkunkuma, ngoko siya kwenza i-slurry ye-talc kunye ne-petroli (i-carbon tetrachloride, i-turpentine), esiyifake kwi-layer engqindilili kwi-stain. Sigcina intlama kwibala ide isinyibilikisi siphume sibe ngumphunga kwaye umgubo wetalcum ube ngumgubo. Sisusa i-talcum powder ngebrashi. Ukuba kukho into eseleyo kwi-greasy stain, siphinda inkqubo efanayo. Ikhemikhali iya kutshabalalisa ukungcola, ngelixa i-talc, ngenxa ye-hygroscopicity kunye nokufunxa, iya kuzibophelela igrisi kunye nolunye ukungcola. Ukuba i-talc imanzi, kufuneka yomiswe kuqala.
Amabala aphuma kwigrisi yezihlangu akhutshwa ngeturpentine okanye ibenzene, kunye nombala wekrimu ngehydrogen peroxide.
Amabala emilebe ayasuswa ngotywala, emva koko kusepha kunye namanzi adikidiki, kunye nombala obomvu ngehydrogen peroxide.
Amabala asuka kwiziqhamo, icompote, iilekese ezisuka kulaphu loboya zihlanjwa ngamanzi adikidiki kunye nesepha, emva koko ngotywala kunye nefomic acid. Ukuba uboya bumhlophe, sinokusebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide. Emva kokucoca, ilaphu lihlanjwa kwakhona ngamanzi ukuze kususwe iikhemikhali ezigqithisileyo, ezinokuyonakalisa ilaphu.
Siphatha amalaphu womqhaphu ngehydrogen peroxide emva kwesepha kunye nokuhlamba emanzini ashushu.
Sisusa amabala erusi nge-oxalic acid. Kuba inetyhefu, siyibuyisela nge-citric acid (15%), oko kukuthi, ngesisombululo se-sonic ye-bisulfite.
Amabala abangelwa yingca (amabala e-chlorophyll) asuswa ngotywala. Sinyanga amabala amadala ngotywala obuxutyiweyo kunye neammonium hydroxide size emva koko sihlambe ngamanzi amaninzi adikidiki.
Umbala wezitampu, amanani, njl.njl. itsalwa ngamanzi ashushu malunga ne-60°C ngokudityaniswa kotywala. Kodwa nge-alcohol ngokwayo, iphinde ifudunyezwe kwi-60°C, i-ether okanye i-chloroform, uninzi lombala unokususwa. Lungisa umbala oseleyo ngehydrogen peroxide. Kufuneka kuhlanjwe kakhulu ukuze kususwe imichiza egqithisileyo.
Amabala eTar asuswa ngexylene, toluene okanye ibenzene kunye namanzi anesepha.
Amabala ombilo ahlikihlwa nge 10% ammonium hydroxide, emva koko ahlanjwe ngamanzi okanye isepha. Amalaphu amhlophe ke anokuthi atshizwe ngecitric acid okanye ihydrogen peroxide.
Amabala asuka kwiipeyinti ezinamafutha acocwa nge-varnish-petroli okanye ioli ye-turpentine. Sicwina amabala omisiweyo kwi-turpentine kwiiyure ze-2-4 iiyure. Ukungathathi hlangothi kombala kwenziwa nge-hydrogen peroxide.
Ipolishi yeenzipho isuswe nge-acetone okanye i-ether.
Amabala aphuma kwi-ballpoint pen kunye ne-inki asuswa ngotywala, i-potassium carbonate okanye i-glycerin.
Amabala asuka kwipeyinti ye-nitro asuswa ngezazo izinyibilikisi, okt iacetone. Sisusa ipeyinti eseleyo nge-citric acid okanye i-hydrogen peroxide.
Ukuba ibala legazi litsha, lisuswa ngokulula ngamanzi. Susa ibala elomileyo nge 3% hydrogen peroxide isisombululo, emva koko 10% isisombululo se ammonia, emva koko amanzi.
Ukufakwa kwelaphu
Inkqubo yokufakelwa, ukwenzela ukuba kuphunyezwe ukungangeni kwamanzi kweempahla, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: cwilisa ilaphu kwisisombululo sesiseko se-aluminium formate, ukugxininiswa.2B °, emva koko siyibonakalisa kwisenzo somphunga wamanzi (xa i-formate ibola) kwaye emva kokumisa, siyi-iron.
Ukulungiswa kwefomati yealuminiyam
U160iinxalenye ngobunzima bamanzi ashushu34ngobunzima be-aluminium sulfate. Kwisisombululo sesibini,60iinxalenye ngobunzima bamanzi, 16iinxalenye ngobunzima besodium carbonate (ngaphandle kwamanzi ayikristale). Izisombululo ezilungiselelwe zixutywe, i-precipitate ephumelayo ihlukaniswe ngokucoca, ihlanjwe kwaye yomiswe. Siyinyibilikisa imvula15iinxalenye ngobunzima be-asidi ye-formic.
Iingubo zemvula zenziwe zingangeni manzi ngesisombululo se0,35iinxalenye ze-aluminium sulfate kunye0,15iindawo zesodium carbonate. I-aluminium sulfate inyibilika ngaphakathi1,5lit. amanzi, kunye nesodium carbonate ngaphakathi0,5lit. amanzi ashushu. Xuba zozibini izisombululo, hluza isiphumo esiphumelayo, nyibilike ngaphakathi150 ml formic acid kwaye ungeze kwi1000 ml. Sicwina i-textiles ngolu lungiselelo, i-steam phezu kwamanzi abilayo, eyomileyo kunye nentsimbi.
Singakwazi ukumitha ngokukhawuleza oobhaka, ii-windbreakers kunye namanye amalaphu angakhathali ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:50g/lit. fudumeza isisombululo sesepha ye-potassium emanzi kwisikhongozelo malunga ne-approx 40°Ckwaye zimanzise iimpahla ixesha elifutshane, emva koko ungene60g/lit. isisombululo se-alum eshushu2-3iyure, ngoko yomile, mhlawumbi intsimbi.
Ukongeza kwiindwangu - ngakumbi ebusika - kubalulekile ukwenza izicathulo ezingenamanzi.
Nyakazisa iintende zezihlangu ngalo mxube ulandelayo:30g yeoli yecastor,50g yeoli yelined40g yeparafini,20g ye stearin kunye10g yeresin nyibilika, nyibilikisa ubunzima obunyibilikisiweyo20g yepetroli kunye nebrashi okanye umanzise iisoli ngobu bunzima.
Sihlikihla ulusu oluphezulu, sixube ngalo mxube ulandelayo:20g yeparafini,10g tallow,10g of resin kunye10g yeoli yeentlanzi nge50 mSiyinyibilikisa i-oyile yamaminerali kwaye sisebenzise isisombululo esidikidiki.
Ukwenziwa koboya
Hayi kanye umsebenzi wekhemisti, kodwa into efanayo. Ulusu lwezilwanyana ezincinci ezininzi lunokusetyenziselwa ukwenziwa koboya, kodwa ulusu lwemivundla embuna kunye neleendle lusetyenziswa kakhulu.
Lulusu lomvundla oluxhelwe ebusika kuphela olulungele ukwenziwa koboya. Uboya behlobo busetyenziswa kuphela kwishishini lomnqwazi.
Ulusu lunwenwe kwisakhelo somthi kwaye somiswe kwidrafti. Akufunekanga ibe sesichengeni sokukhanya kwelanga. Ukomisa akufuneki kube ngequbuliso, kuba ukomisa kwenzeka kwaye emva koko kunzima ukuqhubekeka.
Ukumanzisa kujolise ekucoceni uboya kubumdaka obungoomatshini kunye nokubuyisela esikhumbeni umlinganiselo wamanzi obunawo ngexesha lokuhlanjwa. Ekuhambeni kwe24iyure, uboya bufakwe emanzini kwiqondo lokushisa, kwaye i-loja inwebu iyahlukana ivuleke ngemela. Emva koko uboya bubekwe kwisisombululo sokumanzisa, ekufuneka sigqume iliso15amaxesha umthamo wolusu.
Ukwakhiwa kwegwele
40g/l ityuwa yetafile,
0,5 ml / l ye-lactic acid,
0,5 ml / l yefomic acid,
0,5 ml / l formalin, yongeza amanzi ukuya1000 ml.
Sigcina uboya kwisisombululo esilungiselelwe ngale ndlela24iyure kwaye siyicubungula kwakhona ngemela, sisusa i-loja membrane kunye neentsalela zamanqatha kunye nenyama.
Ukusukwa
Ukwasulwa (ukunkonkxwa) kwesikhumba ekrwada kwenziwa kwesi sisombululo silandelayo:
60g/l ityuwa yetafile,
0,5 ml / l ye-lactic acid,
2 ml/l sulphuric acid,
1 ml / l ye-acetic acid kwaye udibanise amanzi ukuya1000 ml.
Oko kuthetha ewe15ilitha yedayi iqulethe900iigram zetyuwa,7,5 mubisi,30 mI-sulphurous (kumthombo ofakwe ekhompyutheni isihlanganisi “i” sifundeka ngendlela engeyiyo ngokuthi “1”) kunye15 ml yeacetic acid. Isisombululo senziwa ngokuqala ukunyibilikisa ityuwa yetafile, emva koko wongeze amanye amacandelo.
Uboya bugcinwa kwidayi iintsuku ezimbini kwaye isisombululo sixutywa yonke imihla4-5amaxesha.
Ukuthambisa kunye nokuthambisa
Ukugquma uboya kwenziwa nge-emulsion, eyenziwe kwenye inxalenye ebomvu yeoli yaseTurkey kunye 0,1 inxalenye yeoli yamaminerali. Lo mxube uxutywe ngamanzi kumlinganiselo 2:1. Malunga nesiqingatha selitha yeemulsion enjalo iyafuneka kwisikhumba somvundla esinye. Sisebenzisa i-emulsion ngebrashi okanye ngelaphu, sixuba kakuhle icala lesikhumba soboya. Emva kweeyure ezimbini, somisa ulusu kumagumbi apho iqondo lokushisa 30-35°C.
Iziboya ezilungiselelwe ngolu hlobo kufuneka zicutshungulwe ngoomatshini. Ukuze sithambe, sisonta ufele kwimiphanda ejikelezayo eneplanga elichetyiweyo kangangeeyure ezintathu. Emva koko, ngezinto ezifanelekileyo ezibuthuntu, siguba uboya, bunqamleze. Emva kokuxova, ukuthamba kuyaqhubeka kwimiphanda ejikelezayo, ngoku enemithi yokucheba efakwe ipetroli. Ngokuxova kwakhona, ukuyilwa koboya kugqityiwe.
Ukuguliswa kwemichiza
Undoqo wokumenyezeliswa kweekhemikhali kukususa amaqhuma amancinci kunye noburhabaxa kumphezulu wesinyithi kunye nokuzisa loo miphezulu kwisibuko sikhazimle. Ukumenyezwa kwenziwa kwiindawo zokuhlambela ezikhethekileyo.
Ukubunjwa kunye nokugxininiswa kwezi bhafu kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba ukuba ingqwalasela ayihlawulwanga kule nto, iziphumo ezichaseneyo zinokufezekiswa. I-sulfuric, i-asidi ye-phosphoric kunye neetyuwa ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi esinzima zisetyenziswa njenge-catalysts yokupholisha.
Ukugudisa okurhabaxa kwealuminiyam
70 wt. % phosphoric acid,
22% asidi yesulfuric,
8% boric acid.
Ubushushu 90°C. Ixesha lokumenyeza 3-8 mumzuzu
I-aluminiyam yokugulisa
95 ubunzima % phosphoric acid,
4,5 ubunzima % nitric acid,
0,5 ubunzima % nickel-nitrate.
Ubushushu bebhafu 90°C, ixesha lokupolisha 3-5 min.
Ukumenyezwa komphezulu wentsimbi
1000g ye-75% isisombululo se-phosphoric acid,
400 g 70%–akukho nitric acid,
600 g 95%-non sulfuric acid,
Xuba ne 192 g yamanzi.
Ubushushu bebhafu 100°C, ixesha lokupolisha 5-10 min.
Ubhedu kunye nokugudisa ubhedu
600 ml 75% isisombululo se-phosphoric acid,
200 ml 40 B°, i-nitric acids,
400 ml 98%-non-acetic acid kunye 10 g molasses.
Ubushushu bebhafu 25°C, ixesha lokupolisha 1 min.
Ukulungisa i-zinc kunye ne-cadmium, sisebenzisa 1/4-1/2% isisombululo se-nitric acid.
Itekhnoloji yokuhombisa
Fudumeza izisombululo zebhafu kwiqondo lobushushu le-90°C. Sibeka izinto esifuna ukupolisha kwigumbi lokuhlambela, sibambe imizuzu 3-8 m, zikhuphe kwaye zihlambe emanzini afudumeleyo, emva koko zomise. Ukupholisa imichiza, sisebenzisa izitya ezenziwe ngeglasi engatshiyo, iikeramics okanye isinyithi (efakwe (coat) ngePVC). Izinto zithotywa ngaphambi kokupholisha. Ukuba intsimbi iqulathe ngaphezulu kwe-2% isilicon, ayinakukhazimliswa ngokwekhemikhali. Imiphezulu egudisiweyo ngokwekhemikhali ifaneleke kakhulu ukuthambisa nokupeyintwa.
Inqaku lokugqibela lokhuseleko: Ugxininiso lwembali, amaqondo obushushu, kunye namaxesha kulo mbhalo ayizizo iinkqubo zokusebenza zangoku. Ukucoca okomileyo, ukucocwa kwesikhumba kunye nokupholiswa kwemizi-mveliso kufuna izinto ezichongiweyo, izixhobo ezihambelanayo, ulawulo lomphunga, ugcino olukhuselekileyo kunye nokulahlwa, abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kunye namaxwebhu athobela imigaqo esebenzayo.