A yau, tayin na Savo Kusić yana mai da hankali ne akan gilashin katako, itace-aluminum Taga, Taga na al’ada, kofa da buƙatun magana. Wannan rubutun ya kasance rikodin rikodi kuma ba tayin ba don bushewa mai bushewa, cire ciki, sarrafa gashi ko gogen sinadarai.
Gargadi mai mahimmanci na aminci: hanyoyin da aka kwatanta da girke-girke sun fito daga tushen tarihi kuma bai kamata a yi amfani da su azaman jagorar zamani ba. Wadannan sinadarai na iya haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiya, muhalli da amincin wuta. Kar a haɗa ko amfani ba tare da ingantacciyar takardar bayanan aminci ba, ƙimar haɗari, kulawar ƙwararru, isassun iska da kayan kariya na sirri. Don yadudduka, bi sanarwar masana’anta kuma tuntuɓi ƙwararren mai tsabtace bushewa; ingantattun ka’idoji da umarnin mai siyarwa sun shafi hanyoyin masana’antu.
Tsabtace bushewa
Babban ka’idoji: idan kayan yadudduka sun yi datti, ana bada shawara don tsaftace tabo nan da nan, saboda sabo ne mai sauƙin cirewa. Don shiga tsakani cikin gaggawa, sabulu da ruwan dumi yakan isa.
Mataki na farko na tsaftacewa shine: tantance asalin ƙazanta (misali man kayan lambu, man ma’adinai, mai, kwalta, sukari, guduro, manne, fenti, tsatsa, tawada). Bayan haka, ya kamata a kafa nau’in yadi (misali ulu, auduga, ulu tare da auduga, siliki cellulose, siliki na wucin gadi, perlon, nailan, orlon, PVC, lilin, hemp). Idan ba a san asalin kayan yadin ba, ya kamata a yi gwajin tsaftacewa a wuri marar ganuwa kuma a tabbatar da ko wakilin da aka yi amfani da shi yana da illa a kansa.
Gane kayan masaku
Daga masana’anta da muke tsaftacewa, muna cirewa - daga madaidaiciyar hanya da madaidaiciya - filaye da yawa kuma tare da su muna yin gwajin ƙarfin jika da gwajin harshen wuta.
Don ƙayyade ƙarfin rigar, muna ɗaukar fiber mai tsawo15-20 cm, mikewa da kyau kuma ka tambayi wani ya kama tsakiyar fiber tare da rigar yatsu. Idan zaren da aka dasa ya karye a tsakiya, cellulose ne, idan ba haka ba, auduga ne.
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don gano kayan yadi ita ce ta amfani da harshen wuta. Asbestos da gilashin fibers ba sa ƙonewa. Tufafin roba da siliki na acetate suma ba sa ƙonewa, amma suna narke. Zaɓuɓɓuka na asali na dabba (ulu, gashin zomo) suna da wuyar ƙonewa, a lokaci guda kuma suna fesa kadan, kamar lokacin da kitsen ya ƙone, kuma yana ba da wari kamar lokacin da gashi ya ƙone. Samfurin konewa yana da kumbura, launin toka ko baki, ash mai sauƙi (Fig1, sashi1).
Gefen aminci: bayanin tarihi na gwajin harshen wuta ba gayyata ba ne don ƙona zaruruwan da ba a san su ba. Asbestos da sauran kayan da ba a san su ba dole ne a yi samfurin, yanke, ƙone ko sarrafa su ba tare da tantance ƙwararru da matakan kariya ba.
Fibers na asalin kayan lambu: auduga, lilin, hemp, na asalin siliki viscose na cellulose da cellulose suna ƙone da babban wuta. Bayan konewa, farar-toka-toka, toka mai rugujewa ta rage.
Shiri don tsaftacewa
Ana yin tsaftacewa akan tebur mai santsi. Mu shirya: buroshin ƙusa mai tsafta, foda talcum, soso, takarda mai narkewa ko tacewa, ulun auduga, farar kyalle mai tsafta da sinadarai. Ya kamata a yi aiki da sinadarai masu ƙonewa (gasoline, ether, barasa) tare da buɗe taga, nesa da wuta, kuma ana buƙatar dogon iska bayan aiki (hoto 1, sashi 2).
** Hoton 1. Gwajin fiber da shirye-shiryen tsaftacewa ***
Ana ba da shawarar wanke masana’anta kafin tsaftacewa, saboda bayan tsaftacewa tabo zai ɓace, amma wuri mai sauƙi zai kasance a wurin tsaftacewa idan masana’anta ba su da tsabta. Mun sanya shi a ƙarƙashin masana’anta 2-3Layer na takarda mai tacewa ko abin sha, watakila guntun farar zane. Rike zane mai tsabta tare da sinadaran da aka zaɓa kuma, farawa daga gefen tabo, shafa zanen. Lokacin da muka cire yawancin tabo, jiƙa wurin tare da ɗigon ɗigon ƙarfi, bar shi a kunne2-3 mbari ya tsaya, sannan ya bushe masana’anta tare da takarda tace. Idan ya cancanta, yi amfani da ƙaramin goga don sassauta zaruruwan masana’anta kuma a sake shafawa don narkar da tabon.
Girke-girke na tarihi don cire tabo
Ma’adanai da kitsen dabbobi
Idan tabon ya ƙunshi wasu datti, to, za mu yi slurry na talc da man fetur (carbon tetrachloride, turpentine), wanda muka shafa a cikin wani lokacin farin ciki Layer zuwa tabo. Muna ajiye manna akan tabo har sai abin da ake amfani da shi ya ƙafe kuma foda talcum ta zama foda. Muna cire talcum foda tare da goga. Idan akwai wani abu da ya rage na tabo mai laushi, muna maimaita wannan tsari. Sinadarin zai narkar da datti, yayin da talc, saboda tsantsar tsafta da sha, zai daure wa kansa maiko da sauran datti. Idan talc ta jika, sai a fara bushewa.
Ana cire tabo daga man shafawa na takalma tare da turpentine ko benzene, da launi daga creams tare da hydrogen peroxide.
Cire tabon lipstick tare da barasa, sannan sabulu da ruwan dumi, da launin ja tare da hydrogen peroxide.
Muna wanke ’ya’yan itace, compote, alewa daga yadudduka na woolen tare da ruwan dumi da sabulu, sa’an nan kuma tare da barasa da formic acid. Idan ulun fari ne, za mu iya amfani da hydrogen peroxide. Bayan tsaftacewa, ana sake wanke masana’anta da ruwa don cire yawan sinadarai, wanda zai iya lalata masana’anta.
Bayan sabulu da wankewa a cikin ruwan zafi, ana kula da yadudduka na auduga da hydrogen peroxide.
Ana cire tsatsa tare da oxalic acid. Tunda yana da guba, muna maye gurbin shi da citric acid (15%), wato, tare da maganin sonoacidic bisulfite.
Ana cire tabo da ciyawa ke haifarwa ( chlorophyll stains ) tare da barasa. Muna maganin tsofaffin tabo tare da diluted barasa da ammonium hydroxide sa’an nan kuma mu wanke a cikin ruwa mai dumi mai yawa.
Launi daga tambari, masu lambobi, da sauransu ana cire shi da ruwan zafi zuwa ido60°Ctare da ƙari na barasa. Amma kuma tare da barasa kanta, kuma mai zafi60°C, ether ko chloroform na iya cire yawancin launi. Gyara sauran launi tare da hydrogen peroxide. Ana buƙatar wankewa mai yawa don cire yawan sinadarai.
Ana cire tabon tar da xylene, toluene ko benzene sannan da ruwan sabulu.
Muna shafa tabon gumi10%tare da ammonium hydroxide, sannan a wanke da ruwa ko sabulu. Za a iya goge fararen yadudduka da citric acid ko hydrogen peroxide.
Ana tsabtace tabo daga fenti mai laushi tare da varnish-gasoline ko mai turpentine. Jika busassun spots2-4hours a cikin turpentine. Neutralization na launuka da aka za’ayi tare da hydrogen peroxide.
Cire goge ƙusa tare da acetone ko ether.
Ana cire tabo daga alkalan ballpoint da tawada tare da barasa, potassium carbonate ko glycerin.
Ana cire tabo daga fentin nitro tare da nasu kaushi, watau acetone. Muna cire sauran fenti tare da citric acid ko hydrogen peroxide.
Idan tabon jinin sabo ne, ana iya cire shi cikin sauƙi da ruwa. Cire busasshen tabon3%hydrogen peroxide bayani, sa’an nan10%maganin ammonia, sai ruwa.
Impregnation na yadudduka
Hanyar impregnation, don cimma ruwa na yadudduka, kamar haka: tsoma masana’anta a cikin wani tushe bayani na aluminum formate, maida hankali.2B °, sa’an nan kuma mu bijirar da shi zuwa aikin tururin ruwa (lokacin da tsarin ya lalace) kuma bayan bushewa, muna yin baƙin ƙarfe.
Shiri na aluminum formate
U160sassa da nauyin ruwan zafi34da nauyin aluminum sulfate. A bayani na biyu.60sassa da nauyin ruwa, 16sassa da nauyin sodium carbonate (ba tare da ruwa mai crystalline ba). Abubuwan da aka shirya suna haɗuwa, sakamakon hazo ya rabu da tacewa, wanke da bushe. Muna narkar da hazo a ciki15sassa da nauyin formic acid.
Rigar ruwan sama ana sanya ruwa ta hanyar maganin0,35sassa na aluminum sulfate da0,15sassa na sodium carbonate. Aluminum sulfate yana narke a ciki1,5kunna ruwa, da kuma sodium carbonate a ciki0,5kunna ruwan zafi. Mix biyu mafita, tace sakamakon hazo, narke a ciki150 ml na formic acid kuma ƙara zuwa1000 ml. Muna jiƙa yadi tare da wannan shiri, tururi a kan ruwan zãfi, bushe da baƙin ƙarfe.
Za mu iya yin gaggawar shigar da jakunkuna, masu katse iska da sauran yadudduka marasa mahimmanci kamar haka:50g/lit. zafi maganin sabulun potassium mai ruwa a cikin akwati zuwa kusan 40°Ckuma a jika kayan na ɗan gajeren lokaci, sannan a ciki60g/lit. zafi alum bayani2-3awa, sannan bushe, yuwuwar ƙarfe.
Bugu da ƙari, yadudduka - musamman a cikin hunturu - yana da mahimmanci don yin takalma mai hana ruwa.
Jika tafin takalmin tare da cakuda mai zuwa:30g man fetur,50g na man linseed40g da paraffin,20g da stearin10g na guduro narke, narkar da narkakken taro a ciki20g na fetur da goga ko jika tafin hannu da wannan taro.
Muna shafa fata ta sama, muna goge shi tare da cakuda mai zuwa:20g da paraffin,10g tawul,10g da resin10g man kifi da50 mMuna narke l na man ma’adinai kuma muyi amfani da bayani mai laushi.
Aikin Jawo
Ba ainihin aikin chemist ba, amma wani abu makamancin haka. Ana iya amfani da fata na ƙananan dabbobi masu yawa don sarrafa gashin gashi, amma ana amfani da fata na tame da zomayen daji sau da yawa.
Sai kawai fatar zomo da aka yanka a cikin hunturu ya dace da sarrafa gashin gashi. Ana amfani da gashin rani kawai a cikin masana’antar hat.
An shimfiɗa fata a kan katako na katako kuma a bushe a cikin daftarin aiki. Kada a fallasa shi ga hasken rana kai tsaye. Ba dole ba ne bushewar ta zama kwatsam, saboda bushewa yana faruwa sannan yana da wahala a sarrafa shi.
Wetting yana da nufin tsaftace gashin gashi daga ƙazanta na inji da kuma komawa ga fata yawan ruwan da yake da shi yayin wankewa. A cikin yanayin24sa’a, Jawo yana jika a cikin ruwa a cikin zafin jiki, kuma an raba membrane na loja tare da wuka. Sa’an nan kuma an sanya Jawo a cikin maganin jika, wanda ya kamata ya rufe ido15sau ƙarar fata.
Haɗin yisti
40g / l gishiri gishiri,
0,5 ml / l na lactic acid,
0,5 ml / l na formic acid,
0,5 ml / l formalin, ƙara ruwa zuwa1000 ml.
Muna ajiye Jawo a cikin maganin da aka shirya ta wannan hanya24sa’a kuma mu sake sarrafa shi da wuka, cire murfin loja tare da ragowar mai da nama.
Tanning
Tanning (canning) na ɗanyen ɓoye ana yin shi a cikin bayani mai zuwa:
60g / l gishiri gishiri,
0,5 ml / l na lactic acid,
2 ml / l sulfuric acid,
1 ml / l na acetic acid kuma ƙara ruwa har zuwa1000 ml.
Wannan yana nufin eh15lita na rini ya ƙunshi900grams na gishiri,7,5 ml madara,30 ml sulphurous (a cikin tushen digitized haɗin “i” an karanta shi ba daidai ba kamar “1”) kuma15 ml acetic acid. Ana yin maganin ta hanyar narkar da gishirin tebur da farko, sannan a ƙara sauran abubuwan.
Ana ajiye Jawo a cikin rini na kwana biyu kuma ana motsa maganin kowace rana4-5sau.
Lubrication da laushi
Ana yin man shafawa na Jawo da emulsion, wanda aka yi da wani yanki na jan man Turkiyya da0,1sassan man ma’adinai. Wannan cakuda yana diluted da ruwa a cikin rabo2:1. Ana buƙatar kusan rabin lita na irin wannan emulsion don fatar zomo ɗaya. Muna amfani da emulsion tare da goga ko zane, shafa gefen fata na Jawo da kyau. Bayan sa’o’i biyu, muna bushe fata a cikin ɗakunan da zafin jiki yake30-35°C.
Furs da aka shirya ta wannan hanya yakamata a sarrafa su da injina. Don yin laushi, muna juya fata a cikin ganga masu jujjuya da ke dauke da aske itace na kimanin sa’o’i uku. Sa’an nan kuma, tare da abubuwan da suka dace, muna murƙushe furs, da ketare. Bayan da aka durkushe, ana ci gaba da yin laushi a cikin ganga mai jujjuyawa, wanda a halin yanzu yana ɗauke da aske itacen da aka jiƙa da man fetur. Ta hanyar durkusawa kuma, an gama fur ɗin.
Chemical polishing
Mahimman gogewar sinadarai shine a cire ƙananan kusoshi da rashin ƙarfi daga saman ƙarfe da kuma kawo waɗancan saman zuwa hasken madubi. Ana yin goge-goge a cikin “dakunan wanka” na musamman.
Abun da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da wadannan wanka yana da matukar muhimmanci, domin idan ba a kula da wannan ba, za a iya cimma sabanin hakan. Don polishing, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid da kuma daban-daban salts na nauyi karafa ana amfani a matsayin mai kara kuzari.
M polishing na aluminum
70wt. % phosphoric acid,
22%sulfuric acid,
8%boric acid.
Zazzabi90°C. Lokacin goge baki3-8 mciki
Aluminum polishing
95nauyi % na phosphoric acid,
4,5% da nauyin nitric acid,
0,5nauyin % na nickel-nitrate.
Yanayin wanka90°C, lokacin goge baki3-5 mciki.
goge saman ƙarfe
1000Mr75%phosphoric acid bayani,
400Mr70%- ba nitric acid;
600Mr95%- ba sulfuric acid;
Mix da192g ruwa.
Yanayin wanka100°C, lokacin goge baki5-10 mciki.
Copper da tagulla polishing
600 ml75%phosphoric acid bayani,
200 ml40B °, nitric acid,
400 ml98%- ba acetic acid da kuma10g da molasses.
Yanayin wanka25°C, lokacin goge baki1 mciki
Muna amfani da zinc da cadmium don gogewa1/4-1/2% nitric acid bayani.
Fasahar goge goge
Zafi maganin wanka zuwa zazzabi na90°C. Muna sanya abubuwan da muke son gogewa a cikin gidan wanka, rike su3-8 minuta a fitar da ita a wanke da ruwan dumi sai a bushe. Don gyaran gyare-gyaren sinadarai, muna amfani da jita-jita da aka yi da gilashin wuta, yumbu ko karfe (mai rufi (mai rufi) tare da PVC). Abubuwan da ake ragewa kafin gogewa. Idan karfe ya ƙunshi fiye da2%siliki, ba za a iya goge shi da sinadarai ba. Filayen da aka goge ta sinadarai sun dace sosai don anodizing da zanen.
Bayanin aminci na ƙarshe: taƙaitaccen tarihin tarihi, yanayin zafi, da lokuta a cikin wannan rubutun ba hanyoyin aiki na yanzu ba. Tsaftace bushewa, jiyya na fata da gogewar masana’antu suna buƙatar gano abubuwan da aka gano, kayan aiki masu jituwa, sarrafa tururi, amintaccen ajiya da zubarwa, ƙwararrun masu aiki da takaddun da suka dace da ƙa’idodi masu dacewa.