Ruzivo Hunoenderana: Mahwindo emapuranga akagadzirwa zvinoenderana nebasa rako. · Mahwindo ehuni-aruminiyamu akagadzirwa. · Mahwindo ega edzimba, mapurojekiti uye kunze kwenyika. · Magonhi emapuranga emapuranga-aruminiyamu akagadzirwa. · Tumira chikumbiro chemutengo.
Yambiro yakakosha yekuchengetedza: maitiro akatsanangurwa uye mabikirwo anobva kunhoroondo sosi uye haafanire kushandiswa segwara razvino. Aya makemikari anogona kuisa njodzi yakakomba kune hutano, zvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzwa kwemoto. Usasanganise kana kushandisa pasina pepa rekuchengetedza data rakachengeteka, kuongororwa kwenjodzi, kutarisa kwenyanzvi, kufefetera kwakakwana uye zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo. Pamachira, tevera chiziviso chemugadziri uye ubate nyanzvi yekuchenesa yakaoma; mirau inoshanda uye mirairo yevatengesi inoshanda kune maindasitiri maitiro.
Dry cleaning
Main misimboti: kana machira akasvibiswa, zvinokurudzirwa kuchenesa tsvina nekukasira, nekuti tsvina nyowani iri nyore kubvisa. Kupindira nekukurumidza, sipo nemvura inodziya zvinowanzokwana.
Danho rekutanga pakuchenesa ndere: tarisa kwakabva tsvina (eg girisi yemuriwo, girisi yezvicherwa, mafuta, tara, shuga, resin, guruu, pendi, ngura, inki). Mushure maizvozvi, rudzi rwemucheka runofanira kusimbiswa (eg mvere dzemakwai, donje, mvere nekotoni, silika selulosi, sirika yakagadzirwa, perlon, nylon, orlon, PVC, linen, hemp). Kana kwakabva machira kusazivikanwa, bvunzo yekuchenesa inofanira kuitwa munzvimbo isingaonekwe uye kuona kana iyo yakashandiswa mumiririri ine zvinokuvadza pairi.
Kuzivikanwa kwemachira
Kubva pamucheka watiri kuchenesa, tinodhonza kunze - kubva kune longitudinal uye transverse kutungamira - akati wandei mafiber uye navo tinoita bvunzo yesimba remvura uye bvunzo dzemoto.
Kuti tizive simba rakanyorova, tinotora faibha refu 15-20 cm, tambanudza zvakanaka uye tokumbira mumwe munhu kuti abate pakati pefiber nezvigunwe zvakanyorova. Kana faibha yakanyorova ikatsemuka nepakati, inenge iri cellulose, kana zvisiri, idonje.
Iyo nzira yechokwadi yekuziva machira ndeye kushandisa murazvo. Asbestos negirazi fibers hazvipisi. Synthetic textiles uye sirika yeacetate zvakare haitsva, asi inonyunguduka. Fibers emhando yemhuka (mvere dzemakushe, tsuro) dzakaoma kupisa, panguva imwechete dzinopfapfaidza zvishoma, senge kana mafuta achipisa, uye inopa kunhuwa sekunge bvudzi rinopisa. Chigadzirwa chekupisa idota rinopfuta, pfumbu kana dema, rinopfakanyika zviri nyore (Mufananidzo 1, Chikamu 1).
Chengetedzo margin: tsananguro yenhoroondo yekuyedzwa kwemoto haisi yekukoka kubatidza fiber isingazivikanwe. Asbestos nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingazivikanwe hazvifanirwe kutorwa sample, kucheka, kupiswa kana kugadziriswa pasina chiziviso chehunyanzvi uye matanho ekudzivirira akatemerwa.
Fiber dzemuriwo: donje, linen, hemp, ye cellulose yakabva viscose sirika uye cellulose inotsva nemoto mukuru. Mushure mekupisa, kuchena-grey, dota rinoputika rinosara.
Gadziriro yekuchenesa
Kucheneswa kunoitwa patafura yakatsetseka. Ngatigadzirirei: bhurasho rezvipikiri rakachena, talcum poda, chipanje, inonwisa kana sefa bepa, shinda yedonje, jira jena rakachena uye makemikari. Mishonga inopisa (peturu, ether, doro) inofanira kushandiswa nehwindo rakashama, kure nemoto, uye mhepo yakareba inodiwa mushure mekushanda (mufananidzo 1, chikamu 2).
**Mufananidzo 1. Kuyedzwa kweFiber uye kugadzirira kuchenesa **
Zvinokurudzirwa kugeza jira risati racheneswa, nekuti mushure mekuchenesa, tsvina ichanyangarika, asi nzvimbo yakareruka icharamba iri panzvimbo yekuchenesa kana jira racho risina kuchena. Pasi pemucheka tinoisa 2-3 zvidimbu zvepepa refirita kana kuti rinotora, zvichida chidimbu chejira jena. Nyoresa jira rakachena nekemikari yakasarudzwa uye, kutanga kubva kumucheto kwemavara, bvisa jira. Patinenge tabvisa tsvina yakawanda, sora nzvimbo yacho nemadonhwe mashomanana ekunyungudutsa, uchisiya 2–3 m maminetsi, wozoomesa jira nepepa refirita. Kana zvichidikanwa, shandisa bhurashi duku kuti usunungure mafiibhi emucheka uye wozora zvakare kuti uparadze tsvina.
Historical Stain Removal Recipes
Zvicherwa nemafuta emhuka
Kana tsvina ine imwe tsvina, saka tichaita slurry ye talc uye petroli (carbon tetrachloride, turpentine), iyo yatinoshandisa mumucheka wakaoma kune tsvina. Tinochengeta paste patsvina kusvikira solvent yapera uye talcum powder yava upfu. Tinobvisa talcum powder nebhurashi. Kana pane chimwe chinhu chakasara chemavara ane greasy, tinodzokorora maitiro akafanana. Iyo kemikari ichanyungudutsa tsvina, nepo talc, nekuda kweiyo hygroscopicity uye kunyura, ichazvisunga iyo yega girisi uye imwe tsvina. Kana talc yakanyorova, inofanira kutanga yaomeswa.
Mavara egirisi eshangu anobviswa neturpentine kana benzene, uye ruvara rwekirimu nehydrogen peroxide.
Matavi eLipstick anobviswa nedoro, kozoita sipo nemvura inodziya, uye ruvara rutsvuku nehydrogen peroxide.
Matavi emuchero, compote, masiwiti kubva kumachira emvere anogezwa nemvura inodziya nesipo, wozogeza nedoro uye formic acid. Kana mvere dzakachena, tinogonawo kushandisa hydrogen peroxide. Mushure mekuchenesa, jira rinoshambidzwa zvakare nemvura kuti ribvise makemikari akawandisa, anogona kukuvadza jira.
Tinogeza machira edonje nehydrogen peroxide mushure me sipo nekuwacha mumvura inopisa.
Tinobvisa marara ane oxalic acid. Sezvo ine muchetura, tinoitsiva ne citric acid (15%), kureva, ne sonic acid solution ye bisulfite.
Mavara anokonzerwa nehuswa (chlorophyll stains) anobviswa nedoro. Tinobvisa tsvina dzekare nedoro rakasanganiswa uye ammonium hydroxide uye togeza nemvura yakawanda inodziya.
Ruvara rwematampu, manhamba, etc. inotorwa nemvura inopisa kusvika pa 60°C pamwe nekuwedzera doro. Asi nedoro pacharo, rinopisawo ku 60°C, ether kana chloroform, yakawanda yemuvara inogona kubviswa. Decolorize ruvara rwasara nehydrogen peroxide. Kugeza zvakanyanya kunodiwa kuti ubvise makemikari akawandisa.
Mavara eTar anobviswa nexylene, toluene kana benzene kwozoti mvura ine sipo.
Mavara edikita anokwizwa ne 10% ammonium hydroxide, ozogezwa nemvura kana sipo. Machira machena anogona kubva acheneswa ne citric acid kana hydrogen peroxide.
Mavara ependi ane girizi anocheneswa nevarnish-peturu kana turpentine mafuta. Isu tinonyorovesa mavara akaomeswa muturpentine kwe 2-4 maawa. Color neutralization inoitwa nehydrogen peroxide.
Nail polish inobviswa neacetone kana ether.
Mavara ezvinyoreso neingi anobviswa nedoro, potassium carbonate kana glycerin.
Mavara ependi ye nitro anobviswa nezvinonyungudutsa zvawo, kureva acetone. Tinobvisa pende yakasara ne citric acid kana hydrogen peroxide.
Kana ropa rakachena, rinobviswa nyore nyore nemvura. Bvisa tsvina yakaomeswa ne 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, wozo 10% ammonia solution, wozoisa mvura.
Kuiswa kwemucheka
Iyo impregnation maitiro, kuitira kuti awane kusapinda kwemvura kwemachira, ndeaya: nyudza jira mune base solution yealuminium formate, concentration.2B °, zvino tinoiisa pachena kune chiito chemvura yemvura (kana iyo formate inoora) uye mushure mekuoma, tinoiisa.
Kugadzirira kwealuminium formate
U160zvikamu nehuremu hwemvura inopisa34nekurema kwealuminium sulfate. Mumhinduro yechipiri,60zvikamu maererano nehuremu hwemvura, 16zvikamu nehuremu hwe sodium carbonate (isina crystalline mvura). Mishonga yakagadzirirwa inosanganiswa, iyo inoguma inoputika inoparadzaniswa nefiltration, yakashambidzwa uye yakaomeswa. Isu tinonyungudutsa precipitate mukati15zvikamu zvichienderana nehuremu hweformic acid.
Mvura inonaya inogadzirwa kuti isapinda mvura nemushonga we0,35zvikamu zvealuminium sulfate uye0,15zvikamu zve sodium carbonate. Aluminium sulfate inonyungudika mukati1,5lit. yemvura, uye sodium carbonate mukati0,5lit. mvura inopisa. Sanganisa zvese mhinduro, sefa iyo inokonzeresa precipitate, nyungudika mukati150 ml ye formic acid uye kuwedzera kune1000 ml. Isu tinonyorovesa machira nekugadzirira uku, steam pamusoro pemvura inopisa, yakaoma uye iron.
Isu tinokwanisa kukurumidza kupfekedza mabhegi, zvivhariso zvemhepo uye mamwe machira asina kusimba seanotevera:50g/lit. kupisa iyo aqueous potassium sipo mhinduro mumudziyo kusvika approx 40°Cndokunyorovesa zvinhu kwenguva pfupi, ipapo mukati60g/lit. inopisa alum solution2-3awa, wozooma, zvichida iron.
Mukuwedzera kune micheka - kunyanya munguva yechando - zvakakosha kuita shangu dzisina mvura.
Nyota pasi peshangu nemusanganiswa unotevera:30g yemafuta emuorivhi,50g yemafuta emucheka40g yeparafini,20g ye stearin uye10g ye resin inonyunguduka, nyungudutsa misa yakanyunguduka mukati20g yepeturu uye bhurasho kana kunyorovesa sosi nehukuru uhu.
Isu tinozora ganda repamusoro, bhurashe nemusanganiswa unotevera:20g yeparafini,10g tallow,10g resin uye10g yemafuta ehove pamwe50 mIsu tinonyungudutsa l yemafuta emamineral uye tinoshandisa mhinduro inodziya.
Fur processing
Kwete chaizvo basa remakemikari, asi chimwe chinhu chakafanana. Ganda remhuka zhinji diki rinogona kushandiswa kugadzira fur, asi ganda re tsuro dzemusango rinonyanya kushandiswa.
Chete ganda retsuro inourawa munguva yechando ndiyo yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwemvere. Mafusi ezhizha anoshandiswa chete muindasitiri yeheti.
Ganda racho rinotambanudzwa pamapuranga uye rakaomeswa muchirongwa. Hachifanirwe kuratidzirwa kuchiedza chezuva chakananga. Kuomeswa hakufaniri kuitika kamwe kamwe, nokuti kuoma kunoitika uye zvino zvakaoma kugadzirisa.
Kunyorova kunovavarira kuchenesa makushe kubva kutsvina yemuchina uye kudzosera paganda huwandu hwemvura hwayaive nayo panguva yekugeza. Mukufamba kwe24awa, furo yakanyoroveswa mumvura pane tembiricha yekamuri, uye iyo loja membrane inotsemurwa yakavhurika nebanga. Iyo fur inobva yaiswa mumushonga wemvura, iyo inofanirwa kuvhara ziso15nguva yehuwandu hweganda.
Kuumbwa kwembiriso
40g/l tafura munyu,
0,5 ml / l ye lactic acid,
0,5 ml / l ye formic acid,
0,5 ml / l formalin, wedzera mvura kusvika1000 ml.
Isu tinochengeta fur mune mhinduro yakagadzirirwa nenzira iyi24awa uye tinoigadzirisa zvakare nebanga, tichibvisa loja membrane pamwe chete nemasara emafuta nenyama.
Tanning
Kutsvuka (kugadzika) kwedehwe mbishi kunoitwa mune inotevera mhinduro:
60g/l tafura munyu,
0,5 ml / l ye lactic acid,
2 ml/l sulfuric asidhi,
1 ml / l yeacetic acid uye wedzera mvura kusvika1000 ml.
Zvinoreva kuti hongu15litre yedhayi ine900magiramu emunyu,7,5 ml mukaka,30 ml sulphurous (mune digitized sosi chibatanidzo “i” chinoverengwa zvisiri izvo se “1”) uye15 ml yeacetic acid. Mhinduro yacho inogadzirwa nekutanga kunyungudutsa tafura yemunyu, wozowedzera zvimwe zvikamu.
Mvere dzinochengetwa mudhayi kwemazuva maviri uye mushonga unobvongodzwa zuva nezuva4-5nguva.
Kuzora uye kupfava
Kupfekedza mvere kunoitwa ne emulsion, yakagadzirwa kubva kune imwe chikamu chitsvuku cheTurkey mafuta uye 0,1 chikamu chemafuta emaminerari. Musanganiswa uyu unonatswa nemvura muchiyero 2:1. Inenge hafu yerita yeemulsion yakadaro inodiwa paganda retsuro. Isu tinoshandisa emulsion nebhurashi kana jira, tichikwesha rutivi rweganda rehuto zvakanaka. Mushure memaawa maviri, tinoomesa ganda mumakamuri umo tembiricha iri 30-35°C.
Makushe akagadzirwa nenzira iyi anofanirwa kugadzirwa nemuchina. Kuti tiite kuti ripfave, tinotenderedza dehwe mumadhiramu anotenderera ane matanda anenge maawa matatu. Zvadaro, nezvinhu zvakagomara zvakakodzera, tinopwanya makushe acho, tichiyambuka. Pashure pokukanya, kupfava kunopfuurira mumadhiramu anotenderera, ayo zvino ane matanda akanyudzwa nepeturu. Nekukanya zvakare, kusikwa kwemvere kwapera.
Chemical polishing
Hunhu hwekupenya kwekemikari kubvisa mapundu madiki nekukwashapa kubva panzvimbo yesimbi uye kuunza nzvimbo idzodzo kugirazi kupenya. Kupukuta kunoitwa mu “mabathroom” akakosha.
Kuumbwa uye kusungirirwa kwemabhati aya kwakakosha zvikuru, nokuti kana kutarisa kusina kubhadharwa kune izvi, zvinopesana zvinogona kuwanikwa. Sulfuric, phosphoric acid uye munyu wakasiyana-siyana wesimbi inorema inoshandiswa sezvinokonzeresa pakukwenenzvera.
Kupenya kwealuminium
70 wt. % phosphoric acid,
22% sulfuric acid,
8% boric acid.
Tembiricha 90°C. Nguva yekupenya 3-8 mminiti
Aluminium polishing
95 uremu % phosphoric acid,
4,5 uremu % nitric acid,
0,5 uremu % nickel-nitrate.
Tembiricha yekugeza 90°C, nguva yekupukuta 3-5 min.
Kupenya kwesimbi
1000g ye 75% phosphoric acid solution,
400 g 70%–hapana nitric acid,
600 g 95%-non sulfuric acid,
Sanganisa ne 192 g yemvura.
Tembiricha yekugezesa 100°C, nguva yekupukuta 5-10 min.
Kupenya kwemhangura nendarira
600 ml 75% mushonga wephosphoric acid,
200 ml 40 B°, nitric acids,
400 ml 98%-non-acetic acid uye 10 g molasses.
Tembiricha yekugeza 25°C, nguva yekupukuta 1 min.
Pakupolisha zingi necadmium, tinoshandisa 1/4-1/2% nitric acid solution.
Kupenya tekinoroji
Piisa mishonga yekugezesa kune tembiricha ye 90°C. Tinoisa zvinhu zvatinoda kupukuta muimba yekugezera, tozvibata kwemaminetsi 3-8 m, zvibudise kunze uye zvigeze mumvura inodziya, wozoomesa. Kuchenesa makemikari, tinoshandisa ndiro dzakagadzirwa negirazi isingadziviriri moto, ceramics kana simbi (yakaputirwa (yakavharwa) nePVC). Zvinhu zvinobviswa mafuta asati akwenenzverwa. Kana simbi iine sipo inodarika 2%, haigone kukwenenzverwa nekemikari. Nzvimbo dzakakwenenzverwa nekemikari dzakanyatsokodzera anodizing nekupenda.
Chekupedzisira chekuchengetedza chiziviso: nhoroondo yekumisikidzwa, tembiricha, uye nguva dziri murugwaro urwu hadzisi dzazvino maitiro ekushandisa. Kuchenesa, kugadzirwa kwedehwe uye kukwenenzverwa kwemaindasitiri kunoda zvinhu zvakaonekwa, midziyo inoenderana, kudzora mweya wemhute, chengetedzo uye kuraswa kwakachengeteka, vashandi vakadzidziswa uye zvinyorwa zvinoenderana nemirairo inoshanda.