Ukudweba izinkuni ngakho-ke kwenziwa ukuze kuguqulwe umbala, ukukhanya, ukuthungwa kanye nokukhululeka kwezinkuni ngosizo lwalezi pende nama-varnish, ukuze zinikeze ukubukeka okuhle kwangaphandle kanye nokwenza lula ukuvikelwa emiphumeleni yezinto zomkhathi (amanzi, ama-asidi abuthakathaka, ama-alkali, njll.). Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubuso bezinkuni budonsa kakhulu umswakama, ngenxa yalokho izakhi zomkhiqizo zishintsha ukuma nobukhulu bazo futhi zingcolile ngokushesha. Izembatho zikapende kanye ne-varnish zivimbela lokhu. Ukubukeka kwangaphandle kwe-coating kuncike kwikhwalithi yezinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nekhwalithi yokubaza ebusweni bomkhiqizo noma isici.
Izinhlobo zamapulangwe
Zonke izinhlobo zikapende namavanishani okuhlangatshezwane nawo ahlukaniswe abe obala, afiphele futhi akhethekile.
Izingubo ezikhanyelayo
Izimbotshana ezibonisa ngale zitholakala uma kusetshenziswa izinto ezinongqimba oluncane olubonisa ngale (i-oil-resin ne-spirit coatings, ama-nitroacquers, ama- polishes, njll.). Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngezinhlobo zokhuni oluqinile oluqinile olunokuthungwa okuhle ngokuvamile imbozwa ngamavarnish ahlukahlukene abonisa ngale.
I-Opaque coatings
Izembatho ze-opaque zitholakala ezintweni ezinjalo ezinongqimba oluncane olungabonakali (amafutha nopende koqweqwe lwawo, ama-nitro enamels, ama-perchlorvinyl enamels, njll.). Izinto zokwakha i-opaque coating, amapende akhiqizwa kusuka ku-coniferous nezinye izinhlobo zezinkuni (iphayini, i-spruce, i-larch, i-fir, imisedari, njll.).
Izingubo ezikhethekile
Izingubo ezikhethekile (i-gilding, silvering, bronzing, metallization, decalcomania) nokunye. isetshenziselwa ukumboza yonke indawo yesici noma ezinye izingxenye zayo kuphela, ngokusho kwe-oda.
Ukukhetha kokunamathela ngokwemibandela yokusebenzisa
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokudweba nokuvanisha kuncike ezimweni zokuxhashazwa lapho umkhiqizo noma into izosetshenziswa. Ngokwemibandela yokuxhashazwa, imikhiqizo yokwakha yokubaza nezinto ezidinga ukupendiwa noma ukuvanisha zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu:
- imikhiqizo nezinto ezivezwe ethonyeni lokushintsha kwezinto zomkhathi (iminyango namafasitela, ovulandi, iminyango ye-balcony, amasango, izindonga zendlu ezenziwe efekthri, njll.)
- imikhiqizo kanye nezakhi zebhakede zivezwa emithonyeni yemishini kanye nokuguga, ukumanzisa ngamanzi. izixazululo zama-acids abuthakathaka, ama-alkali, njll. (izitezi, amafasitela angaphakathi, amafasitela, ikhishi neminyango yokugezela, izindlu zangasese kanye namakamelo okuhlanza, izitebhisi, ama-balustrade, njll);
- imikhiqizo kanye nezakhi. lapho kwenziwa khona ukugcinwa kwenhlanzeko ngezikhathi ezithile (izindonga nophahla olumbozwe ngeplywood enesihlabathi, amaphaneli, ama-pilaster, amakholomu, ama-cornices, ifenisha yasendlini eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, efakwe ngokhuni oluhle, amakhabethe okuphakamisa, iminyango yangaphakathi, ehlanganiswe ngokhuni oluyigugu, njll.).
Iqembu lokuqala lemikhiqizo noma izakhi kufanele zidwetshwe ngamapende we-masmrn nama-enamel, ama-perchlorvinyl enamels nama-varnishes amafutha; iqembu lesibili elinamapende kawoyela, i-nitroenamel ne-nitropaints; iqembu lesithathu eline-resin (alcohol) varnishes, polishes, grease varnishes kanye ne-nitro varnishes ngokupholisha okulandelayo kwendawo.
Izinto zokudweba nokuvanisha
Izinto zokupenda nokuvanisha zihlanganisa amavanisha, ama-agent anemibala, upende onamafutha oqweqwe lwawo, opende be-nitro namavarnish.
izibophezelo zikawoyela omisiwe ukuze kulungiselelwe upende
I-Firnis iwumkhiqizo wokucutshungulwa kwamafutha emifino, amafutha kanye nemikhiqizo ye-organic; azinawo ama-varnish-resin angakha ifilimu evikelayo ebusweni ngemva kokoma futhi asetshenziselwa ukulungisa nokuhlambulula opende kanye nokwenza izinto eziqalayo ezidinga ukupendwa. Ngokwezinto eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa, i-firnisis ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: i-firnisis eyenziwe ngamafutha emifino namafutha kanye ne-firnisis eyenziwe ngemikhiqizo ye-organic. Ama-varnishes enziwe ngamafutha emifino - i-linseed namafutha e-hemp asetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwemibala ezosetshenziselwa ukupenda imikhiqizo yangaphandle kanye nezakhi zezakhiwo zesigaba I.
Amavarnish e-semi-natural (i-oxol, i-oxol-mixture, njll.) asetshenziselwa ukwenza upende kawoyela wokupenda imikhiqizo yangaphakathi nengaphandle kanye nezakhi ezenziwe ngokhuni, insimbi nezakhiwo ezinamekwe ezomile zesigaba II.
Ama-artificial veneers, afana ne-synthol, i-carbonol, i-slate veneer nokunye. zisetshenziselwa ukwenza imibala ehloselwe ukufaka imibala ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemikhiqizo yokhuni. Amavanishi alolu hlobo anephunga elicijile, elingemnandi.
Izingulube nomchamo
Izinto zokufaka imibala ngopende zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: i-pigments nomchamo.
Okwemvelo (umhlaba) kanye nokufakelwa (amaminerali) ama-pigment asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha, okoqweqwe lwawo kanye nezinto zombala ze-nitrocellulose, ezakha i-opaque coatings. Lezi mibala ezilandelayo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa koqweqwe lwamafutha lukawoyela nopende we-nitrocellulose:
- i-zinc bleach
- i-ocher yekhwalithi ephezulu,
- umbra (umbala omnyama).
Izingulube zomsuka wemvelo nosawoti wensimbi zisetshenziselwa ukufaka imibala endaweni yemikhiqizo nezinto zokhuni. Kumquba we-organic, owokwenziwa kanye ne-humus yiwo asetshenziswa kakhulu.
Imichamo yokwenziwa ihlukaniswa yaba inyibilika emanzini futhi inyibilika otshwaleni nakwezinye izixazululo zamakhemikhali. Amapende aqondile futhi ane-acidic ancibilikayo emanzini, alula kakhulu futhi angashabalali, asetshenziswa kakhulu ekudwebeni imikhiqizo nezakhi zokubaza.
Amabala asetshenziswa kusukela kuzixazululo ze-humus zombala wokhuni, ezisetshenziselwa ukudaya ukhuni ngemibala ehlukene, ngokuya ngokugxila kwesixazululo nezithasiselo, ezinikeza indawo engaphezulu, edayiwe, umbala onikeziwe. Usawoti wensimbi we-iron sulfate, i-permanganate ne-potassium bichromate nawo angasetshenziswa ukufaka imibala ezindaweni zokhuni. Zinikeza umbala olinganayo ngephimbo futhi ujule ngokwanele.
Amabala ancibilikayo emanzini ahlanganisa ibala le-chestnut lokufaka umbala endaweni yokhuni kumbala omnyama wamathoni ahlukahlukene kanye nebala elibomvu lokufaka umbala wokhuni kumbala obomvu we-chestnut.
Ibala le-acid chestnut wood (ukugxila kusuka 1 kuya 2 %) kudayi ukhuni ngombala we-chestnut wamathoni ahlukene.
Izingxube zebala le-acid maroon wood, i-acid ebomvu nebala eliwolintshi elimuncu kunikeza izinkuni umbala we-mahogany. Ingxube ye-iron sulfate ne-potassium dichromate esilinganisweni 2 : 1 inika i-beech ne-oki umbala o-maroon. Ukuze uthole ukujula okungcono kwethoni yombala, 10 g ye-calcined noma i-caustic soda yengezwa 5% isixazululo se-walnut stain 1l ngayinye yesisombululo somchamo. Ukuze kulungiswe kahle amathoni, isafroni, i-nigrosin, okubomvu kwe-asidi, kanye nezinye izimibalabala kungasetshenziswa enanini elingu-0,5 g 1l ngayinye yesixazululo sombala.
Ukufaka umbala ngosawoti oncibilikayo wezinye izinsimbi kungase kusetshenziselwe ukudaya ukhuni ngemibala ehlukene, okuhlanganisa ukwelapha indawo yokuqala ngengxube enamanzi yosawoti wezinye izinsimbi, nangemuva kokoma ngesisombululo sikanjiniyela esimanzi. Ngokuhlanganisa ukugxila okuhlukene kwezixazululo zensimbi nabathuthukisi, umbala oyifunayo wendawo yokhuni ungatholakala. Kuthebhu. 1 iresiphi yokuncibilikisa usawoti wensimbi ukuze kufakwe imibala inikezwe.
| Umbala | Ukugxila kwesixazululo sikadayi, % | |
|---|---|---|
| Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kwendawo yokhuni | Developer | |
| Okwe-oki | ||
| Maroon | I-Calcium dichromate 1 ukuya ku-4 | I-Maroon chrome K1ku2 |
| I-Chestnut-grey, izinkuni ze-walnut ezilingisa | I-Copper sulfate2 | I-Maroon chrome3K-1 |
| I-Chestnut-red, ukulingisa i-mahogany | I-Chestnut yoboya0,5ku1 | I-Acid orange1ku2kanye ne-chromic acid potassium0,7ku1 |
| Okwesihlahla sebhishi | ||
| Maroon | I-ferrous sulfate2-4 | Okokucubungula ubuso obuphuzi obumsulwa1 |
| Olive | Kuyafana | Ngokwelashwa okuluhlaza okotshani 1-1 |
| Okwephayini | ||
| Maroon | Resorcin-1 Resorcin-2 | Potassium bichromate 1-3 |
| Red-maroon, ukulingisa i-mahogany | Fur Maroon 0,5 to 1 | Copper sulfate 1,5 kuya 3 |
Isixazululo sezinto ezifaka imibala kusawoti wensimbi encibilikayo kanye nonjiniyela akufanele kube nezinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-25oC
Opende kawoyela
Opende bakawoyela bangamanamathisela, ahlanganisa i-pigment nama-filler ahlanganiswe namavanisha emvelo noma ahlanganisiwe. Ukuze uthole isixazululo esisebenzayo, ukunamathisela kufanele kuchithwe ku-firnis kuze kube yilapho sekulunge ngokwanele ukusebenza ngakho. Amanye amapende akhiqizwa ngendlela yezixazululo ezilungele ukusetshenziswa. Amapende kawoyela asetshenziselwa ukudweba amafasitela, iminyango, amabhokisi. amakhabethe, phansi, amaphaneli, njll.
Ukuze upende imikhiqizo noma izakhi ezimhlophe, i-zinc bleach yohlobo lwe-M-00, B-2-00, B-2-0 kanye ne-M-3 isetshenziswa; eyokugcina ikhiqizwa isilungele ukusetshenziswa. I-Zinc bleach yezinye izinhlobo kufanele incibilikiswe ku-firnis, ethathwa ngenani elingu-17 ukuya ku-28% lesisindo sikapende. I-ocher ekhanyayo ikhiqizwa isilungele ukusetshenziswa.
Ukuze kutholwe isixazululo esisebenzayo se-chestnut umber, kufanele incibilikiswe ku-firnis, ethathwa kunani elingu-35 ukuya ku-40% lesisindo sikapende.
Ukunamathisela okufaka umbala wokhuni kumbala wezinyo lendlovu kufanele kuhlanjululwe ku-firnis, ethathwa ngenani elingu-35 ukuya ku-40% lesisindo sikapende.
Enamel nopende we-nitro
Opende be-enamel yizingxube zombala onama-lacquers ahambisanayo, alungele ukusetshenziswa. Ngokusho kokwakhiwa kwama-binders, ahlukaniswe abe yi-oily glyphosate, i-pentaphthalic, i-perchlorvinyl ne-bituminous. Opende be-enamel _bakhiqizwa ngemibala ehlukahlukene.
Opende be-nitro (oqweqwe lwe-nitro) bayizixazululo ze-colloidal ze-nitrocellulose, i-resin kanye nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo kanye nokwengezwa kombala kanye namapulasitiki. Zisetshenziselwa ukudweba izinkuni, insimbi, izindonga ezomile ezikhonjiwe, njll. Ngokungafani nopende wamafutha noqweqwe lwawo, banempahla yokomisa ngokushesha (20ku30 minuta), amelana nemiphumela yamanzi, ama-asidi abuthakathaka nama-alkali, ngenxa yalokho asetshenziswa ngokufafaza, okwandisa ukukhiqiza kwale misebenzi.5ku10izikhathi.
Imboni kapende ne-varnish ikhiqiza opende be-nitro ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Ukuze uthole isixazululo, esifanele ukusetshenziswa nge-sprayer, kufanele wengeze kupende we-nitro10ku30%ngesisindo se-solvent No646. Ukuze uqale futhi ugcwalise izindawo zokhuni ngaphambi kokudweba, kufanele usebenzise i-gruncl No622umbala ompunga, i-primer DD-113, umkhomo AS-30kanye nomkhomo MBŠ. Uma ingekho i-primer eyenziwe efektri, upende we-nitro ungasetshenziswa, lapho kufanele kufakwe khona i-pigment yombala ofanele.
Lacquers, polishes kanye priming
Ama-varnish e-oil-resin, ama-nitro varnishes, ama-alcohol varnishes nama- polishes asetshenziselwa ukudweba izinkuni ngombala wemvelo noma ngethoni yombala; lezi ziyizingubo ezisobala, lapho ukuthungwa kwezinkuni kungabonakala. Ama-nitro varnishes anempahla yokomisa ngokushesha (20ku30 minuta), ngakho-ke kufanele zisetshenziswe emakamelweni akhethekile anomoya, kusetshenziswa isibhamu sokufutha. Amanye ama-varnish nama-polish asetshenziswa ngebhulashi noma i-pad.
Ukwenza ama-polishes nge-shellac noma ukuwanciphisa, kufanele usebenzise imimoya enamandla80ku90o.
Ama-primer alandelayo angasetshenziswa ukulungisa indawo yokhuni lapho ephathwa nge-oil-resin kanye ne-spirit lacquers nama-nitroacquers: ukubaza (OST3180I-casein (TU MHP2120-49) kanye ne-casein-rosin yama-nitroacquers (TU MHP345-41). Ukufakwa kwe-priming of the wood surface for polishing with shellac polish kwenziwa10%ngesisombululo se-shellac ku-alcohol.
Ukuqedwa kwamafasitela nezicabha
Uma ufuna izixazululo esezenziwe ngomumo ezinekhwalithi ephezulu nokuvikelwa kokhuni, bheka amawindi okhuni, umnyango wangaphambili noma nathi xhumana nathi ukuze uthole ikhotheshini.