Painting ntoo yog li ua kom hloov xim, ci, kev ntxhib los mos thiab nyem ntawm cov ntoo nrog kev pab ntawm cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish, muab nws zoo nkauj sab nrauv thiab pab txhawb kev tiv thaiv cov teebmeem ntawm atmospheric yam (dej, qaug zog acids, alkalis, thiab lwm yam). Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias qhov saum npoo ntawm ntoo intensively absorbs noo noo, vim hais tias cov ntsiab ntawm cov khoom hloov lawv cov duab thiab qhov ntev thiab tau qias neeg sai. Xim thiab kua roj vanish txheej tiv thaiv qhov no. Cov tsos ntawm cov txheej sab nraud yog nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov ntoo ntawm cov khoom los yog cov khoom.

Hom ntoo txheej

Txhua hom xim thiab cov kua roj vanish raug faib ua pob tshab, opaque thiab tshwj xeeb.

Transparent coatings

Cov txheej txheej pob tshab tau txais thaum siv cov khoom uas nws cov txheej nyias yog pob tshab (roj-resin thiab dab txheej txheej, nitrolacquers, polishes, thiab lwm yam). Cov khoom uas yog tsim los ntawm noble hardwood hom nrog ib tug zoo kev ntxhib los mos yog feem ntau coated nrog ntau pob tshab varnishes.

Opaque coatings

Opaque coatings yog tau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas nws nyias txheej tsis pob tshab (roj thiab enamel xim, nitro enamels, perchlorvinyl enamels, thiab lwm yam). Cov ntaub ntawv uas tsim cov opaque txheej, xim yog tsim los ntawm coniferous thiab lwm yam ntoo (pine, spruce, larch, fir, cedar, thiab lwm yam).

Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb

Cov txheej tshwj xeeb (gilding, silvering, bronzing, metallization, decalcomania) thiab lwm yam. nws yog thov rau txheej tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub caij lossis tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm nws qhov chaw, raws li qhov kev txiav txim.

Kev xaiv txheej raws li kev siv

Kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom siv rau tha xim thiab varnishing nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv cov khoom lossis cov khoom siv. Raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv, cov khoom siv ntoo thiab cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau pleev xim los yog varnished tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg:

  1. cov khoom thiab cov ntsiab lus uas raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua (qhov rooj thiab qhov rais, verandas, lub sam thiaj qhov rooj, rooj vag, cov phab ntsa hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam)
  2. cov khoom thiab cov khoom thoob yog raug rau cov neeg kho tshuab cuam tshuam thiab hnav, ntub dej. kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov acids tsis muaj zog, alkalis, thiab lwm yam (pem teb, sab hauv qhov rais panes, qhov rais sills, chav ua noj thiab chav dej qhov rooj, chav dej thiab chav ntxhua khaub ncaws, ntaiv, balustrades, thiab lwm yam);
  3. cov khoom thiab cov khoom. Nyob rau lub sijhawm saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv yog ua tiav (phab ntsa thiab qab nthab npog nrog sanded plywood, panels, pilasters, kem, cornices, built-in hauv tsev cov rooj tog, veneered nrog noble ntoo, elevator cabins, sab hauv lub qhov rooj, veneered nrog precious ntoo, thiab lwm yam).

Thawj pab pawg ntawm cov khoom lossis cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau pleev xim nrog cov xim masmrn thiab enamels, perchlorvinyl enamels thiab roj varnishes; pawg thib ob nrog cov xim roj, nitroenamel thiab nitropaints; pawg thib peb nrog resin (cawv) varnishes, polishes, roj varnishes thiab nitro varnishes nrog tom qab polishing ntawm qhov chaw.

Cov ntaub ntawv rau tha xim thiab varnishing

Painting thiab varnishing cov ntaub ntawv muaj xws li varnishes, colouring agents, fat enamel xim, nitro xim thiab varnishes.

ziab roj binders rau xim npaj

Firnis yog ib yam khoom ntawm kev ua cov roj zaub, rog thiab organic khoom; lawv tsis muaj cov kua roj vanish-resins uas tuaj yeem tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv ntawm qhov chaw tom qab ziab thiab siv rau kev npaj thiab diluting xim zoo li rau priming nto uas yuav tsum tau pleev xim rau. Raws li cov khoom siv raw, firnisis tau muab faib ua ob hom: firnisis ua los ntawm cov roj zaub thiab cov rog thiab firnisis ua los ntawm cov khoom organic. Cov kua roj vanish ua los ntawm cov roj zaub - linseed thiab roj hemp yog siv rau cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov xim uas yuav siv los pleev xim rau cov khoom siv sab nrauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov tsev ntawm qeb I.

Semi-natural varnishes (oxol, oxol-sib tov, thiab lwm yam) yog siv los ua cov roj pleev xim rau pleev xim rau sab hauv thiab sab nrauv cov khoom thiab cov khoom ua los ntawm cov ntoo, hlau thiab qhuav plastered vaj tse ntawm qeb II.

Artificial veneers, xws li synthol, carbonol, slate veneer thiab lwm yam. lawv yog siv los ua cov xim npaj rau xim sab hauv thiab sab nrauv cov khoom ntoo. Varnishes ntawm hom no muaj qhov ntse, tsis hnov tsw.

Pigments thiab tso zis

Cov khoom siv rau cov xim pleev xim yog muab faib ua ob pawg: pigments thiab zis.

Natural (lub ntiaj teb) thiab dag (mineral) pigments yog siv rau zus tau tej cov roj, enamel thiab nitrocellulose colouring cov ntaub ntawv, uas tsim opaque coatings. Cov pigments hauv qab no feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov roj enamel thiab cov xim nitrocellulose:

  1. zinc bleach
  2. zoo ocher,
  3. umbra (xim tsaus).

Pigments ntawm cov organic keeb kwm thiab hlau ntsev yog siv rau colouring qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom ntoo. Ntawm cov organic manures, cov khoom siv hluavtaws thiab humus yog cov siv dav tshaj plaws.
Synthetic zis muab faib ua soluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab soluble nyob rau hauv cawv thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Direct thiab acidic dej-soluble xim, uas yog heev lub teeb-ceev thiab tsis ploj, yog feem ntau lug siv nyob rau hauv painting cov khoom thiab cov khoom.

Stains yog siv los ntawm cov tshuaj humus rau xim ntoo, uas yog siv los dyeing ntoo ntawm cov xim sib txawv, raws li qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj ntxiv, uas muab rau saum npoo, uas yog dyed, muab xim. Hlau ntsev ntawm hlau sulfate, poov tshuaj permanganate thiab poov tshuaj bichromate kuj tseem siv tau rau xim ntoo. Lawv muab cov xim uas txawm nyob rau hauv lub suab thiab mus tob txaus.

Cov dej-soluble stains muaj xws li cov txiv ntseej stain rau xim ntoo saum npoo hauv cov xim tsaus ntawm ntau lub suab thiab xim liab rau xim ntoo hauv cov xim liab-txiv ntseej.

Acid chestnut ntoo stain (concentration ntawm 1 mus rau 2 %) dyes ntoo nyob rau hauv ib tug txiv ntseej xim ntawm txawv tones.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm acid maroon wood stain, acid liab thiab acid txiv kab ntxwv stain muab cov ntoo muaj xim mahogany. Kev sib xyaw ntawm hlau sulfate thiab poov tshuaj dichromate nyob rau hauv qhov ratio 2: 1 muab beech thiab ntoo qhib ntoo muaj xim maroon. Txhawm rau kom tau txais qhov tob ntawm cov xim zoo dua, 10 g ntawm calcined lossis caustic soda yog ntxiv rau 5% kua ntawm walnut stain ib 1l ntawm cov zis. Rau kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov suab nrov, saffron, nigrosin, kua qaub liab, nrog rau lwm cov xim tuaj yeem siv rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 0,5 g ib 1l ntawm cov xim xim.
Coloring nrog soluble ntsev ntawm qee cov hlau tuaj yeem siv los dye ntoo hauv cov xim sib txawv, uas muaj kev kho qhov chaw ua ntej nrog cov kua dej ntsev ntawm qee cov hlau, thiab tom qab ziab nrog cov tshuaj aqueous tsim tawm. Los ntawm kev sib txuas cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem hlau thiab cov neeg tsim khoom, cov xim xav tau ntawm cov ntoo saum npoo tuaj yeem tau txais. Hauv tab. 1 ib daim ntawv qhia rau yaj hlau ntsev rau xim yog muab.

Table 1: Daim ntawv qhia cov tshuaj pleev xim rau cov ntsev ntsev ntawm qee cov hlau
Color Concentration of dye solution, %
Tshuaj kho ntawm ntoo nto Developer
Oak
Maroon Calcium dichromate 1 rau 4 Maroon chrome K1rau2
Chestnut-grey, imitation ntoo walnut tooj liab sulfate2 Maroon chrome3K-1
Chestnut-liab, mahogany imitation Chestnut rau furs0,5rau1 Acid txiv kab ntxwv1rau2thiab chromic acid poov tshuaj0,7rau1
Rau beech ntoo
Maroon Ferrous sulfate2-4 Rau kev ua cov nto ntshiab daj1
Olive Same Rau qhov chaw kho ntsuab 1-1
Rau Pine
Maroon Resorcin-1 Resorcin-2 Potassium bichromate 1-3
Reddish-maroon, mahogany imitation Fur Maroon 0,5 to 1 Copper sulfate 1,5 rau 3

Kev daws cov tshuaj pleev xim los ntawm cov dej soluble hlau thiab cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj qhov kub thiab txias hauv qab 25oC

Roj xim

Oil paints yog pastes, uas muaj pigments thiab fillers tov nrog ntuj los yog ua ke kua roj vanish. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov tshuaj ua haujlwm, cov tshuaj muab tshuaj yuav tsum tau yaj hauv firnis kom txog thaum nws zoo txaus los ua haujlwm nrog. Qee cov xim yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev npaj rau kev daws teeb meem. Cov roj pleev xim yog siv los pleev xim qhov rais, qhov rooj, lub thawv. txee, pem teb, vaj huam sib luag, thiab lwm yam.

Txhawm rau pleev xim cov khoom lossis cov khoom dawb, zinc bleach ntawm hom M-00, B-2-00, B-2-0 thiab M-3 yog siv; tom kawg yog tsim los npaj rau kev siv. Zinc bleach ntawm lwm hom yuav tsum tau yaj nyob rau hauv firnis, uas yog npaum li cas ntawm 17 rau 28% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov xim. Lub teeb ocher yog tsim los npaj rau kev siv.
txhawm rau kom tau txais kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txiv ntseej umber, nws yuav tsum tau yaj hauv firnis, uas yog coj los ntawm tus nqi 35 rau 40% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov xim.
Cov tshuaj pleev xim rau cov ntoo hauv cov xim ntawm cov kaus ntxhw yuav tsum tau diluted nyob rau hauv firnis, uas yog npaum li cas 35 rau 40% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov xim.

Enamel thiab nitro xim

Cov xim enamel yog cov xim sib xyaw nrog cov lacquers sib xws, npaj rau kev siv. Raws li muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov binders, lawv muab faib ua oily glyphosate, pentaphthalic, perchlorvinyl thiab bituminous. Cov xim enamel _ yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau yam xim.

Nitro xim (nitro enamels) yog colloidal kev daws teeb meem ntawm nitrocellulose, resin thiab volatile organic solvents nrog ntxiv ntawm pigments thiab plasticizers. Lawv yog siv rau tha xim ntoo, hlau, qhuav plastered phab ntsa, thiab lwm yam. Tsis zoo li roj thiab enamel xim, lawv muaj cov khoom ntawm ziab sai sai (20rau30 minuta), tiv thaiv cov teebmeem ntawm dej, tsis muaj zog acids thiab alkalis, raws li lawv tau thov los ntawm kev txau, uas ua rau cov khoom tsim tau ntawm cov haujlwm no.5rau10sij hawm.

Kev lag luam xim thiab cov kua roj vanish tsim cov xim nitro nyob rau hauv ntau yam xim. Txhawm rau kom tau txais kev daws teeb meem, uas yog tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv nrog lub sprayer, koj yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau cov xim nitro10rau30%los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov kuab tshuaj No646. Rau priming thiab sau ntoo nto ua ntej pleev xim, koj yuav tsum siv gruncl No622grey xim, primer DD-113, UAS-30thiab whale MBŠ. Thaum tsis muaj lub Hoobkas tsim primer, cov xim nitro tuaj yeem siv tau, uas yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov xim ntawm cov xim uas tsim nyog.

Lacquers, polishes thiab priming

Roj-resin varnishes, nitro varnishes, cawv varnishes thiab polishes yog siv los pleev xim ntoo hauv cov xim ntuj lossis xim xim; cov no yog cov pob tshab txheej, los ntawm qhov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm cov ntoo tuaj yeem pom. Nitro varnishes muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm ziab sai sai (20rau30 minuta), yog li ntawd lawv yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv cov chav tshwj xeeb nrog qhov cua, siv rab phom tsuag. Lwm cov kua roj vanish thiab polishes yog siv nrog txhuam los yog ncoo.

Rau kev ua polishes nrog shellac los yog rau thinning lawv, koj yuav tsum siv dab nrog lub zog ntawm80rau90o.

Cov primers hauv qab no tuaj yeem siv rau priming ntoo saum npoo thaum kho nrog roj-resin thiab ntsuj plig lacquers thiab nitrolacquers: kws ntoo (OST.3180), casein (TU MHP2120-49) thiab casein-rosin rau nitrolacquers (TU MHP345-41). Priming ntawm ntoo nto rau polishing nrog shellac polish yog ua tiav10%nrog kev daws ntawm shellac hauv cawv.

Kev ua tiav ntawm qhov rais thiab qhov rooj

Yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav kev npaj ua tiav nrog kev ua tiav zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv ntoo, saib peb ntoo qhov rais, lub qhov rooj los yog peb hu rau peb rau ib nqe lus.