Ukupenda umthi ngoko ke kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuguqula umbala, ukukhanya, ukuthungwa kunye nokukhululeka kwemithi ngoncedo lwezi pende kunye ne-varnishes, ukunika imbonakalo entle yangaphandle kunye nokuququzelela ukukhuselwa kwimiphumo ye-atmospheric factor (amanzi, i-acids ebuthakathaka, i-alkalis, njl.). Kuyaziwa ukuba umphezulu womthi ufunxa kakhulu ukufuma, ngenxa yoko izinto zemveliso zitshintsha imilo kunye nobukhulu bazo kwaye zingcole ngokukhawuleza. Ipeyinti kunye ne-varnish yokugquma ikhusela oku. Imbonakalo yangaphandle yokwaleka ixhomekeke kumgangatho wezinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye nomgangatho wokuchwela kumphezulu wemveliso okanye into.

Iindidi zokwaleka ngomthi

Zonke iintlobo zeepeyinti kunye nevanishi ezidityanisiweyo zohlulwe zibe sobala, zingabonakali kwaye zikhethekileyo.

Iiyaleko ezi Transparent

Iingubo ezicacileyo zifumaneka xa kusetyenziswa izinto ezinomgca obhityileyo ocacileyo (i-oyile-resin kunye ne-spirit coatings, i-nitroacquers, iipolisi, njl.). Iimveliso ezenziwe ngokhuni oluqinileyo olunesidima kunye nokwakheka okuhle zihlala ziqatywe ngeevanishi ezahlukeneyo ezikhanyelayo.

Iingubo ezivulelekileyo

Iingubo ze-Opaque zifumaneka kwizinto ezinjalo ezinomgca obhityileyo ongabonakali (ioli kunye nepeyinti ye-enamel, i-nitro enamels, i-perchlorvinyl enamels, njl.). Izinto ezenza i-opaque coating, iipende ziveliswa kwi-coniferous kunye nezinye iintlobo zokhuni (ipine, i-spruce, i-larch, i-fir, imisedare, njl.).

Iingubo ezikhethekileyo

Iingubo ezikhethekileyo (i-gilding, silvering, bronzing, metallization, decalcomania) kunye nabanye. isetyenziselwa ukugquma yonke indawo yento okanye ezinye iindawo zayo, ngokomyalelo.

Ukhetho lokutya ngokwemiqathango yokusetyenziswa

Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokupeyinta kunye ne-varnishing kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokuxhaphaza apho imveliso okanye into iya kusetyenziswa. Ngokweemeko zoxhatshazo, iimveliso zokwakha ukuchwela kunye nezinto ezifuna ukupeyintwa okanye ukuvanishwa zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu:

  1. iimveliso kunye nezinto ezivezwe kwimpembelelo yokutshintsha kwezinto zomoya (iingcango kunye neefestile, iiveranda, iingcango zebalcony, amasango, iindonga zendlu ezenziwe ngefektri, njl.njl.)
  2. iimveliso kunye nezinto zebhakethi zibonakaliswe kwiimpembelelo zoomatshini kunye nokunxiba, ukumanzisa ngamanzi. izisombululo ze-acids ezibuthathaka, i-alkalis, njl. (imigangatho, iifestile zangaphakathi zefestile, iifestile zefestile, ikhitshi kunye neengcango zokuhlambela, izindlu zangasese kunye namagumbi okuhlamba, izitebhisi, ii-balustrades, njl.);
  3. iimveliso kunye nezinto. apho kwenziwa ukugcinwa kococeko ngamaxesha athile (iindonga kunye neesilingi ezigqunywe ngeplywood enesanti, iipaneli, iipilasta, iintsika, iikhoroni, ifanitshala yendlu eyakhelweyo, eveliswe ngamaplanga ahloniphekileyo, iikhabhinethi zokuphakamisa, iingcango zangaphakathi, eziveliswe ngamaplanga axabisekileyo, njl. njl.).

Iqela lokuqala leemveliso okanye izinto kufuneka zidwetshwe ngepeyinti ye-masmrn kunye ne-enamels, i-perchlorvinyl enamels kunye ne-fat varnishes; iqela lesibini ngeepeyinti zeoli, i-nitroenamel kunye ne-nitropaints; iqela lesithathu eline-resin (utywala) ivanishi, iipolisi, i-grease varnishes kunye ne-nitro varnishes kunye ne-polish elandelayo yomphezulu.

Izinto zokupeyinta kunye nevanishi

Izinto zokupeyinta kunye nevanishini ziquka iivanishi, ii-ajenti zemibala, iipeyinti ze-enamel enamafutha, iipeyinti ze-nitro kunye neevanishi.

izibophelelo zeoyile zokumisa ukulungiselela ipeyinti

I-Firnis yimveliso yokulungiswa kweoli yemifuno, amafutha kunye neemveliso eziphilayo; azinayo ivanishi-resin ezinokuthi zenze ifilimu ekhuselayo kumphezulu emva kokumiswa kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukulungisa kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwepeyinti kunye ne-priming surface efuna ukupeyintwa. Ngokwesiseko sezinto ezisisiseko, i-firnisis yahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezimbini: i-firnisis eyenziwe ngeoyile yemifuno kunye namafutha kunye ne-firnisis eyenziwe kwimveliso ye-organic. I-Varnishes ezenziwe ngeoli yemifuno - i-linseed kunye neoli ye-hemp isetyenziselwa ukubunjwa kwemibala eya kusetyenziselwa ukupeyinta iimveliso zangaphandle kunye nezinto zezakhiwo zodidi I.

Iivanishi zeSemi-natural (i-oxol, i-oxol-mixture, njl.njl.) zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iipeyinti zeoyile zokupeyinta iimveliso zangaphakathi nangaphandle kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngomthi, isinyithi kunye nezakhiwo ezomileyo ezityatyekiweyo zodidi II.

Ii-Artificial veneers, ezifana ne-synthol, i-carbonol, i-slate veneer kunye nabanye. zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imibala elungiselelwe ukufaka imibala ngaphakathi kunye neemveliso zomthi zangaphandle. Iivarnish zolu hlobo zinevumba elibukhali, elingemnandanga.

Ibala kunye nomchamo

Izixhobo zokufaka imibala kwipeyinti zohlulwe zibe ngamaqela amabini: ii-pigments kunye nomchamo.

Indalo (umhlaba) kunye ne-artificial (imineral) i-pigments isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweoli, i-enamel kunye ne-nitrocellulose izinto zombala, ezenza iingubo ze-opaque. Ezi pigments zilandelayo zidla ngokusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa i-oyile enamel kunye nepeyinti ye-nitrocellulose:

  1. iblitshi yezinc
  2. umgangatho ophezulu ocher, 
  3. umbra (umbala omnyama).

Ii-pigments zemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo kunye neetyuwa zetsimbi zisetyenziselwa ukufaka imibala kumphezulu weemveliso kunye nezinto zomthi. Kwimigquba ephilayo, i-synthetic kunye ne-humus isetyenziswa kakhulu.
Umchamo owenziweyo wohlulwe ube yi-soluble emanzini kwaye unyibilika kutywala kunye nezinye izisombululo zeekhemikhali. Iipeyinti ezithe ngqo kunye ne-acidic ezinyibilikayo emanzini, ezikhaphukhaphu kakhulu kwaye azipheli, zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekupeyinteni iimveliso zokuchwela kunye nezinto.

Amabala asetyenziswa kwizisombululo ze-humus zombala wokhuni, ezisetyenziselwa ukudaya umthi ngemibala eyahlukeneyo, ngokuhambelana nokuxinana kwesisombululo kunye nezongezelelo, ezinika umphezulu, odaywe, umbala onikeziweyo. Iityuwa zesinyithi ze-iron sulfate, i-permanganate kunye ne-potassium bichromate nazo zinokusetyenziselwa ukufaka imibala kumphezulu womthi. Zinika umbala olinganayo ngokwethoni kwaye ingene nzulu ngokwaneleyo.

Amabala anyibilikayo emanzini aquka ibala le-chestnut lokufaka umbala kumphezulu womthi kumbala omnyama weethowuni ezahlukeneyo kunye nebala elibomvu lokufaka umbala womthi kumbala obomvu-we-chestnut.

Ibala leplanga le-asidi le-chestnut (uxinaniso ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-2 %) idayi umthi ngombala we-chestnut weethoni ezahlukeneyo.

Imixube ye-asidi ebomvu yebala kunye nebala eli-orenji linika umbala we-mahogany. Umxube we-iron sulfate kunye ne-potassium dichromate kumlinganiselo 2 : 1 unika i-beech kunye ne-oki yombala umbala we-maroon. Ukuze ufumane ubunzulu obungcono bethoni yombala, 10 g ye-calcined okanye i-caustic soda yongezwa kwi-5% isisombululo se-walnut stain nge-1l yesisombululo somchamo. Ukulungelelaniswa kakuhle kweethoni, i-safron, i-nigrosin, i-asidi ebomvu, kunye nezinye ii-pigments zingasetyenziswa kwisixa se-0,5 g nge-1l yesisombululo sombala.
Ukufaka imibala ngeetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zezinye iintsimbi kunokusetyenziselwa ukudaya amaplanga ngemibala eyahlukeneyo, ebandakanya ukunyanga umphezulu kuqala ngesisombululo esinamanzi seetyuwa zezinye iintsimbi, nasemva kokoma ngesisombululo somphuhlisi esinamanzi. Ngokudibanisa ugxininiso oluhlukeneyo lwezisombululo zetsimbi kunye nabaphuhlisi, umbala ofunekayo wendawo yokhuni unokufumaneka. Kwithebhu. 1 iresiphi yokunyibilikisa iityuwa zentsimbi zokufaka imibala inikezelwe.

Itheyibhile 1: Iresiphi ye-ejenti zokufaka imibala kwizinyibiliko zetyuwa kwezinye iintsimbi
Umbala Ukugxilwa kwesisombululo sedayi, %
Unyango lwekhemikhali kumphezulu womthi Developer
Yeye-oki
Maroon Calcium dichromate 1 ukuya 4 I-Maroon chrome K1ukuya2
I-Chestnut-grey, ukuxelisa umthi we-walnut I-sulfate yobhedu2 I-Maroon chrome3K-1
I-Chestnut-red, mahogany ukuxelisa I-Chestnut yoboya0,5ukuya1 Iasidi e-orenji1ukuya2kunye ne-chromic acid potassium0,7ukuya1
Ngomthi we-beech
Maroon I-Ferrous sulfate2-4 Ukusetyenzwa komphezulu tyheli1
Olive Efana Kunyango lwangaphezulu oluluhlaza 1-1
Yepine
Maroon Resorcin-1 Resorcin-2 Potassium bichromate 1-3
Redish-maroon, mahogany ukulinganisa Fur Maroon 0,5 ukuya 1 Copper sulfate 1,5 ukuya 3

Isisombululo seejenti zemibala kwiityuwa zentsimbi enyibilikayo kunye nabaphuhlisi akufuneki babe nobushushu obungaphantsi 25oC

Ipeyinti yeoli

Iipeyinti ze-oyile ziyi-paste, ezibandakanya ii-pigments kunye nezihluzi ezixutywe kunye ne-varnishes yendalo okanye edibeneyo. Ukuze ufumane isisombululo sokusebenza, i-paste kufuneka ichithwe kwi-firnis ide ibe yinto efanelekileyo ngokwaneleyo yokusebenza nayo. Ezinye iipeyinti ziveliswa ngendlela yezisombululo ezilungele ukusetyenziswa. Ipeyinti yeoli isetyenziselwa ukupeyinta iifestile, iingcango, iibhokisi. iikhabhathi, imigangatho, iiphaneli, njl. 

Ukupeyinta iimveliso okanye izinto ezimhlophe, i-zinc bleach ye-brand M-00, B-2-00, B-2-0 kunye ne-M-3 isetyenziswa; le yokugqibela iveliswa ilungele ukusetyenziswa. I-Zinc bleach yezinye iimpawu kufuneka inyibilikiswe kwi-firnis, ethathwa kwisixa se-17 ukuya ku-28%  yobunzima bepeyinti. I-ocher ekhanyayo iveliswa ilungele ukusetyenziswa.
Ukuze ufumane isisombululo esisebenzayo se-chestnut umber, kufuneka ichithwe kwi-firnis, ethathwa kwisixa 35 ukuya ku-40% yobunzima bepeyinti.
Intlama efaka umbala kumbala wophondo lwendlovu kufuneka ihlanjululwe kwifirnis, ethathwa ngexabiso 35 ukuya 40% kubunzima bepeyinti.

Ipeyinti yeenameli kunye ne-nitro

Iipeyinti ze-enamel ziyimixube yee-pigments ezine-lacquers ezihambelanayo, ezilungele ukusetyenziswa. Ngokutsho kokubunjwa kwezibophelelo, zihlulwe zibe yi-oily glyphosate, i-pentaphthalic, i-perchlorvinyl kunye ne-bituminous. Iipeyinti ze-enameli ziveliswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemibala.

Iipeyinti ze-nitro (i-nitro enamels) zizisombululo ze-colloidal ze-nitrocellulose, i-resin kunye ne-volatile organic solvents kunye nokongezwa kwee-pigments kunye ne-plasticizers. Zisetyenziselwa ukupeyinta iinkuni, isinyithi, iindonga ezomileyo ezomileyo, njl. Ngokungafaniyo neoli kunye nepeyinti ye-enamel, banepropati yokomisa ngokukhawuleza (20ukuya30 minuta), abaxhathisi ngokuchasene neziphumo zamanzi, iiasidi ezibuthathaka kunye neealkali, ngenxa yoko zisetyenziswa ngokutshiza, oko kwandisa imveliso yale misebenzi.5ukuya10amaxesha.

Umzi-mveliso wepeyinti kunye nevanishi uvelisa iipeyinti ze-nitro kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemibala. Ukuze ufumane isisombululo, esifanelekileyo ukuba sisetyenziswe nge-sprayer, kufuneka udibanise kwipeyinti ye-nitro10ukuya30%ngobunzima besinyibilikisi esinguNomb646. Ukucoca kunye nokuzalisa umphezulu womthi ngaphambi kokupeyinta, kuya kufuneka usebenzise i-gruncl No622umbala ongwevu, i-primer DD-113, umnenga AS-30kunye nomnenga MBŠ. Xa kungekho primer eyenziwe ngefektri, ipeyinti ye-nitro ingasetyenziselwa, apho i-pigment yombala ofanelekileyo kufuneka yongezwe.

Iilacquers, iipolishe kunye nepriming

I-oil-resin varnishes, i-nitro varnishes, i-alcohol varnishes kunye neepolisi zisetyenziselwa ukupenda umthi ngombala wendalo okanye kwithoni yombala; ezi ziingubo ezicacileyo, apho ukuthungwa komthi kunokubonwa. Iivanishi zeNitro zinepropathi yokomisa ngokukhawuleza (20ukuya30 minuta), ngoko ke kufuneka zifakwe kumagumbi akhethekileyo anomoya, kusetyenziswa umpu wokutshiza. Ezinye i-varnishes kunye neepolisi zifakwe ngebrashi okanye i-pad.

Ukwenza iipolisi nge-shellac okanye ukuzinciphisa, kufuneka usebenzise imimoya enamandla80ukuya90o.

Ezi ziqalo zilandelayo zingasetyenziselwa ukucoca umphezulu womthi xa ziphathwa nge-oyile-resin kunye ne-spirit lacquers kunye ne-nitroacquers: ukuchwela (OST3180), i-casein (TU MHP2120-49) kunye ne-casein-rosin ye-nitrolacquers (TU MHP345-41). I-Priming yomgangatho womthi wokupolisha nge-shellac polish iyenziwa10%kunye nesisombululo se-shellac kwi-alcohol.

Ukugqitywa kweefestile kunye neengcango

Ukuba ujonge izisombululo esele zenziwe ngomgangatho ogqityiweyo kunye nokukhuselwa komthi, jonga yethu iifestile zomthi, icango langaphambili okanye thina qhakamshelana nathi ukuze ufumane isicatshulwa.