Kupenta zinthu zomangira zaukalipentala

Kujambula nkhuni kumachitidwa kuti asinthe mtundu, kuwala, mawonekedwe ndi mpumulo wa matabwa mothandizidwa ndi utoto ndi ma varnish, kuti apereke mawonekedwe okongola akunja ndikuthandizira chitetezo ku zotsatira za zinthu zakuthambo (madzi, asidi ofooka, alkalis, etc.). Amadziwika kuti pamwamba pa matabwa intensively zimatenga chinyezi, chifukwa cha zinthu za mankhwala kusintha mawonekedwe awo ndi miyeso ndi zodetsedwa mwamsanga. Kupaka utoto ndi varnish kumalepheretsa izi. Maonekedwe akunja a zokutira amadalira ubwino wa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso ubwino wa ukalipentala wa pamwamba pa mankhwala kapena chinthu.

Mitundu ya zokutira zamatabwa

Mitundu yonse ya utoto ndi ma vanishi omwe amakumana nawo amagawidwa mowonekera, osawoneka bwino komanso apadera.

zokutira zowonekera

Zovala zowoneka bwino zimapezedwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe wosanjikiza wake wopyapyala umawonekera (mafuta-resin ndi zokutira za mzimu, nitroacquers, polishes, etc.). Zopangidwa kuchokera kumitengo yolimba yolimba yokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino nthawi zambiri zimakutidwa ndi ma vanishi owoneka bwino.

Zovala zowoneka bwino

Zovala zowoneka bwino zimapezedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zotere zomwe wosanjikiza wake wowonda sawonekera (mafuta ndi utoto wa enamel, nitro enamels, perchlorvinyl enamels, etc.). Zida zomwe zimapanga zokutira zowoneka bwino, utoto umapangidwa kuchokera ku coniferous ndi mitundu ina yamatabwa (pine, spruce, larch, fir, mkungudza, etc.).

Zovala zapadera

Zovala zapadera (gilding, silvering, bronzing, metallization, decalcomania) ndi zina. chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka pamwamba pa chinthucho kapena zigawo zake zina, molingana ndi dongosolo.

Kusankha zokutira malinga ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito

Kusankha kwa zida zopenta ndi zopaka utoto kumadalira momwe zinthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kapena chinthucho. Kutengera ndi momwe kugwiritsidwira ntchito, zida zomangira zaukalipentala ndi zinthu zomwe ziyenera kupakidwa utoto kapena zopaka utoto zitha kugawidwa m’magulu atatu:

1. zinthu ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zakuthambo (zitseko ndi mazenera, ma verandas, zitseko za khonde, zitseko, makoma a nyumba opangidwa ndi fakitale, ndi zina).
2. zopangidwa ndi ndowa zimawululidwa ndi zikoka zamakina ndi kuvala, kunyowetsa ndi madzi. njira zothetsera asidi ofooka, alkalis, etc. (pansi, mawindo amkati, mawindo a mawindo, khitchini ndi zitseko za bafa, zimbudzi ndi zipinda zochapira, masitepe, balustrade, etc.);
3. mankhwala ndi zinthu. Zomwe zimakonzedwa nthawi ndi nthawi (makoma ndi madenga okutidwa ndi plywood mchenga, mapanelo, mizati, mizati, cornices, anamanga m’nyumba mipando, veneered ndi matabwa apamwamba, zipinda zipinda, zitseko zamkati, veneered ndi matabwa amtengo wapatali, etc.).

Gulu loyamba la zinthu kapena zinthu ziyenera kupakidwa utoto ndi utoto wa masmrn ndi enamel, ma perchlorvinyl enamel ndi ma varnish amafuta; gulu lachiwiri lokhala ndi utoto wamafuta, nitroenamel ndi nitropaints; gulu lachitatu lokhala ndi utomoni (mowa) ma vanishi, opukutira, ma varnish opaka mafuta ndi ma vanishi a nitro ndikupukuta motsatira pamwamba.

Zipangizo zopenta ndi varnish

Zinthu zopenta ndi zokutira ndi ma vanishi, zopaka utoto, utoto wa enamel, utoto wa nitro ndi ma vanishi.

zomangira mafuta pokonzekera utoto

Firnis ndi mankhwala opangira mafuta a masamba, mafuta ndi zinthu zachilengedwe; zilibe ma varnish-resin omwe amatha kupanga filimu yoteteza pamwamba pambuyo poyanika ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ndi kusungunula utoto komanso poyambira malo omwe amafunika kupenta. Malinga ndi zopangira zoyambira, firnisis imagawidwa m’mitundu iwiri: firnisis yopangidwa kuchokera kumafuta a masamba ndi mafuta ndi firnisis yopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe. Mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta a masamba - mafuta a linseed ndi hemp amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu yomwe idzagwiritsidwe ntchito kupenta zinthu zakunja ndi zinthu zanyumba za gulu I.

Mavanishi a Semi-natural (oxol, oxol-mixture, etc.) amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga penti wamafuta popenta zinthu zamkati ndi zakunja ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi matabwa, zitsulo ndi nyumba zopukutidwa zowuma za gulu II.

Venera zopangira, monga synthol, carbonol, slate veneer ndi ena. amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu yopangira utoto mkati ndi kunja kwa matabwa. Zovala zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi fungo lakuthwa komanso losasangalatsa.

Pigment and mikodzo

Zida zopaka utoto zimagawidwa m’magulu awiri: pigments ndi mikodzo.

Zachilengedwe (zadziko lapansi) ndi zopangira (zamchere) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta, enamel ndi zida za nitrocellulose, zomwe zimapanga zokutira zowoneka bwino. Mitundu yotsatirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafuta enamel ndi utoto wa nitrocellulose:

1. zinc bleach
2. ocher wapamwamba kwambiri, 
3. umbra (mtundu wakuda).

Nkhumba za organic ndi mchere wachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa zinthu ndi matabwa. Mwa manyowa achilengedwe, opangidwa ndi humus ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Mikodzo yopanga imagawidwa kukhala yosungunuka m’madzi ndi kusungunuka mu mowa ndi mankhwala ena. Utoto wachindunji ndi wa asidi osungunuka m’madzi, womwe umakhala wopepuka kwambiri komanso wosazirala, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popenta zinthu zaukalipentala ndi zinthu zina.

Madontho amapaka utoto wa humus wopaka utoto wamitengo, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho ndi zowonjezera, zomwe zimapatsa pamwamba, zopaka utoto, mtundu woperekedwa. Mchere wachitsulo wa iron sulphate, permanganate ndi potaziyamu bichromate ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kukongoletsa matabwa. Amapereka mtundu wofanana wa kamvekedwe ndipo amapita mwakuya mokwanira.

Madontho osungunuka m’madzi amaphatikizanso madontho a mgoza popangira utoto wakuda wamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso utoto wofiyira popaka utoto wofiyira-wachikosi.

Dongosolo la mtengo wa mgoza wa asidi (kuzungulira kuchokera 1 mpaka 2 %) amapaka matabwa mumtundu wa mgoza wa toni zosiyanasiyana.

Zosakaniza za madontho a mtengo wa maroon wa asidi, asidi ofiira ndi madontho a lalanje amapatsa matabwawo mtundu wa mahogany. Kusakaniza kwa iron sulfate ndi potaziyamu dichromate mu chiyerekezo 2 : 1 kumapatsa mtengo wa beech ndi oak mtundu wa maroon. Kuti mupeze kuzama kwa kamvekedwe ka mtundu, 10 g wa calcined kapena caustic soda amawonjezedwa ku 5% yankho la madontho a mtedza pa 1l ya mkodzo. Kuti musinthe bwino ma toni, safironi, nigrosin, asidi ofiira, komanso ma pigment ena atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kuchuluka kwa 0,5 g pa 1l ya yankho la utoto.
Kupaka utoto ndi mchere wosungunuka wa zitsulo zina kutha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popaka matabwa amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe amayamba ndikuthira pamwamba ndi madzi amchere a zitsulo zina, komanso kuyanika ndi njira yopangira madzi. Mwa kuphatikiza madera osiyanasiyana azitsulo zazitsulo ndi omanga, mtundu wofunidwa wa nkhuni ukhoza kupezeka. Mu tabu. 1 Chinsinsi cha kusungunula mchere wachitsulo wopaka utoto waperekedwa.

Mayankho opangira utoto kuchokera ku mchere wosungunuka wachitsulo ndi opanga sikuyenera kukhala ndi kutentha kochepera 25oC

Utoto wamafuta

Utoto wamafuta ndi phala, lomwe limapangidwa ndi utoto ndi zodzaza zosakanikirana ndi ma vanishi achilengedwe kapena ophatikizika. Kuti mupeze yankho logwira ntchito, phala liyenera kusungunuka mu firnis mpaka litakhala bwino kuti ligwire ntchito. Utoto wina umapangidwa ngati njira zokonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito. Mafuta opaka mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula mazenera, zitseko, mabokosi. makabati, pansi, mapanelo, ndi zina zotero. 

Kupaka zinthu kapena zinthu zoyera, bulitchi ya zinki yamtundu wa M-00, B-2-00, B-2-0 ndi M-3 imagwiritsidwa ntchito; yotsirizirayi imapangidwa kuti ikhale yokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinc bleach yamitundu ina iyenera kusungunuka mu firnis, yomwe imatengedwa mu kuchuluka kwa 17 mpaka 28%  pa kulemera kwa utoto. Ocher opepuka amapangidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kuti mupeze yankho logwira ntchito la chestnut umber, liyenera kusungunuka mu firnis, lomwe limatengedwa mu kuchuluka kwa 35 mpaka 40% kulemera kwa utoto.
Phala lomwe limapaka utoto wa minyanga ya njovu liyenera kusungunuka mu firnis, lomwe limatengedwa molingana ndi 35 mpaka 40% pa kulemera kwa utoto.

Enamel ndi utoto wa nitro

Utoto wa enamel ndi zosakaniza za inki yokhala ndi ma lacquers ofanana, okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Malinga ndi mapangidwe a zomangira, amagawidwa kukhala glyphosate yamafuta, pentaphthalic, perchlorvinyl ndi bituminous. Utoto wa enamel _amapangidwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Utoto wa nitro (ma enamel a nitro) ndi ma colloidal solution a nitrocellulose, utomoni ndi zosungunulira za organic zosungunuka ndikuwonjezera inki ndi mapulasitiki. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula matabwa, zitsulo, makoma owuma owuma, etc. Mosiyana ndi mafuta ndi enamel utoto, ali ndi katundu wowuma mwamsanga (20ku30 minuta), amalimbana ndi zotsatira za madzi, ma acid ofooka ndi alkalis, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera mankhwala, zomwe zimawonjezera zokolola za ntchitozi.5ku10nthawi.

Makampani opanga utoto ndi varnish amapanga utoto wa nitro mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuti mupeze yankho, lomwe liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi sprayer, muyenera kuwonjezera pa utoto wa nitro10ku30%ndi kulemera kwa zosungunulira No646. Poyambitsa ndi kudzaza matabwa musanapente, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito gruncl No622imvi, choyambirira DD-113, whale AS-30ndi whale MBŠ. Ngati palibe choyambira chopangidwa ndi fakitale, utoto wa nitro ungagwiritsidwe ntchito, pomwe pigment yamtundu woyenera iyenera kuwonjezeredwa.

Lacquers, polishes ndi priming

Mafuta a resin-resin varnishes, nitro vanishi, ma vanishi a mowa ndi ma polishes amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka nkhuni mumtundu wachilengedwe kapena mamvekedwe amtundu; izi ndi zokutira zowonekera, zomwe mawonekedwe a nkhuni amatha kuwoneka. Ma varnish a nitro ali ndi mphamvu yowumitsa mwachangu (20ku30 minuta), chifukwa chake ziyenera kuyikidwa m’zipinda zapadera zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti yopopera. Ma varnish ndi ma polishes ena amapaka ndi burashi kapena pad.

Popanga polishes ndi shellac kapena kupatulira iwo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mizimu ndi mphamvu80ku90o.

Zoyambira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popangira matabwa pamwamba pothiridwa ndi utomoni wamafuta ndi ma lacquers a mzimu ndi ma nitrolacquers: ukalipentala (OST)3180casein (TU MHP2120-49) ndi casein-rosin for nitroacquers (TU MHP345-41). Kuyika matabwa pamwamba pa kupukuta ndi kupukuta kwa shellac kumachitika10%ndi njira ya shellac mu mowa.

Kumaliza kwa mazenera ndi zitseko

Ngati mukuyang’ana mayankho opangidwa okonzeka okhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino komanso chitetezo chamatabwa, yang’anani athu mazenera amatabwa, khomo lakutsogolo kapena ife tilankhule nafe kuti tipeze ndemanga.