Ishidi lobuchwepheshe
IMAKETHI EYODWA, IZIGUQUKO EZININGI
Kukhona okuningi okuguquguqukayo okufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa uhlelo lwezinto zokubaza ozozihlinzeka. Phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu:
IZIDINGO ZAMAKLAYENTI
Ngaphandle kokungabaza kudingeka kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo. Ukusebenza okuphezulu akusilo njalo yini egqama kakhulu ekukhetheni kwabathengi. Ngaphandle kokunganaki ukuhambisana nezimfuneko ezincane ezimisiwe yimithetho esebenzayo, kaningi ezinye izinkomba zingagqama, njengokuhamba kangcono, ukonga izindleko, njll.
LAPHO KUFAKWA KHONA UKWAKHIWA KWEZINKUNI
Ngaphandle kokungabaza kudingeka kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo. Ukusebenza okuphezulu akusilo njalo yini egqama kakhulu ekukhetheni kwabathengi. Ngaphandle kokunganaki ukuhambisana nezimfuneko ezincane ezimisiwe yimithetho esebenzayo, kaningi ezinye izinkomba zingagqama, njengokuhamba kangcono, ukonga izindleko, njll.
Izindawo zesimo sezulu zinquma izici zokuqedela kwezobubazi ku u skladu sa obavezama koje nameće zakonodavstvo.
Kubalulekile ngokufanayo ukuhlola nendawo yomoya lapho i- i-stolarija ifakiwe, okuthinta ikakhulukazi ukumelana lomoya namanzi.
UHLOBO LWESAKHIWO
Ngokusekelwe enjongweni ehlosiwe yesakhiwo, i-acoustic inani lokwehlisa le-façade liyadingeka kusukela
izinguquko zomthetho. Yebo, mayelana ne- amafasitela aslayidayo okuyinto ngokuvamile eyimele ebalulekile
ingxenye ye-facade, inani lokuncishiswa komsindo ikakhulukazi okubalulekile.
1. Iphrofayili Ukhuni/Ukhuni 68/70
[p68_slika][p68_opis][tehnicki_list]
Ukuqhutshwa kokushisa (ngengilazi 4+16arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zikhomba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukuhanjiswa okuncane, okungukuthi ukufakwa okungcono.
[toplotna_uw] [toplotna_ug][toplotna_uf][p_uf_slika]
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
Ukudluliseka kokushisa yengilazi enezingqimba ezintathu
Iphrofayili Izinkuni/Izinkuni, isiphambano sebhokisi-nephiko
[p68_dvoprese]
Iphrofayili Izinkuni/Izinkuni, isiphambano sebhokisi-nephiko
[p68_presek2]
Iphrofayili Ukhuni/Ukhuni, isiphambano sepheshana-nopheshana
[p68_presek3]
Iphrofayili Izinkuni/Izinkuni, isigaba somnyango webhalikhoni
[p68_presek4]
2. Iphrofayela Izinkuni/Izinkuni 78
[p78_slika][p78_opis][p78_tabela]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
3. Iphrofayili Izinkuni/Izinkuni 88
[p_slika][p_opis][p_tabela]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
4. Iphrofayili Izinkuni/Izinkuni 98
[p98_slika][p98_opis][p98_tabela]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
5. Iphrofayili Izinkuni/Izinkuni 104
[p104_slika][p104_opis][p104_tabela]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
[p104_uw_slika][toplotna_provodljivost_ug][toplotna_provodljivost_uf]
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
Iphrofayili Izinkuni/Izinkuni, izithombe
[profil_drvodrvo_foto1][profil_drvodrvo_foto2][profil_drvodrvo_foto3]
6. Iphrofayili Ukhuni / I-Aluminium
[slika_profila] [opis_profila][tehnicka_tabela]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
[p_uw_slika][p_ug_slika][toplotna_provodljivost_uf]
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
Iphrofayili Izinkuni I-Aluminium, isiphambano ifreyimu - iqabunga
[profil_drvo_aluminijum_presek_stok_krilo1]
Iphrofayili Izinkuni I-Aluminium, isiphambano ifreyimu - iqabunga
[profil_drvo_aluminijum_presek_stok_krilo2]
7. Iphrofayili ye-Wood/Wood, iphrofayili emincane
[slika_profila_16090][opis_profila_16090][p_dra_tabela]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw][toplotna_provodljivost_ug] 
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
Iphrofayili Ukhuni / Ukhuni, iphrofayili encane
[profil_drvo_uski_profil_slika1] [profil_drvo_uski_profil_slika2]
Uhlobo Izinkuni / Izinkuni, iphrofayili encane (isibonelo sefasitela)
[profil_drvo_uski_profil_primer_prozora]
8. Uhlobo Izinkuni / Izinkuni, iwindi eliphindwe kabili
[slika_profila_16203][opis_profila_16203][p_dd_tabela]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw][toplotna_provodljivost_ug_slika] [toplotna_provodljivost_uf_slika]
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
9. Iphrofayili Izinkuni / Izinkuni, iwindi eliphindwe kabili Okuhlukile 1
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta1]
10. Iphrofayili Izinkuni / Izinkuni, iwindi eliphindwe kabili Uhlobo 2
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta2]
10. Iphrofayili Izinkuni / Izinkuni, iwindi eliphindwe kabili Inguqulo 3
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta3]
10. Iphrofayili Izinkuni / Izinkuni, ifasitela eliphindwe kabili Uhlobo 4
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta4]
10. Iphethini Izinkuni / Izinkuni, iwindi eliphindwe kabili Uhlobo 5
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta5]
10. Uhlobo Izinkuni / Izinkuni, iwindi eliphindwe kabili Okuhlukile 6
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta6]
15. Uhlelo lwe-harmonica
[harmonika_sistem_slika]
16. Uhlelo lwe-accordion, isicabha sokhuni
[harmonika_sistem_drveni_prag_slika]
Uhlelo lwe-harmonica, isihlalo se-aluminium
[harmonika_sistem_aluminijumski_prag_slika]
Uhlelo lwe-accordion, uhlelo lokuvula (ukubukwa kusuka ngaphakathi)
[harmonika_sistem_sema_otvaranja_iznutra_slika]
19. Uhlelo olutshekayo olushelelayo
[slika_profila] [opis_profila_text_13639] [tabela_otklopno_klizni]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw id=“13639”] [ug id=“13639”] [uf_slika id=“13639”]
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
20. Uhlelo lokushelela oluvulekile-olugoqekayo
[otklopno_klizni_sistem id=“13639”]
21. Uhlelo oluvuleka lufike luhambe ngokushelela, izikimu zokuvula
[seme_otvaranja id=“13639”]
22. Uhlelo oluphakanyiswayo nolushelelayo
[pk_slika_profila id=“13611”] [podizno_klizni_opis id=“13611”] [tabela_podizno_klizni]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw id=“13611”] [ug id=“13611”] [uf_slika id=“13611”]
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
23. Uhlelo lokuphakamisa nolushelela
[pk_sistem_slika id=“13611”] [pk_slika2 id=“13611”]
24. Umnyango wokungena
[uv_slika_profila id=“13601”] [uv_opis_profila id=“13601”] [tabela_ulazna_vrata]
Ukudlulisa ukushisa (ngengilazi 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Izimpawu Uf, Ug no Uw zisho ukudlulisa ukushisa. Inani elincane lisho ukudlulisa okuncane, okusho ukufakelwa okungcono.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw id=“13601”] [ug id=“13601”] [uf_slika id=“13601”]
Isamba ukuhanjiswa kokushisa
Okokushisa ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwengilazi
Okokushisa ukudlulisa kwamaphrofayili
Amamodeli eminyango yokungena
[uv_model1 id=“13601”] [uv_model2 id=“13601”]
Amamodeli eminyango yokungena
[uv_model3 id=“13601”]
Amamodeli eminyango yokungena
[uv_model4 id=“13601”]
25. Amamodeli ezibambo zeminyango
[uv_kvaka1 id=“13601”]
26. Amamodeli ezibambo
[uv_kvaka2 id=“13601”] [uv_rucica1 id=“13601”]
27. Amamodeli ezibambo
[uv_rucica2 id=“13601”] [uv_rucica3 id=“13601”]
28. Amamodeli ezibambo
[uv_rucica4 id=“13601”] [uv_rucica5 id=“13601”]
29. Ama-rolleti kanye nama-solomatici
[spoljna_roletna id=“16623”] [unutrasnja_roletna id=“16623”] [uv_solomatik id=“16623”]
30. Izimpumputhe zokhuni
[drvene_zaluzine_slika id=“13575”] [drvene_zaluzine_opis id=“13575”] [tehnicki_list id=“13575”]
30. Izimpumputhe zokhuni
[zaluzine_od_drveta_slika1 id=“13575”] [zaluzine_od_drveta_slika2 id=“13575”]
30. Izimpumputhe zokhuni
[zaluzine_od_drveta_slika3 id=“13575”] [zaluzine_od_drveta_slika4 id=“13575”]
Izivalo zelanga ezenziwe ngokhuni, ezinamaphiko amabili
[zaluzine_od_drveta_slika5 id=“13575”]
Izivalo zamafasitela zokhuni
[zaluzine_od_drveta_slika6 id=“13575”]
31. Ukusebenza kwengilazi
Ukusebenza kwengilazi
Ukusebenza kwengilazi, imigomo
Amanothi Abalulekile (EN)
Izibalo nemigomo kulo mbiko kusekelwe ku-EN 410:2011/EN 673:2011. Amanani okusebenza aboniswe ngenhla amele amanani ajwayelekile esikhungweni sengilazi ngaphandle kohlelo lwezikhala phakathi kwamalunga noma uhlaka. I-Solar Factor (g) kanye ne-Secondary Heat Transfer (qi) azitholakali ekucwebezelweni okuthambekele, ngoba azikho izindlela zokubala ezibekiwe yizinga zalezi zici. Ilogo ye-KIWA kanye ne-KIWA Validation Report MD - 14/477/GL zinikezwa njengobufakazi bokufakazelwa kwe-software ye-Guardian Performance Calculator, inguqulo yohlelo 4.1, yokwenza izibalo zezici zokukhanya nelanga zokucwebezelwa kanye nokudlula kokushisa, ngokuhambisana ne-EN 410:2011 kanye ne-EN 673:2011.
Imikhiqizo enezingqimba:
I-Performance Calculator ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi alingise izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zokwakheka kwengilazi ehlanganisiwe kusetshenziswa izisekelo ezahlukene zengilazi ye-float, izingubo zokumboza kanye nezinto ze-interlayer, kuhlanganise nalezo zokwakheka lapho ingubo yokumboza ibheke ku-interlayer. Kusemthwalweni womsebenzisi ukuhlola ukuthi ukwakheka kwengilazi ehlanganisiwe kuhlangabezana yini nezindinganiso ezifanele zesifunda futhi kuyahambisana nemithethonqubo esebenzayo yokuphepha yengilazi ehlanganisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ukwakheka kwengilazi ehlanganisiwe kuhlanganisa ingubo yokumboza ebheke ezintweni ze-interlayer, kungase kube nokwehla ekusebenzeni kokufakwa kokushisa kanye noshintsho lombala uma kuqhathaniswa nengilazi enezimbozo engafakwanga phakathi.
Imikhiqizo engakhanyi njengesibuko (ecacile ngokukhanyela noma esakazekayo):
Isilinganiso sokusebenza sezinto ezingabonisi kahle kakhulu (ezivumela ukukhanya noma ezisakazayo) ezifana nama-interlayer avumela ukukhanya noma indawo yengilazi eqoshwe nge-asidi, noma indawo enefrit ye-ceramic sikhawulelwe ubuchwepheshe besilingo obukhona njengamanje. Njengoba izilinganiso zibamba ngokomzimba kuphela ingxenye yemisebe ephumayo, imiphumela yokusebenza ebaliwe enikezwe lapha futhi esekelwe kulokho kulinganisa ayihambisani nanoma iyiphi indinganiso (kuhlanganise ne-EN 410) futhi ingasetshenziswa kuphela njengereferensi ejwayelekile. Amanani angempela angahluka kakhulu kuye ngenqubo eqondile yokukhiqiza, kanye nohlobo, ukujiya nombala wento engabonisi kahle esetshenzisiwe.
Incazelo Yamagama ngokwe EN 410:2011/EN 673:2011
I-Visible Light Transmittance (Tv, %) iphesenti lokukhanya okuwela ebangeni lobude begagasi kusuka ku-380 nm kuya ku-780 nm elidluliswa ingilazi.
Ukudluliselwa kwe-Ultraviolet (UV) (Tuv, %) yiphesenti lengxenye ye-UV yesiphambeko semisebe yelanga ebangeni lamagagasi ukusuka ku-280 nm kuya ku-380 nm edluliswa yingilazi.
Solar Energy Direct Transmittance (Te, %) iyiphesenti lamandla elanga angenayo ebangeni lobude begagasi kusuka ku 300 nm kuya ku 2500 nm adluliselwa ngokuqondile ngengilazi. Visible Light Reflectance Outdoors/Indoor (Rv out/in, %) iyiphesenti lokukhanya okubonakalayo okungenayo okubonakaliswa ngokuqondile ngengilazi.
Solar Direct Reflectance Outdoors/Indoors (Re out/in, %) yiphesenti lamandla elanga angenayo elibuyiselwa ngqo yingilazi.
Solar Energy Absorptance (Ae, %) iwumaphesenti wamandla elanga amuncwa ingilazi.
U-Value (Ug, W/m2 K) iyipharamitha yokucwebezelisa echaza ukudluliswa kokushisa ngengxenye emaphakathi yokucwebezelisa, okungukuthi ngaphandle kwemiphumela yemiphetho, futhi iveza ukuminyana okuqinile kwezinga lokudlulisa ukushisa ngokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa phakathi kwezinga lokushisa kwemvelo ezinhlangothini zombili. Umehluko wezinga lokushisa ngokwezimo ezijwayelekile: ∆T=15K°. The lower
Lapho inani liphakeme, kulapho kuba nkulu khona inani lokuvikela ukushisa. EN 673 lichaza inani ngedesimali eyodwa 1.
Inani liphinde linikezwe ngamadesimali angu-3 ukuze kube nolwazi.
I-Solar Factor noma i-Total Solar Energy Transmittance noma i-g-value (g%) iyimisebe yelanga iyonke edluliswa ingilazi.
Shading Coefficient (sc) ihlukaniswa yi-Solar Factor ngo-0.87. Iwukulinganisa kokuzuza kokushisa kwelanga kubhekiswe ku-3 mm ingilazi ecacile enenani elichaziwe lika-1.00.
I-Secondary Heat Transfer Coefficient (qi) iwumphumela wokudluliswa kokushisa ngokugudluzwa komoya kanye nemisebe ye-IR yamagagasi amade yaleyo ngxenye yemisebe yelanga engenayo emuncwe ingilazi.
Colour Rendering Index in transmission, D65 (Ra) kuwushintsho lombala wento ngenxa yokukhanya okudlulayo ngengilazi.
Amanothi abalulekile (SR)
Izibalo nemigomo kulo mbiko kusekelwe ezingeni le-EN 410:2011/EN 673:2011. Amanani okusebenza ashiwo ngenhla amele amanani ajwayelekile esikhungweni sengilazi, ngaphandle kokucabangela uhlelo lwezikhala phakathi kwamalunga noma uhlaka. Amanani esici selanga (g) kanye ne-coefficient yokudluliselwa kokushisa kwesibili (qi) awatholakali ekucwebezelweni okufakwe emthambekeni ngenxa yokuthi izinga alizange lichaze indlela yokubala.
I-KIWA logo kanye ne-“KIWA Validation Report MD - 14/477/GL” kuyatholakala njengobufakazi bokugunyazwa kohlelo “Guardian Performance Calculator”, inguqulo 4.1, lokwenza izibalo zezici zokucwebezelisa nokudlulisa ukushisa ngokwezindinganiso EN 410:2011 kanye ne-EN 673:2011.
Imikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe:
Aqinisekisiwe ukuthi izimo ezihlanganisiwe ezimodeliwe zizohambisana nemithetho efanele yokuphepha mayelana nengilazi elaminethiwe, ngaphandle uma kukhonjiswe ngokucacile emikhiqizweni ye-Guardian. Umthwalo womthengi ukuhlola ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina olaminethiwe kufanele yini uqinisekiswe ngokuhambisana namazinga afanele, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithetho yokuphepha mayelana nengilazi elaminethiwe iyalandelwa. Njengomphumela wokulaminetha izingilazi ezinokugqokwa lapho ukugqokwa kubheke ngasifilimini se-PVB (ngenxa yokuxhumana phakathi kwefilimu nokugqokwa) kungavela (hhayi kuphela) ukwehla okukhulu kokusebenza kokuphepha kwezinye izinhlanganisela zokugqokwa nezingqimba eziphakathi, ukulahleka komphumela wokufakwa kokushisa ebusweni obuxhumene nefilimu, ukushintsha kombala okubonakalayo nokunye ukonakala kokusebenza.
Poluprozirni proizvodi (mat ili difuzni):
Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwezinto ezingabonakali njengama-interlayers ayisigamu-esobala noma izibuko ezidliwe yi-asidi, noma izindawo ezine-ceramic enamel, kunqunyelwe ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola obukhona manje. Njengoba izilinganiso zibandakanya kuphela ingxenye yespectrum, ukusebenza okubalwe lapha kusekelwe kulezo zilinganiso ezishiwo ngenhla, akuhambisani nanoma yisiphi isilinganiso (kufaka phakathi i-EN 410) futhi kungasetshenziswa kuphela njengereferensi evamile.Amanani angempela angahluka kakhulu ngenxa yenqubo yokukhiqiza. kanye nohlobo, ubukhulu nombala wento eyisigamu-esobala esetshenzisiwe. Incazelo yamagama ngokwe-EN 410:2011/EN 673:2011
Ukudluliselwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo (Tv, %) iphesenti lokukhanya kobude begagasi obuphakathi kuka-380 nm no-780 nm oludlula engilazini.
I-ultraviolet (UV) transmission (Tuv, %) yiphesenti lokukhanya olune-wavelength ephakathi kuka-280 nm no-380 nm oludlula ngengilazi futhi luvela emisebeni yelanga (ingxenye ye-UV yemisebe yelanga).
Ukudluliselwa okuqondile kwamandla elanga (Te, %) iphesenti lokukhanya olune-wave length phakathi kuka 300 nm no 2500 nm oludluliswa ngqo ngengilazi.
Ukubuyiselwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo ngaphandle/ngaphakathi (Rv out/in, %) yiphesenti lokukhanya okubonakalayo elibuyiselwa ngokuqondile engilazini.
Ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwelanga ngaphandle/ngaphakathi (Re out/in, %) kuyiphesenti lamandla elanga abonakaliswa engilazini.
Ukumuncwa kwamandla elanga (Ae, %) kuyiphesenti lamandla elanga ingilazi eliwamunca. Inani le-U (Ug, W/m2 K) libonisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa ngokusebenzisa ingxenye emaphakathi yengilazi (ukucwebezeliswa), okungukuthi izinga lokushisa ohlangothini ngalunye lwengilazi, ngaphandle kokubheka umthelela wemiphetho
(distancera).Umehluko wokushisa ngokuya ngezimo ezijwayelekile: ?T=15K°.Uma inani lincane, ukufakwa kokushisa kuba ngcono .EN 673 ichaza inani elinendawo eyodwa yedesimali.Inani liyatholakala nolwazi olungezansi ekubonisweni okunama-3 izindawo zedesimali. Isici selanga noma Ukudluliselwa okuphelele kwamandla elanga noma inani le-g (g%) liyingqikithi yamandla elanga adlula engilazini.
Ishlabiso sokusitheka (sc) Isici selanga esihlukaniswe ngo 0.87. Ukuzuza kwelanga kwengilazi ebonakalayo enobukhulu buka 3 mm yenani elibekiwe 1.00.
I-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa kwesibili(qi) iwumphumela wokudluliselwa kokushisa ngokuhlangana nomoya nokukhishwa kwe-IC kwesikhathi eside kwengxenye yamandla eyayimuncwe ngaphambilini yengilazi. Inkomba yokuphindaphinda imibala ekudluliselweni, D65 (Ra) iwushintsho lombala wento njengomphumela wokudlula kokukhanya engilazini.
32. Isitifiketi sokusebenza kahle kwamandla
Isitifiketi sokusebenza kahle kwamandla
Isitifiketi sokusebenza kahle kwamandla
Isitifiketi sokusebenza kahle kwamandla
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