Xaashi farsamo
HAL SUUQ, BADAN QIYAASADOOD
Waxaa jira doorsoomayaal badan oo waa in la tixgeliyaa marka la dooranayo nidaamka alwaaxda ee aad bixin doonto. Kuwa ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah:
SHURUUDAHA MACMIILKA
Shaki kuma jiro in loo baahan yahay in la waafajiyo baahiyaha. Waxqabadka ugu sarreeya mar walba ma aha doorsoomaha sida weyn u saameeya xulashada macaamiisha. Iyadoo aan la dayacin waafaqsanaanta shuruudaha ugu yar ee ay dhigayaan xeerarka dhaqan-galka ah, inta badan waxaa ka xoog badnaan kara qodobo kale sida marin-fudayd ka wanaagsan, kaydin kharash, iwm.
HALKA LA GOOYAYO IYO LA GELIYO STOLARIJA
Shaki kuma jiro in loo baahan yahay in la waafajiyo baahiyaha. Waxqabadka ugu sarreeya mar walba ma aha doorsoomaha sida weyn u saameeya xulashada macaamiisha. Iyadoo aan la dayacin waafaqsanaanta shuruudaha ugu yar ee ay dhigayaan xeerarka dhaqan-galka ah, inta badan waxaa ka xoog badnaan kara qodobo kale sida marin-fudayd ka wanaagsan, kaydin kharash, iwm.
Aagagga cimiladu waxay go’aamiyaan sifooyinka alwaaxda iyo daaqadaha ee iyadoo la raacayo waajibaadka ay soo rogaan sharciyadu.
Sidoo kale waa muhiim in la qiimeeyo aagga dabaysha ee uu ku yaal albaabbada iyo daaqadaha la rakibay, taas oo si gaar ah u saameynaysa iska caabbinta hawada iyo biyaha.
NOOCA DHISMAHA
Iyadoo lagu saleynayo ujeeddada gaarka ah ee dhismaha, acoustic qiimaha dhimista ee façade-ga ayaa looga baahan yahay
isbeddelada sharciga. Dabcan, ee kor-u- daaqadaha siibma ee si kale muhiimad weyn u leh
qayb ka mid ah facade-ka, qiimaha dhimista buuqa gaar ahaan muhiim.
1. Qalabka Alwaax/Alwaax 68/70
[p68_slika][p68_opis][tehnicki_list]
Awoodda gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+16arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay tilmaamayaan awoodda gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin hoose, taas oo ah dahaaryo ka fiican.
[toplotna_uw] [toplotna_ug][toplotna_uf][p_uf_slika]
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
Gudbinta kuleylka muraayadda saddex-lakabka ah
Profile Wood/Wood, qaybta jirka-leh ee caleenta
[p68_dvoprese]
Profile Wood/Wood, qaybta jirka-leh ee caleenta
[p68_presek2]
Qalabka Alwaax/Alwaax, qaybta baalka-baalka
[p68_presek3]
Profile Alwaax/Alwaax, goynta albaab balakoon
[p68_presek4]
2. Profile Alwaax/Alwaax 78
[p78_slika][p78_opis][p78_tabela]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
3. Qaybta Alwaax/Alwaax 88
[p_slika][p_opis][p_tabela]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
4. Astaan Alwaax/Alwaax 98
[p98_slika][p98_opis][p98_tabela]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
5. Qaab Alwaax/Alwaax 104
[p104_slika][p104_opis][p104_tabela]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
[p104_uw_slika][toplotna_provodljivost_ug][toplotna_provodljivost_uf]
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
Profile Alwaax/Alwaax, sawirro
[profil_drvodrvo_foto1][profil_drvodrvo_foto2][profil_drvodrvo_foto3]
6. Profil Alwaax / Aluminium
[slika_profila] [opis_profila][tehnicka_tabela]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
[p_uw_slika][p_ug_slika][toplotna_provodljivost_uf]
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
Profile Alwaax Aluminium, iskutallaabta jir - caleen
[profil_drvo_aluminijum_presek_stok_krilo1]
Profile Alwaax Aluminium, iskutallaabta jir - caleen
[profil_drvo_aluminijum_presek_stok_krilo2]
7. Profile Wood/Wood, profile cidhiidhi ah
[slika_profila_16090][opis_profila_16090][p_dra_tabela]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw][toplotna_provodljivost_ug] 
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
Profile Alwaax / Alwaax, profile cidhiidhi ah
[profil_drvo_uski_profil_slika1] [profil_drvo_uski_profil_slika2]
Profil Qoryo / Qoryo, profil cidhiidhi ah (tusaale daaqad)
[profil_drvo_uski_profil_primer_prozora]
8. Profil Qoryo / Qoryo, daaqad laba-jibbaaran
[slika_profila_16203][opis_profila_16203][p_dd_tabela]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw][toplotna_provodljivost_ug_slika] [toplotna_provodljivost_uf_slika]
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
9. Profile Alwaax / Alwaax, daaqad laba-jibbaaran Nooca 1
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta1]
10. Profil Alwaax / Alwaax, daaqad laba-jibbaaran Nooca 2
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta2]
10. Profil Qoryo / Qoryo, daaqad labajibbaaran Nooca 3
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta3]
10. Profile Wood / Wood, daaqad laba-laab ah Nooca 4
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta4]
10. Profil Drvo / Drvo, daaqad laba-lakab ah Nooca 5
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta5]
10. Habka Qoryo / Qoryo, daaqad laba-labo ah Kala duwanaansho 6
[profil_drvo_dvostruki_prozor_varijanta6]
15. Nidaamka harmonika
[harmonika_sistem_slika]
16. Nidaamka harmonika, eber alwaax ah
[harmonika_sistem_drveni_prag_slika]
Nidaamka accordion-ka, marinka hoose ee aluminiumka
[harmonika_sistem_aluminijumski_prag_slika]
Nidaamka harmonika, shaxda furitaanka (lagala socdo gudaha)
[harmonika_sistem_sema_otvaranja_iznutra_slika]
19. Nidaamka simbiriirixda ee daboolka leh
[slika_profila] [opis_profila_text_13639] [tabela_otklopno_klizni]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw id=“13639”] [ug id=“13639”] [uf_slika id=“13639”]
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
20. Tilting-sliding system
[otklopno_klizni_sistem id=“13639”]
21. Nidaamka leex-leexda iyo simbiriirixda, shaxda furitaanka
[seme_otvaranja id=“13639”]
22. Nidaamka kor-qaadista iyo simbiriirixidda
[pk_slika_profila id=“13611”] [podizno_klizni_opis id=“13611”] [tabela_podizno_klizni]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw id=“13611”] [ug id=“13611”] [uf_slika id=“13611”]
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
23. Nidaamka kor-u-qaadista iyo simbiriirixidda
[pk_sistem_slika id=“13611”] [pk_slika2 id=“13611”]
24. Albaabka gelitaanka
[uv_slika_profila id=“13601”] [uv_opis_profila id=“13601”] [tabela_ulazna_vrata]
Gudbinta kulaylka (oo leh galaas 4+12arg+4+12arg+4Low-e) Calaamadaha Uf, Ug iyo Uw waxay muujinayaan gudbinta kulaylka. Qiime hoose wuxuu ka dhigan yahay gudbin yar, yani dahaar ka wanaagsan.
[toplotna_provodljivost_uw id=“13601”] [ug id=“13601”] [uf_slika id=“13601”]
Wadarta hagaajinta kulaylka
Kulayl gudbinta iftiinka ee muraayadda
Kulayl dabaqanka profaaylka
Noocyada albaabbada laga soo galo
[uv_model1 id=“13601”] [uv_model2 id=“13601”]
Noocyada albaabbada laga soo galo
[uv_model3 id=“13601”]
Noocyada albaabbada laga soo galo
[uv_model4 id=“13601”]
25. Qaababka gacmo-qabsiyada
[uv_kvaka1 id=“13601”]
26. Qaababka gacanka
[uv_kvaka2 id=“13601”] [uv_rucica1 id=“13601”]
27. Noocyada gacanka
[uv_rucica2 id=“13601”] [uv_rucica3 id=“13601”]
28. Noocyada gacmo-qabsiyada
[uv_rucica4 id=“13601”] [uv_rucica5 id=“13601”]
29. Roletne iyo solomatici
[spoljna_roletna id=“16623”] [unutrasnja_roletna id=“16623”] [uv_solomatik id=“16623”]
30. Daahyada alwaaxda
[drvene_zaluzine_slika id=“13575”] [drvene_zaluzine_opis id=“13575”] [tehnicki_list id=“13575”]
30. Daahyada alwaaxda
[zaluzine_od_drveta_slika1 id=“13575”] [zaluzine_od_drveta_slika2 id=“13575”]
30. Daahyada alwaaxda
[zaluzine_od_drveta_slika3 id=“13575”] [zaluzine_od_drveta_slika4 id=“13575”]
Daahyada qorraxda ee alwaaxda ah, laba baalal ah
[zaluzine_od_drveta_slika5 id=“13575”]
Daahyada alwaaxda ah
[zaluzine_od_drveta_slika6 id=“13575”]
31. Waxqabadka galaaska
Waxqabadka muraayadda
Waxqabadka galaaska, ereyada
Xog Muhiim ah (EN)
Xisaabinta iyo ereyada ku jira warbixintan waxay ku saleysan yihiin EN 410:2011/EN 673:2011. Qiimayaasha waxqabad ee kor lagu muujiyey waxay matalaan qiimayaal magac ahaan ah oo loogu talagalay bartamaha muraayadda, iyadoo aan la tixgelin nidaamka spacer-ka ama qaab-dhismeedka. Qodobka Qorraxda (g) iyo Gudbinta Kulaylka Labaad (qi) lama heli karo glazing-ka janjeera, maadaama halbeeggu uusan u qorin hab xisaabeed sifooyinkan. Astaanta KIWA iyo Warbixinta Xaqiijinta KIWA MD - 14/477/GL waxaa loo bixiyaa caddeyn ahaan xaqiijinta software-ka Guardian Performance Calculator, nooca barnaamijka 4.1, si loo fuliyo xisaabinta astaamaha iftiinka iyo qorraxda ee glazing-ka iyo gudbinta kulaylka, iyadoo la raacayo EN 410:2011 iyo EN 673:2011.
Alaabooyinka lakabyaysan:
The Performance Calculator wuxuu u oggolaanayaa isticmaalaha inuu tusaaleeyo noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo ah isku-dhisyada muraayadda laminate-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo substrates kala duwan oo float glass ah, coatings iyo walxaha interlayer-ka, oo ay ku jiraan isku-dhisyadaas halka coating-ku u jeedo interlayer-ka. Mas’uuliyadda isticmaalaha ayaa ah inuu qiimeeyo in isku-dhafka muraayadda laminate-ku uu buuxinayo heerarka goboleed ee khuseeya isla markaana uu waafaqsan yahay xeerarka badbaadada ee muraayadda laminate-ka ee lagu dabaqi karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, marka isku-dhafka muraayadda laminate-ku uu ka mid yahay coating u jeeda walxaha interlayer-ka, waxaa dhici karta hoos-u-dhac ku yimaadda waxqabadka dahaarka kulaylka iyo isbeddel midab marka loo eego class-ka coated ee aan la dhexgelin.
Alaabo aan dhalaal lahayn (hufan ama firdhan):
Cabbirka waxqabadka ee agabka aan muraayadda lahayn (kuwa hufan ama fidfidsan) sida lakabyada dhexe ee hufan ama dusha galaaska ee acid-etched, ama dusha leh ceramic frit, waxaa xaddidaya tignoolajiyada tijaabada ee hadda jirta. Maadaama cabbiradu jireed ahaan qabtaan oo keliya qayb ka mid ah shucaaca ka dhasha, natiijooyinka waxqabadka ee la xisaabiyay ee halkan lagu bixiyay kuna salaysan cabbirradaas uma hoggaansamaan halbeeg kasta (oo ay ku jirto EN 410) waxaana loo isticmaali karaa oo keliya tixraac guud. Qiyamka dhabta ah ayaa si weyn uga duwanaan kara iyadoo ku xiran habka saxda ah ee wax-soo-saarka, iyo sidoo kale nooca, dhumucda iyo midabka agabka aan muraayadda lahayn ee la isticmaalay.
Sharaxaadda Erayada sida ku cad EN 410:2011/EN 673:2011
Visible Light Transmittance (Tv, %) waa boqolkiiba iftiinka dhacaya ee ku jira xadka dhererka mawjadaha ee 380 nm ilaa 780 nm ee ay galaasku gudbiso.
Gudbinta Ultraviolet (UV) (Tuv, %) waa boqolkiiba qaybta UV ee shucaaca qorraxda ee dhacda, oo ku jirta baaxadda hirarka ee 280 nm ilaa 380 nm, taas oo ay gudbiso dhalada.
Solar Energy Direct Transmittance (Te, %) waa boqolleyda tamarta qorraxda ee dhacda ee ku jirta xadka dherer-dhaqsimeedka 300 nm ilaa 2500 nm ee si toos ah uu muraayaddu u gudbiyo. Visible Light Reflectance Outdoors/Indoor (Rv out/in, %) waa boqolleyda iftiinka muuqda ee dhacda ee si toos ah ay muraayaddu u celiso.
Solar Direct Reflectance Outdoors/Indoors (Re out/in, %) waa boqolkiiba tamarta qorraxda ee dhacaysa ee si toos ah uga tarmaaya dhalada.
Nuugista Tamarta Qorraxda (Ae, %) waa boqolleyda tamarta qorraxda ee uu muraayaddu nuugo.
U-Value (Ug, W/m2 K) waa halbeegga glazing-ka ee lagu garto wareejinta kulaylka ee dhexda qaybta glazing-ka, yacni iyada oo aan la tixgelin saameynta geesaha, wuxuuna muujinayaa cufnaanta joogtada ah ee heerka wareejinta kulaylka marka loo eego farqiga heerkulka ee ka dhexeeya heerkullada deegaanka ee labada dhinac. Farqiga heerkulka sida waafaqsan shuruudaha caadiga ah: ∆T=15K°. The lower
Haddii qiimuhu weyn yahay, waxa sii weynaanaya qiimaha dahaarka. EN 673 waxay qeexaysaa qiimaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo 1 meelood oo jajab tobanle ah.
Qiimaha waxaa sidoo kale lagu bixiyaa 3 meelood oo jajab ah ujeeddooyin macluumaad ahaan.
Qodobka Qorraxda ama Wadar ahaan Gudbinta Tamarta Qorraxda ama qiimaha g (g%) waa wadarta shucaaca qorraxda ee ay galaasku gudbiso.
Shading Coefficient (sc) waa Solar Factor oo loo qaybiyey 0.87. Waa cabbir muujinaya helitaanka kulaylka qorraxda oo loo tixraacay 3 mm cad oo leh qiimaha la qeexay ee 1.00.
Secondary Heat Transfer Coefficient (qi) waa natiijada wareejinta kulaylka ee ka dhalata konveksiyoon iyo shucaaca IR ee mowjadda dheer ee qaybtaas ka mid ah shucaaca qorraxda ee soo dhacay ee ay glazing-gu nuugtay.
Tusmada Soo Bandhigga Midabka ee gudbinta, D65 (Ra) waa isbeddelka midabka shay ka dhasha iftiinka oo lagu gudbiyo muraayadda.
Important notes (SR)
Xisaabinta iyo ereyada ku jira warbixintan waxay ku saleysan yihiin halbeegga EN 410:2011/EN 673:2011. Qiimayaasha waxqabad ee kor lagu muujiyey waa qiimayaal magac ahaan ah oo u dhexeeya muraayadda, iyadoo aan la tixgelin nidaamka spacer-ka ama jirka. Qiimayaasha qodobka qorraxda (g) iyo iskuduwaha gudbinta kulaylka labaad (qi) lama heli karo glazing-ka lagu rakibay xagal, sababtoo ah halbeeggu ma qeexin hab xisaabeed loogu talagalay astaamahaan.
KIWA logotip-ka iyo “KIWA Validation Report MD - 14/477/GL” ayaa diyaar u ah sidii caddayn ansaxinta barnaamijka “Guardian Performance Calculator”, nooca 4.1, si loo fuliyo xisaabinta sifooyinka glazing-ka iyo gudbinta kulaylka iyadoo la raacayo heerarka EN 410:2011 iyo EN 673:2011.
Alaabooyinka laaminka ah:
Lama damaanad qaadayo in qaabeynta laamaneetka ah ee la moodleeyay ay la jaanqaadi doonto xeerarka badbaadada ee khuseeya ee ku saabsan galaasyada laamaneetka ah, ilaa si cad loogu caddeeyo alaabooyinka Guardian. Waa waajibaadka macmiilka inuu qiimeeyo in alaabta laamaneetka ee ugu dambaysa ay tahay in lagu shahaadoobo sida waafaqsan heerarka khuseeya, sidoo kale inuu hubiyo u hoggaansanaanta dhammaan xeerarka badbaadada ee galaasyada laamaneetka ah. Natiijo ka dhalan karta laamaneetinta galaasyada leh dahaadh, halkaas oo dahaadhku u jeedo dhinaca filimka PVB (sababo la xiriira taabashada filimka iyo dahaadhka) waxaa dhici kara (iyadoon ku koobnayn) hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimaada waxqabadka badbaadada ee isku-darrooyin qaar oo dahaadhyo iyo lakabyo dhexe ah, lumis ku timaadda saameynta dahaarka kulaylka ee dusha la taabanaya filimka, isbeddel muuqda oo midab ah iyo hoos-u-dhacyo kale oo waxqabadka ah.
Alaabooyinka nus-furan (matt ama faafsan):
Cabiridda waxqabadka ee walxo aan iftiimayn sida lakabyo dhexe oo nus-iftiin ah ama muraayado aashito lagu qoday, ama dushooyin dhoobo-emayl ah, waxaa xaddidaya tiknoolajiyada tijaabo ee hadda jirta. Maadaama cabbirradu ay daboolayaan oo keliya qayb ka mid ah spectrum-ka, waxqabadka la xisaabiyey ee halkan lagu xusay waxa uu ku salaysan yahay cabbirrada kor ku xusan, kuma waafaqsana wax halbeeg ah (oo ay ku jirto EN 410) waxaana loo isticmaali karaa oo keliya tixraac guud. Qiimayaasha dhabta ah si weyn ayey uga duwanaan karaan sababtoo ah habka wax-soo-saarka. iyo sidoo kale nooca, dhumucda iyo midabka walxaha nus-iftiinka ah ee la isticmaalay. Sharaxaadda erayada sida ku cad EN 410:2011/EN 673:2011
Gudbinta iftiinka muuqda (Tv, %) waa boqolleyda iftiinka leh dherer mowjad u dhexeeya 380 nm iyo 780 nm ee dhex mara muraayadda.
Ultraviolet (UV) gudbinta (Tuv, %) waa boqolleyda iftiinka dhererkiisu yahay 280 nm ilaa 380 nm ee dhex mara muraayadda kana yimaadda shucaaca qorraxda (qaybta UV ee shucaaca qorraxda).
Gudbinta tooska ah ee tamarta qorraxda (Te, %) waa boqolkiiba iftiinka dhererka hirkiisu u dhexeeyo 300 nm iyo 2500 nm ee si toos ah uga gudba galaaska.
Milicsiga iftiinka muuqda ee dibadda/gudaha (Rv out/in, %) waa boqolleyda iftiinka muuqda ee si toos ah uga milma muraayadda.
Muuqaalka tooska ah ee qorraxda ee dibadda/gudaha (Re out/in, %) waa boqolkiiba tamarta qorraxda ee ka ka taranta galaaska.
Nuugista tamarta qorraxda (Ae, %) waa boqolkiiba tamarta qorraxda ee muraayaddu nuugto. Qiimaha U (Ug, W/m2 K) wuxuu tilmaamaa gudbinta kulaylka ee qaybta dhexe ee muraayadda (dhalinta), yani heerkulka labada dhinac ee muraayadda, iyadoo aan la tixgelinayn saameynta geesaha
(distancera).Farqiga heerkulka marka loo eego xaaladaha caadiga ah: ?T=15K°. Inta qiimuhu yaryahay waa intaas ayaa dahaarku fiican yahay .EN 673 wuxuu qeexaa qiimaha hal meel oo jajab ah. Qiimaha, ujeeddooyin xog-bixin ah, sidoo kale waa laga heli karaa muujinta leh 3 meelood oo jajab ah. Qodobka qorraxda ama gudbinta guud ee tamarta qorraxda ama qiimaha g - (g%) waa tamarta qorraxda oo dhan ee dhex marta galaaska.
Qodobka hadhgelinta (sc) Qodobka qorraxda oo loo qaybiyey 0.87. Faa’iidada qorraxda ee galaas hufan oo dhumucdiisu tahay 3 mm qiimaha la bixiyey 1.00.
Isku-dhafka gudbinta labaad ee kulaylka(qi) waa natiijada wareejinta kulaylka ee isku-rogga iyo shucaaca IC-ga muddada dheer ee qayb ka mid ah tamarta horey ay muraayaddu u nuugtay. Tusmada soo-celinta midabka ee gudbinta, D65 (Ra) waa beddelka midabka shayga natiijada ka dhalata in iftiinku maro muraayadda.
32. Shahaadada waxtarka tamarta
Shahaadada hufnaanta tamarta
Shahaadada hufnaanta tamarta
Shahaadada hufnaanta tamarta
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