Mfundo zoyambira zolumikizira matabwa
Mwinamwake mudamvapo kale za nyumba zamatabwa zomwe zinamangidwa kale m’madera amapiri opanda msomali umodzi. Kumanga nyumba zoterezi kunafunikira kuleza mtima kwakukulu ndi luso losonkhanitsa mbalizo. Chitsanzo cha nyumba zimenezo chikutisonyeza kuti mbali zamatabwa zimatha “kukonzedwa” m’njira yoti zigwirizane mwamphamvu ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo zimayima molimba. Tithanso kugwiritsa ntchito izi ngati zolumikizira zakhazikika: ndi misomali, zomangira zamatabwa, zomatira, zomatira ozizira, ndi zina.
Kuthamanga (mku1gawo1) imagwira bwino mgwirizano pokhapokha ngati ikuchitidwa ndi misomali iwiri. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pamagulu opangidwa ndi matabwa. Pozungulira msomali umodzi kapena zomangira zamatabwa, mbali zake zimatha kuzunguliridwa ngati pivot.
Zolumikizira matabwa
Kulumikizana ndi m’mphepete
Njira yosavuta yolumikizira matabwa ndi cholumikizira, pomwe zida ziwiri zimapindidwa, ndipo cholumikiziracho chimayikidwa, chomangidwa ndi misomali kapena zomangira zamatabwa (chithunzi 1, gawo 2a). Cholowacho chimakhala cholimba ngati wosanjikiza umodzi wachotsedwa mbali iliyonse kuti cholumikizira cha Z chopendekera chipezeke (Chithunzi 1, gawo 2b). Ngati chophatikizikacho chidzakakamizidwa kutsata njira yolumikizirana, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kuchotsa theka la makulidwe kuchokera pagawo lililonse pagulu ndikuchita cholumikizira molingana ndi Chithunzi 1, gawo 2c. Cholowachi chimatha kugwira ngakhale sikona imodzi yokha mwamphamvu, ndipo kutsetsereka kwa mfundozo kumalepheretsa kudula.
Chithunzi 1 - Miyendo yokhotakhota komanso yoyambira, m’mphepete ndi m’malilime ndi malo olumikizirana.
Chiphuphu cha mano chimapanga cholumikizira cholimba popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zomangira. Choyipa cha mgwirizanowu ndikuti kuphatikiza kwa zidutswa ziwirizi zitha kuchitika kuchokera kumbali (chithunzi 1, gawo 2d).
Pazidutswa zazikulu, ndibwino kulumikizana ndi notch ya m’mphepete kapena lilime ndi poyambira (chithunzi 1, gawo 3). Kuti apange mgwirizano, lilime limapangidwa pa chidutswa chimodzi ndipo groove imapangidwa kumbali ina (mitundu iyi yamagulu imapezeka ndi matabwa kapena parquet). Ndi zolumikizira izi, zoyenerazo ziyenera kukhala zenizeni ndipo zigawozo ziyenera kupangidwa ndendende ndi chisel, macheka ndi pulani ya mbiri. Mbali yolimba yomwe ili pafupi ndi bolodi yojambulira imalumikizidwa motere.
Chosavuta ndi cholumikizira cha m’mphepete, pomwe mbali zonse ziwiri zimayikidwa mofanana. Chokhacho chiyenera kupangidwa pamenepo pogwiritsa ntchito cholozera mbiri.
Malumikizidwe okhala ndi mapulagi amatabwa
Kulumikizana ndi mapulagi amatabwa (chithunzi 2, gawo 1) amapangidwa ndi mapulagi amatabwa ozungulira kapena masikweya. Magulu oterowo amatha kuwoneka pamatebulo ndi mipando. Kwa mapulagi ozungulira, omwe amagawanika kapena opangidwa pa lathe, mabowo amabowoleredwa mu gawo lachiwiri la mgwirizano. Ndizotheka kubowola mabowo mbali zonse ziwiri za cholumikizira ndikupanga mapulagi padera ndi matabwa olimba. Ndikofunika kuti pakhale mapulagi osachepera awiri (mozungulira pulagi imodzi pali kuthekera kozungulira zinthu monga kuzungulira shaft) komanso kuti mabowowo akhale akuya kuposa kutalika kwa mapulagi. Apo ayi, pulagi imakhala pansi pa dzenje ndipo kulumikizako sikungamangidwe.
Pulagi yopangidwa ndi chisel (chithunzi 2, gawo 2) ndizovuta kupanga komanso bowo lofunikira, koma pulagi imodzi yokha ndiyokwanira kulumikiza ndi pulagi yopangidwa motere. Zimapangidwa nthawi zomwe gawolo siliyenera kuzungulira mozungulira. Chisamaliro chiyenera kuchitidwa kuti musiye makulidwe okwanira pozungulira pobowo kuti gawolo lisaswe chifukwa cha katundu.
Chithunzi 2 — Malumikizidwe okhala ndi mapulagi amatabwa, mchira wa nkhunda ndi lilime ndi poyambira.
Nkhunda, nthenga ndi poko
Kuti amange zidutswa zazitali m’mbali mwake, cholumikizira cha trapezoid (dovetail joint) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito (Chith.2gawo 3). Kupanga cholumikizira ichi kumafuna kuleza mtima komanso chida chabwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi mashelufu. Choyipa chachikulu cha mtundu uwu wa kujowina ndikuti kujowina kumangochitika kuchokera kumbali. “Dovetail” iyenera kulowa mu poyambira yomwe imadutsa njira ya ulusi, apo ayi padzakhala kung’ambika, kusweka kwa gawo lolumikizana.
Zidutswa zazifupi zimalumikizidwa ndi lilime ndi poyambira (Mkuyu2gawo 4). Malumikizidwe omwe ali aafupi apa amapangidwa mofanana ndi matabwa a pathos, kokha apa ndi aafupi. Mtundu wosinthidwa wa cholumikizira ichi cholumikizira zidutswa zazitali ndi cholumikizira pogwiritsa ntchito mano (Mkuyu3gawo1).
*Chithunzi3- Malo okhala ndi mano, zolumikizira ngodya ndi pulagi ndi ma pini.
Makona ndi zolumikizira zosinthika
Pamalo olumikizirana pamakona, cholumikizira lilime-ndi-groove chimagwiritsidwa ntchito (Chith3gawo2) kapena kulumikizidwa kwa pulagi ya triangular yolumikizidwa ndi groove kapena kulimbitsa kwamakona atatu (mkuyu.3gawo3). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga mafelemu azithunzi.
Malumikizidwe omwe amatha kupasuka popanda zovuta amapangidwa ndi pulagi ndi mphero (Mkuyu3gawo4). Amamangitsa ndi kumasuka mwakufuna kwake.
Ngati pazifukwa zilizonse sitingathe kupanga pulagi ndi pini, ndiye kuti mgwirizano wolimba ukhoza kutheka pogwiritsa ntchito pini yolimba yokhala ndi ngodya pakati.2ndi5° kapena pini yachitsulo, nyundo mu pulagi yomwe idayikidwa kale potsegulira (Mkuyu4gawo1). Wedge imafalitsa pulagi motero imalimbitsa kulumikizana. Chitsanzo cha kulumikizana uku ndi kumangirizidwa kwa mutu wa nyundo ku chogwirira. Pulagi iyenera kuyima ndi tsamba lomwe limayenderana ndi ulusi potsegulira ndi pulagi, apo ayi, m’malo momangirira, cholumikizira chikhoza kusweka.
Kugawa katundu
Thandizo ndi kutumiza mphamvu mu mizati
Pomaliza, tiwonetsa zitsanzo zodzithandizira zokha. Pa chithunzi4gawo2, mutha kuwona mtengo wopingasa. Mtsinje wotuluka motere sudzachoka pazipilala, ndipo mphamvu zomwe zimachitika pazithandizo zimakhala zachilendo kumtunda wautali ndipo sizimayambitsa kupindika kwazitsulo.
*Chithunzi4- Kukonza pulagi ndi mphero ndi kusamutsa mphamvu m’malo olumikizirana matabwa.
Pa chithunzi4gawo3, kutsamira kwa mtengo wopendekera pa yopingasa kukuwonetsedwa. Ndi kulumikizana koteroko, mphamvu ya oblique imagawidwa kukhala yopingasa komanso yowongoka. Mphamvu yoyima imagwira ntchito pamtengo wokhazikika, pomwe mphamvu yopingasa imagwira “mphuno” ya mtengowo. Pamene kuumba kugwirizana motere, tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti “mphuno” ya yopingasa mtengo ndi mphamvu zokwanira, kotero kuti si kusweka chifukwa cha mphamvu yopingasa, ndipo ngakhale kuzembera, ndi kugwa dongosolo lonse.
Kumanga khomo lodzithandizira
Pa chithunzi5“katundu” ndi “kudzithandizira” kumanga zitseko zikuwonetsedwa. (Kudzithandiza ndi dongosolo lomwe silifunikira kulimbikitsidwa, kugwiridwa padera.)
Chithunzi 5 — Kupindika kwa zitseko ndi kuumitsa ndi bolodi kapena chingwe chachitsulo.
Pachithunzi pamwambapa, mutha kuwona kuti chifukwa cha kulemera kwa chitseko, ma hinges ndi opunduka (chitseko chimatsika). Chipinda cham’mwamba chimakokedwa pomwe chapansi chimakanikizidwa kukhoma.
Chithunzi chapakati chikuwonetsa momwe chitseko chingapangidwire kudzidalira pochisindikiza. Kulemera kwa chitseko kumatengedwa ndi thabwa lolimba la diagonal Z, choncho tiyenera kulumikiza matabwa apamwamba ndi pansi ndi mphuno, kuti tipewe kutsetsereka. Chithunzi chili m’munsichi chikuwonetsa chomanga chodzithandizira potulutsa chingwe chachitsulo.
Kupanga zolumikizira zamatabwa molondola
Ndikofunikira kupanga zida zolumikizira matabwa molondola momwe mungathere, mwachitsanzo. kuti pulagi ikugwirizana ndendende mu dzenje, dzino mu dzenje la dzino, ndi zina zotero. Kuti tikwaniritse izi, tiyenera kuyeza molondola ndi kuika chizindikiro, kugwiritsa ntchito chida chapadera, kapena kupanga template kapena … etc. Yankho losavuta, komabe, ndikupanga gawo limodzi kaye, kenaka mugwiritse ntchito ngati template kuti mulembe gawo lina. Mwanjira imeneyi, ngakhale gawo loyamba lopangidwa silili lolondola kwambiri, gawo lachiwiri lidzasinthidwa, loyenera (chithunzi 6).
Chithunzi 6 — Kusamutsa miyezo kuchokera kugawo loyamba kupita ku gawo lachiwiri la olowa kuti agwirizane bwino.