Okuqukethwe Kwengcweti Yezingobo Zomlando: I-athikili igcina izitatimende zomlando, amathebula nemidwebo emayelana nodaka lukasimende nokhonkolo, kodwa ayiyona inhlanganisela yedizayini, ukucaciswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, uhlelo lokuhlanganisa, ukubala kwesakhiwo, umhlahlandlela wokuhlola noma ukuhlolwa kwento ekhona. Ukwakheka, izakhiwo, isigaba sokuchayeka, ukungaguquguquki, indlela yokufaka, ukunakekelwa, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye namanani wokuklama kufanele kunqunywe ochwepheshe abanomthwalo wemfanelo ngokuya ngento ethile, izinto ezimenyezelwe kanye namazinga avumelekile.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando futhi asimeleli isithembiso sokuklama, ukukhiqiza, ukuhlola noma ukwenza izakhiwo eziphathekayo.
Idatha evamile
Ukwakheka kodaka lukasimende noma ukwakheka kwekhonkrithi yensika, isakhiwo se-mezzanine esiqinisiwe, isici sikakhonkolo esicutshunguliwe, i-slab yomgwaqo, i-arch yebhuloho noma umgwaqo ukhonkolo, kuzobhekwa njengokwanelisayo, njengomthetho, uma isici sokwakha okukhulunywa ngaso senziwa ngenani elincane lezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nomsebenzi ngendlela yokuthi ihlale iqinile ngokwanele futhi ifanele injongo. Okufanele kubhekwe njengokuhlala njalo futhi kulungele inhloso kumele kuchazwe ngesisekelo secala ngalinye: ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, kubalulekile ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo zodaka nokhonkolo okufanele zibe nazo ngokwamandla okucindezela, amandla aguquguqukayo, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, ukungangeni kwamanzi, njll. Kuneziqondiso eziningi ezahlukene zalokhu emithethweni yesakhiwo, kanye nokulinganiselwa kwezinombolo eziningi.
Umsebenzi wenkontileka yokwakha uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanani ezakhiwo ngazinye ahlangabezana namanani adingekayo. Izakhiwo zikakhonkolo zingathonywa kakhulu uma ulwazi olutholakalayo namuhla lusetshenziswa.
Imibandela yokwenza ukhonkolo ngezakhiwo ezifanayo
Uma amandla acindezelayo ento yokwakha ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-28 kufanele abe 40 MPa, noma uma ngokhonkolo wesakhiwo esigandayiwe kudingeka ukuthi amandla aguquguqukayo ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-28 kufanele abe ngu-4,5 MPa, lawa manani omkhawulo akumele eqiwe kunoma iyiphi indawo; inani eliphansi lomkhawulo lingase lisondele kunani elinemibandela. Uma kufinyelelwa imikhawulo emincane ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwento, usonkontileka wenza kangcono umsebenzi wakhe. Kuyingozi kakhulu uma amanani anesimo esilela kakhulu kwezinye - ngisho noma ezimbalwa - izindawo.
Amanani Omlando Namaresiphi: Izibalo, izilinganiso, izimpawu, izinqubo zokunakekela kanye nemikhawulo engezansi idluliselwe ku-athikili yoqobo ukuze kulondolozwe okuqukethwe. Akufanele zisetshenziswe njengeresiphi yesimanje, indlela yokwamukela noma esikhundleni sedizayini exubile, izivivinyo zaselabhorethri, izimemezelo zezinto ezibonakalayo, uhlelo lobuchwepheshe kanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo.
Amandla acindezelayo odaka lukasimende nokhonkolo
Usayizi wamandla okucindezela kakhulu uncike ezintweni zikasimende, inani likasimende, inani nokwakheka kwesihlabathi neqoqo, inani lamanzi kukhonkolo ngesikhathi sokufakwa, indlela yokufaka, njll.
Ithebula 1. Umthelela wenani lokuhlanganisa ngenani elifanayo lodaka.
1. Usimende
Amandla okucindezela usimende nosimende anqunywe ngokubhekwa kwangaphambilini futhi achazwa yimithethonqubo.
2. Inani likasimende
Ngokusho komkhiwane. 1a, amandla okucindezela akhuphuka ngokunyuka kwenani likasimende uma ingxenye yodaka kukhonkolo ihlala ifana, kuyilapho inani le-samente odakeni likhuphuka futhi ukuhambisana kwekhonkrithi kugcinwa kungashintshiwe njalo. Uma inani lodaka lihlala lingashintshiwe futhi inani lesamba kuphela liyakhuphuka noma lehla, amandla azoshintsha kancane kuphela inqobo nje uma inani lodaka lanele ukuqukatha zonke izinhlamvu ezihlanganisiwe. Amandla okucindezela ukhonkolo ngeke akhuphuke ngokungapheli ngokunyuka kwenani le-samente - kuphela kuze kufike kumkhawulo othile. Ngemuva kwalowo mkhawulo, ukwanda kwamandla kuzoba okungabalulekile maqondana nentengo, okuzokhula kakhulu ngokunyuka kwenani likasimende. Inani elilungile likasimende 1 m3 ukhonkolo ngu-300-350 kg.
Ithebula 2. Umthelela wenani lesihlabathi kukhonkolo.
3. Inani lodaka kukhonkolo
Amandla acindezelayo kakhonkolo anqunywa amandla odaka, njengoba kuqinisekiswa amathebula 1 kanye nokuthi 2. Lokhu kusebenza kuphela uma amandla okuhlanganisa makhulu kunamandla odaka futhi uma inani lodaka lanele ukumboza ngokuhlanganisa izinhlamvu ezimahhadla zeqoqo.
4. Ukwakheka kwegranulometric kwama-aggregates
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-binder kuzofinyelelwa ngezinga eligcwele uma ukwakheka kwe-granulometric kwe-aggregate kukhonkolo kuhambisana nezilinganiso eziboniswe ngesithombe esithombeni 2. Emfanekisweni 2, ijika elinwetshwe ngokugcwele lisebenza emfuleni namatshe agxotshiwe. Leli jika libonisa ukuthi ku-aggregate isiyonke, 25% kumelwe idlule esisefweni esinokuvula okungu-#0,2mm; 65% kumelwe idlule #3mm isisefo sedayamitha. Umkhawulo ongaphezulu wesamba unqunywa ngesisefo esinobubanzi obungu-#7mm.
Izindinganiso zanamuhla zokunquma ukwakheka kwe-granulometric yama-aggregates ahlukile. Kunezingxenye ezine ezihlanganisiwe: 0/4mm, 4/8 mm, 8/16mm kanye 16/31,5mm. Izigaba ezihlanganisiwe zinqunywa kuye ngenani lokukhuluphala ngokweqile kanye nezinhlamvu ezingaphansi kwesisindo.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
5. Umthelela wenani lamanzi kukhonkolo omusha
Amandla okucindezela kakhonkolo ancike kakhulu enanini lamanzi angeziwe. Inani elincane kakhulu lamanzi lapho ukhonkolo uzuza amandla aphakeme kakhulu utholakala lapho, ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa noma ukudlidliza kokhonkolo, izimpawu zokubonakala “ukujuluka” okucacile zibonakala, okungukuthi lapho kwakhiwa ungqimba oluncane lobisi lukasimende ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa. Ngokunyuka okwengeziwe kwenani lamanzi, amandla okucindezela ayancipha. Kulokhu, isici sikasimende samanzi sisendaweni yokuqala - isilinganiso sesisindo samanzi nesisindo sikasimende ukuya ku-1 m3 kakhonkolo. Isici esifanelekile sikasimende samanzi sokuzuza ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphelele 0,38 - 0,42. Empeleni, lokhu kunzima ukukufeza futhi lezi zindinganiso zitholwa ngokuhlola, kodwa ngokuqinisekile kuhloswe ngakho. Uma inani lamanzi linganele, usimende ngeke ukwazi ukugcwalisa ngokugcwele futhi ukhonkolo ngeke ufinyelele amandla aklanyelwe. Ukwengeza amanzi lapho kungadingeki futhi “kuminyanisa” ukhonkolo ukuze ungafinyeleli amandla awo okuklama. Ngemuva kokufakwa kokhonkolo, kuyadingeka ukuyinakekela njalo ezinsukwini eziyisikhombisa ezilandelayo. Ukondla kuhlanganisa ukuchelela/ukunisela indawo kakhonkolo ukuze kunxeshezelwe amanzi ahwamukile futhi usimende ukwazi ukuthela amanzi njengoba bekuhleliwe.
6. Umthelela wezinga lokushisa
Lapho wakha izakhiwo ngenkathi ebandayo, ukhonkolo kufanele ugcinwe ukuze ungabonakali ethonyeni lesithwathwa ngaphambi kokuba ukuqina kuqhubekele izinga lapho amandla okucindezela okungenani abe ngu-10 MPa. Uma le nqubo yenziwa ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi, umphumela odingekayo ungafinyelelwa kuqala ngokungeza i-antifreeze, i-accelerator, njll. I-Antifreeze ivimbela ukuqhwa kwamanzi kukhonkolo elungisiwe, futhi ama-accelerator asheshisa inqubo ye-hydration, ehamba kancane kakhulu ebusika. I-Aluminate Cement ingasetshenziswa futhi, efanelekile ikakhulukazi emisebenzini eqhwa, uma kungumbuzo wezakhiwo ezincane. Uma ukhonkolo osesimweni sokugcwala kwamanzi uvamise ukuchayeka ekuqineni okuphindaphindiwe nasekuncibilikeni (isb. esimweni sezindawo ze-hydrotechnical), khona-ke ukucekelwa phansi kungalindelwa uma ukhonkolo ekuqaleni kokuqandisa unamandla acindezelayo angaphansi kuka-15 MPa. Endabeni yokushisa okuphezulu komoya kanye nempahla, ukhonkolo kufanele uhlale umanzi futhi upholile. Kuphoqelekile futhi ukumboza inqwaba kakhonkolo omusha nganoma iyiphi into ezovimbela ukushisa kwendawo ekhonkolo. Ngaphansi kwethonya lamazinga okushisa aphezulu (ngaphezu kuka-50 °C) ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla acindezelayo kakhonkolo akubikezeleki uma ukunakekelwa kungenele.
Ukuphepha nokusebenza: uthuli lukasimende nokhonkolo omusha kungalimaza amehlo, isikhumba nendlela yokuphefumula, futhi izixube, amaphampu, izidlidlizi, ama-formwork, ama-props nezinto ezisindayo zithwala izingozi ezengeziwe zomshini. Izithasiselo azifakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, futhi izinkomba zesimo sezulu esibandayo nesifudumele azisetshenziswa ngaphandle kweresiphi egunyaziwe, amashidi obuchwepheshe, uhlelo lokuhlanganisa, okokuvikela kanye nokugadwa.
Amandla aqinile kakhonkolo
Amandla okuqina kakhonkolo ancike kakhulu kusayizi wesigaba esiphambene wezibonelo zokuhlola. Ngokwandisa isigaba esiphambanayo sezibonelo zokuhlola, kutholwe amandla aphansi wokushuba. Lapho kuhlolwa ama-prism esigaba 400 cm2, enziwe ngengxube evamile kakhonkolo oqinisiwe futhi ngemva kokuba esekhule cishe izinyanga ezintathu emoyeni onomswakama, amandla okuqinile angaba ngu-1,2-2 MPa atholiwe. Izingxube ezikhethekile zamapayipi, njll. ziye zanikela cishe ku-4 MPa nangaphezulu, uma ukujiya kwemizimba yokuhlola kuhambisana nokujiya okusetshenziswe ekusebenzeni. Ngokhonkolo ofuthwe (i-shotcrete elungiselelwe endaweni yokwakha), kufike ku-3,6 MPa kutholwe. Ukwelulwa kukakhonkolo kuya ekuhlulekeni kukalwa ngamamilimitha kokuthi 1m kutholwe kumaphakathi 0,07-0,13 mm/m.
Amandla okuqina kakhonkolo awanaki uma kuqhathaniswa namandla awo acindezelayo. Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, kusetshenziswa ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, onokuqiniswa okuklanyelwe ukuthwala amandla okungezwani kusici. Kubhekwa ukuthi ukhonkolo awuthwali lutho uma kushuba, ukuze abaklami basohlangothini lwezokuphepha. Amandla okuqina kakhonkolo aphansi ngokuphindwe kashumi kunamandla okucindezela kakhonkolo.
Amandla aqinile kakhonkolo lapho ugoba
Amandla aguquguqukayo emishayo kakhonkolo enezingxenye eziwunxande makhulu kunamandla aqinile emizimba yobukhulu obufanayo. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ukuthi i-elongation coefficient yekhonkrithi ikhula ngokushesha kunomthwalo, ukuze ukusabalalisa kokucindezeleka okucatshangwa ngendlela evamile yokubala kungabonakali. Ensikeni evezwe ekugobeni, ukucindezelwa okuphezulu kakhulu okuqinile kwenzeka kuphela endizeni yomngcele webhande eliqinile, futhi lapho umthwalo uphakathi kwe-beam ngisho nasemaphethelweni angaphandle engxenye eyodwa kuphela.
Ubukhulu bamandla aguquguqukayo wemizimba emidala yezinsuku 28, eyenziwe ngokhonkolo othambile noma owuketshezi, kutholwe ukuthi 2-6 MPa; imishayo eyenziwe ngokhonkolo ohlanganisiwe, amasampuli kakhonkolo ofuthwe kanye namasampuli kakhonkolo we-shotcrete, emidala izinyanga ezimbalwa futhi agcinwe kuqala endaweni emanzi bese esesimweni esomile, anikeze imiphumela yamandla aguqukayo we-3,2 MPa. Kumapuleti enziwe ngento efanayo agcinwe ngaphansi kwamanzi izinsuku ezingu-8, inani lamandla aguqukayo elingu-6,3 MPa.
Ukushwabana, ukuvuvukala nokunyakazisa ukhonkolo
Ukuncipha nokuvuvukala. Imifantu yokuncipha. I-Shrinkage Stresses. Uma imizimba ebambekayo egcinwe isesimweni esimanzi ibekwa lapho yomiswe, ukomiswa kuzoqala phezulu futhi kuqhubekele ngaphakathi. Ngaphandle, ukhonkolo ungacishe wome umoya ngenkathi umongo wawo usamanzi. Isendlalelo esomile sivame ukuncipha, umgogodla omanzi ngeke, noma uzoncipha kuphela ngezinga elincane. Njengomphumela walokho, emzimbeni obambekayo onjalo, izingcindezi eziqinile zivela endaweni engaphandle, kanye nezingcindezi ezicindezelayo kumongo.
Uma ingcindezi ye-tensile idlula amandla okuqina kakhonkolo, imifantu izovela ngenxa yokushwabana kungena ukujula noma ukushona phansi kuya kumongo, futhi kuvele ezindaweni zamandla aphansi. Njengoba ukomisa kuqhubeka, umongo uyancipha kancane kancane, izingcindezi eziqinile ezindaweni ezingaphandle ziyehla.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Inani le-shrinkage likakhonkolo lincike ohlotsheni lukasimende, inani likasimende, inani lamanzi ngesikhathi sokulungiswa, ekubunjweni kwe-granulometric kanye nokunwebeka kweqoqo lamatshe, kanye neminyaka yobudala, ikakhulukazi endleleni yokugcinwa nesimo sezulu, futhi ngezinga elibalulekile ebukhulu bento kakhonkolo.
Izinguquko zobude zikakhonkolo kumakholomu nemishayo evezwa ekulayisheni isikhathi eside. Ukukhasa ukhonkolo. Amakholomu ayemi ngaphansi komthwalo ovunyelwe endaweni engaphansi eyomile iminyaka emithathu, futhi enziwe ngokhonkolo wokwakheka okuvamile, ayehlale efushaniswa ngokomkhiwane.3, futhi ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezu kwamakholomu alinganayo kodwa angalayishiwe. Lokhu kuguqulwa, okwenzeka kancane kancane, ukunqoba izinga lokuncipha kokhonkolo ongalayishiwe, kubizwa ngokuthi “creep”. Izinga lokukhasa lincike ekubunjweni kokhonkolo, ubukhulu kanye nobude bomthwalo, kanye nomswakama wekhonkrithi. Ukhonkolo omanzi ukhasa ngezinga elincane kakhulu kunokhonkolo owomile, umkhiwane.4. Ukhonkolo omiswe isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuchayeka ekulayisheni ukhasa kancane ngaphansi komthwalo. Ngesikhathi sokulayisha okushubile, ukukhasa kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo nangesikhathi sokulayisha ukucindezela, umkhiwane.5.
I-creep yekhonkrithi, okungukuthi ukuvuthwa okuqhubekayo kokhonkolo ngaphansi komthwalo kubangela ukwanda kwesabelo sokuqinisa ekutholeni umthwalo ekukhoneni okuqinisiwe, okuyinto uma kwenzeka amakholomu aqiniswe kakhulu angaholela ekukhululweni okuphawulekayo kokhonkolo ngokwayo.
Fig.5.
Ukuqhekeka nokuguga: ukuncipha nokunyakazisa okukhonjiswayo akusona isisekelo esanele sokuhlola imifantu, ukuchezuka, umthamo wokuthwala noma ukuqina kwento ethile. Ukuhlolwa, imibhalo, izilinganiso kanye nezibalo kuyadingeka ekwakheni okukhona; ukwakhiwa okusha, iphrojekthi, izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, izimo zemvelo, ukulandelana kokwakhiwa kanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo ibalulekile.
Ukumelana nokushelela phakathi kokuqinisa nokhonkolo
Ukuqiniswa ekwakhiweni kukakhonkolo okuqinisiwe kufanele kubambe ngokugcwele amandla aqinile lapho ukumelana kukakhonkolo kudlula ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka ngenxa yokunciphisa ukhonkolo kanye nomthelela wamandla angaphandle. Ngenxa yale njongo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukuqinisa kungadlulisela imithwalo yayo kukhonkolo ngokusebenzisa izindawo zokuthintana nekhonkrithi, ukuze i-anchorage yokuqinisa ingaphuli ngaphansi kwemithwalo evunyelwe. I-anchoring ivikelwe izingwegwe ekupheleni kwemigoqo. Izinhlobo zemigoqo yokuqinisa ekhona, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwenziwa ngesisekelo sezimbambo eziphambene, yilezi: B500A (ibha elibushelelezi), B500B (ibha enombambo ohlangothini olulodwa) kanye ne-B500C (ibha elinezimbambo ezinhlangothini ezimbili).
Isendlalelo esiqinisayo nesivikelayo: izimpawu zomlando, incazelo yezimbambo kanye nendlela yokumisa ihange akusona isisekelo sokukhethwa noma ukuchazwa kwemininingwane yokuqiniswa kwanamuhla. Uhlobo lwensimbi, ububanzi, okuhlangene, okunamathiselwe, ukugqagqana, ibanga, ungqimba oluvikelayo nokufakwa kunqunywa iphrojekthi futhi kuqinisekiswe imibhalo elandelekayo nokulawula endaweni yokwakha.
Ukumelana nodaka lukasimende nokhonkolo okufanele kugqokwe
Izidaka ngokomkhiwane. 18 nazo zinhle kakhulu kulokhu; mayelana nokwakheka kwegranulometric, imiyalelo enikezwe ngenhla mayelana namandla okucindezela kufanele ilandelwe ngokujwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunconywa itshe elibonisa ukumelana nokugqoka kanye nomthelela. Ama-Admixtures aphikisana kakhulu kunetshe eliqinile eliqinile akhulisa ukumelana nokugqoka kokhonkolo uma enosayizi ofanele wokusanhlamvu nokuma. Ukhonkolo omanzi uguga ngokushesha kunokhonkolo owomile; umswakama izinsiza sanding.
Ukumelana nokhonkolo esimweni sezulu
Uma kudingekile ukusetha izimo zokukhiqiza ukhonkolo ongamelana nesimo sezulu, umuntu kufanele kuqala aqale ekuhlangenwe nakho okutholwe ezakhiweni ezazakhiwe ngaphambili. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe okulandelayo:
- Indlela yokukhetha itshe? - Kuvame ukuba nobunzima lapho kukhethwa itshe ngenxa yezizathu zomnotho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kudingekile ukusebenzisa itshe ukuthi, njengesihlabathi esichotshoziwe noma itshe elichotshoziwe, lingase libe isicaba futhi ngaleyo ndlela libangele ukushumeka okungalungile kokhonkolo, noma ngabe kuyitshe elinokumelana okwanele kumathonya wesimo sezulu. Kulokhu, izidingo eziqinile kufanele zibekwe, ukuthi itshe kuphela elinokumelana nesimo sezulu esihle lisetshenziselwa ukhonkolo wangaphandle
- Ingakanani usimende edingekayo ukuze ukhonkolo? - Ezindaweni ezingaphandle, ukhonkolo kufanele ungangeni emanzini ngokwanele. Ngale njongo, yini enqunywe mayelana nomthelela wokubunjwa kwe-granulometric kokhonkolo ekungeneni kwamanzi kungasetshenziswa futhi ngokusekelwe kulokho, inani elidingekayo likasimende linganqunywa. Amanani athile alungile kasimende ahluka phakathi kuka-300-350 kg nge-m3 ngayinye kakhonkolo, kodwa lokhu kungahluka kakhulu kuye kwelinye nelinye (kuncike ezintweni eziningi).
- Hlobo luni lwe-granulation futhi yiziphi izici zokwakheka kwe-granular kokhonkolo okufanele silwele? - Kuncike esimweni ngasinye - iqoqo lomfula lihle kakhulu, ukwakheka okungalingani; inhlanganisela echotshoziwe ingaba sezingeni elingcono kwezinye izici, kodwa inezinhlamvu ezibukhali ezingaba yingozi kwezinye izingxube zikakhonkolo.
- Imaphi amandla kakhonkolo adingekayo? - Lo mbuzo unzima kakhulu ukuwuphendula kunale osekuxoxwe ngayo. Ngakho-ke, zonke iziphakamiso zangaphambilini zibhekisela emathubeni alinganiselwe. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, kwenziwa izivivinyo eziningana ezibonisa ukuthi yimaphi amandla ukhonkolo okufanele abe nawo ukuze uhlale umelana nokuqandisa kwama-cyclic kanye nokuncibilika isikhathi eside. Kufinyelelwe esiphethweni sokuthi ukhonkolo, ngaphambi kokuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe ekuqandisweni nasekuncibilikeni, kufanele ubonise amandla acindezelayo okungenani angu-15 MPa. Uma ukhonkolo lucutshungulwa ngaphandle, amandla aphezulu ayadingeka; Esimeni esinjalo, kuyanconywa ukuthi unikeze okungenani 25 MPa.
- Yikuphi ukuhambisana kokhonkolo okulungile? - Ngokuqondene nokuvumelana kwekhonkrithi, okwamanje kukhona ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukhonkolo ophonsiwe, ngoba ngamanzi amaningi, kusiza ukukhishwa, imiphumela ebonakaliswa ngendlela yokuthi ungqimba oluningi noma oluncane olubiziwe lwe-fine-grained kanye nodaka olucebile luvela kungqimba ngalunye olutheliwe. Lolo daka lunamandla amancane, amandla amakhulu okumunca amanzi, njll.
- Kufanele kucatshangelwe kangakanani ukuma kwento? - Uma, isibonelo, indawo yangaphandle ilinganiswa, khona-ke iqhwa neqhwa eliningi ligcinwa engxenyeni ebalulekile yekhonkrithi kunalapho udonga luphathwa ngezindawo ezibushelelezi. Ukucwiliswa emanzini kungahlala isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke ukubanda nokuncibilika esimweni esimanzi kuvame kakhulu. Umgomo uwukugcina iqhwa, iqhwa nemfucumfucu esakhiweni kufushane ngangokunokwenzeka.
Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukhonkolo ucutshungulwa ngaphandle, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngenxa yalokho ukuvuthwa kwamanzi njengomthetho kuba phezulu futhi izingcezu ezinkulu ze-aggregate ezilele phezulu ziphulwa ngethuluzi lomsiki wamatshe. Uma ukhonkolo ophathwayo uqukethe ukuqiniswa, ukuqapha okukhethekile kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ngokwanele umphumela wokuzivikela wekhonkrithi (ungqimba oluvikelayo) ukuze kuqiniswe. Ukungena kwamanzi kukhonkolo kungavinjelwa ngezinga elithile ngokumboza/izithasiselo.
Ukuqina akunqunywa ngevelu eyodwa: ukuchayeka emanzini, kwisithwathwa, usawoti, ukuguga kanye nesenzo samakhemikhali kudinga ukukhethwa okudidiyelwe kwezinto zokwakha, ungqimba oluyisivikelo oluklanyelwe, ukufakwa nokunakekelwa okulawulwayo, ukugeleza kwamanzi okuxazululiwe, ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa okuvamile. Isengezo noma isithasiselo sodwa asikwazi ukunxephezela ukwakheka okungalungile, ukufakwa okungalungile, ukuqhekeka, ungqimba olunganele lokuvikela noma ukugcinwa kwamanzi okungaxazululiwe.