Ugcino lweeNkcukacha zoLondolozo lweeNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo: Eli nqaku ligcina iingxelo zembali, iitheyibhile kunye nemizobo malunga nodaka lwesamente kunye nekhonkrithi, kodwa ayilulo uyilo oluxubeneyo, ukucaciswa kwemathiriyeli, isicwangciso sekhonkrithi, ubalo lwesakhiwo, isikhokelo sovavanyo okanye uvandlakanyo lwento ekhoyo. Ukubunjwa, iipropathi, iklasi yokuvezwa, ukuhambelana, indlela yofakelo, ukhathalelo, ulawulo lomgangatho kunye nexabiso loyilo kufuneka limiselwe ziingcali ezinoxanduva ngokwento ethile, izixhobo ezichaziweyo kunye nemigangatho esebenzayo.
Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala liyindawo yogcino lwembali kwaye alibonisi isithembiso sokuyila, ukuvelisa, ukuvavanya okanye ukwenza izakhiwo eziphathekayo.
Idatha gabalala
Ukubunjwa kodaka lwesamente okanye ukubunjwa kwekhonkrithi yentsika, isakhiwo se-mezzanine eqinisiweyo, i-concrete element ecutshungulwayo, i-sidewalk slab, i-arch ibhulorho okanye indlela yekhonkrithi, iya kuqwalaselwa ukuba iyanelisa, njengomthetho, ukuba into yokwakha ekuthethwa ngayo yenziwe kunye neyona nto incinci yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nomsebenzi ngendlela ehlala ngokwaneleyo kwaye ifanele injongo. Yintoni ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo isigxina kwaye ifanele injongo kufuneka ichazwe kwimeko-nge-case-case basis: ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, kuyimfuneko ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iipropati udaka kunye nekhonkrithi kufuneka zibe nazo ngokubhekiselele kumandla okucindezelayo, amandla aguquguqukayo, ukuchasana nemozulu, ukungangeni kwamanzi, njl. Kukho imiyalelo emininzi eyahlukeneyo yale nto kwimimiselo yesakhiwo, kunye nokulinganiselwa kwamanani amaninzi.
Umsebenzi wekontraka yokwakha kukuqinisekisa ukuba ixabiso lepropati nganye liyahlangabezana namaxabiso afunekayo. Iimpawu zekhonkrithi zinokuphenjelelwa kakhulu ukuba ulwazi olukhoyo namhlanje luyasetyenziswa.
Iimeko zokwenza ikhonkrithi eneempawu ezifanayo
Ukuba amandla oxinzelelo lwento yokwakha emva kweentsuku ze-28 kufuneka ibe 40 MPa, okanye ukuba ikhonkrithi yesakhiwo sepavement kufuneka ukuba amandla aguquguqukayo emva kweentsuku ze-28 kufuneka abe 4,5 MPa, ngoko ke la maxabiso alinganiselwe kufuneka angagqithiswa kuyo nayiphi na indawo; ixabiso elisezantsi lomda linokuba kufutshane nexabiso lemeko. Ukuba imida emincinci idibene ngexesha lokwenziwa kwento, ngcono ikontraki yenza umsebenzi wakhe. Kuyingozi kakhulu ukuba amaxabiso amiselweyo asilela kakhulu kwezinye-nokuba zimbalwa iindawo.
IiNqobo zeMbali kunye neeResiphi: Amanani, ulungelelwaniso, amanqaku, iinkqubo zokhathalelo kunye nemida engezantsi iye yakhutshelwa kwinqaku lokuqala ukuze kulondolozwe umxholo. Akufunekanga zisetyenziswe njengeresiphi yangoku, indlela yokwamkelwa okanye endaweni yoyilo lomxube, uvavanyo lwaselabhoratri, izibhengezo zemathiriyeli, isicwangciso sobuchwepheshe kunye nemimiselo esebenzayo.
Amandla acinezelayo odaka lwesamente kunye nesamente
Ubungakanani bamandla oxinzelelo ubukhulu becala buxhomekeke kwiipropati zesamente, ubungakanani besamente, ubungakanani kunye nokwakhiwa kwesanti kunye ne-aggregate, ubungakanani bamanzi kwikhonkrithi ngexesha lofakelo, indlela yokufakela, njl.
Itheyibhile 1. Impembelelo yesixa se-aggregate kwisixa esifanayo sodaka.
1. isamente
Amandla okuxinzelela kodaka lwesamente kunye nekhonkrithi agqitywe ngokuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kwaye achazwa yimimiselo.
2. Isixa sesamente
Ngokutsho komkhiwane. 1a, amandla oxinzelelo ayanda ngokunyuka kwexabiso le-samente ukuba umlinganiselo womdaka kwikhonkrithi uhlala ufana, ngelixa inani le-samente kumdaka linyuka kwaye ukuhambelana kwekhonkrithi kugcinwa ngokungaguqukiyo. Ukuba isixa sodaka sihlala singatshintshi kwaye kuphela isixa se-aggregate sinyuka okanye siyancipha, amandla aya kutshintsha kancinci nje ukuba isixa sodaka sanele ukuqulatha zonke iinkozo ezihlanganisiweyo. Amandla oxinzelelo lwekhonkrithi akayi kunyuka ngokungapheliyo ngokunyuka kwexabiso le-samente - kuphela ukuya kumda othile. Emva kwaloo mda, ukunyuka kwamandla kuya kuba yinto engabalulekanga ngokumalunga nexabiso, eliya kunyuka kakhulu ngokunyuka kwesamente. Elona nani liphezulu lesamente ye-1 m3 ikhonkrithi ngu-300-350 kg.
Itheyibhile 2. Impembelelo yesixa sesanti kwikhonkrithi.
3. Isixa sodaka kwikhonkrithi
Amandla oxinzelelo lwekhonkrithi anqunywe ngamandla omdaka, njengoko kuqinisekiswa ngamatheyibhile 1 kunye 2. Oku kusebenza kuphela ukuba amandla e-aggregate mkhulu kunamandla odaka kwaye ukuba isixa sodaka sanele ukugquma ngokubanzi iinkozo ezirhabaxa zeaggregate.
4. Ukwakheka kwegranulometric yeeaggregates
Ukusetyenziswa kwesibophelelo kuya kufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukubunjwa kwegranulometri yee-aggregates kwikhonkrithi ihambelana nomlinganiselo oboniswe kwigraphical kumfanekiso 2. KuMzobo 2, igophe elandiswe ngokupheleleyo lisebenza kumlambo kunye neegrabile ezityumkileyo. Eli jiko libonisa ukuba kwi-aggregate iyonke, 25% kufuneka idlule kwisefu ngokuvula #0,2mm; 65% kufuneka idlule kwi #3mm isihluzo sedayamitha. Umda ophezulu we-aggregate ugqitywe ngesefu kunye nobubanzi be #7mm.
Imigangatho yanamhlanje yokumisela ukubunjwa kwegranulometric yee-aggregates yahlukile. Kukho amaqhezu amane adibeneyo: 0/4mm, 4/8 mm, 8/16mm kunye 16/31,5mm. Iindidi ezidityanisiweyo zimiselwa ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bobunzima obugqithisileyo kunye neenkozo ezingaphantsi.
Ikhiwane. 1.
Ikhiwane. 2.
5. Impembelelo yesixa samanzi kwikonkrithi entsha
Amandla oxinzelelo lwekhonkrithi axhomekeke kubungakanani bamanzi abongeziweyo. Umlinganiselo omncinci wamanzi apho ikhonkrithi ifikelela khona amandla aphezulu ifunyenwe xa, ngexesha lokuxinwa okanye ukungcangcazela kwekhonkrithi, iimpawu zokubonakala ngokucacileyo “ukubila” kubonakala, oko kukuthi xa ubisi oluncinci lobisi lwesamente lwenziwa ngexesha lokudibanisa. Ngokunyuka okungaphezulu komthamo wamanzi, amandla oxinzelelo ayancipha. Kule meko, indawo ye-samente yamanzi kwindawo yokuqala - umlinganiselo wobunzima bamanzi kunye nobuninzi besamente ukuya kwi-1 m3 yekhonkrithi. Eyona nto ilungileyo ye-samente yamanzi yokufezekisa i-hydration epheleleyo ngu-0,38 - 0,42. Enyanisweni, oku kunzima ukufezekisa kwaye la maxabiso athathwe ngokulinga, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ijoliswe kuyo. Ukuba ubungakanani bamanzi abunelanga, i-samente ayiyi kukwazi ukukhupha ngokupheleleyo kwaye ikhonkrithi ayiyi kufikelela kumandla alungiselelwe. Ukongeza amanzi xa kungadingekiyo kwakhona “kukhupha” ikhonkrithi ukwenzela ukuba ingafikeleli kumandla ayo oyilo. Emva kokufakwa kwekhonkrithi, kuyimfuneko ukuyinyamekela rhoqo kwiintsuku ezisixhenxe ezizayo. Ukondla kubandakanya ukutshiza/ukunkcenkceshela umphezulu wekhonkrithi ukuze ubuyekeze amanzi angumphunga kwaye isamente ikwazi ukumanzisa njengoko bekucwangcisiwe.
6. Isiphumo sobushushu
Xa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwixesha elibandayo, ikhonkrithi kufuneka igcinwe ukwenzela ukuba ingabonakali kwimpembelelo yeqabaka ngaphambi kokuba ukuqina kuqhubele phambili kwinqanaba lokuba amandla oxinzelelo ubuncinane 10 MPa. Ukuba le nkqubo iqhutywe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, umphumo oyimfuneko unokufumaneka okokuqala ngokudibanisa i-antifreeze, i-accelerator, njl. I-Antifreeze ithintela ukukhenkcezwa kwamanzi kwikhonkrithi elungiselelwe, kunye ne-accelerators isantya senkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi, ecotha ngokugqithiseleyo ebusika. I-samente ye-aluminate nayo ingasetyenziselwa, eyona nto ifanelekileyo ekusebenzeni kwiqhwa, ukuba ngumbuzo wezakhiwo ezincinci. Ukuba ikhonkrithi kwindawo egcwele amanzi ihlala ibonakaliswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukukhenkcezwa kunye nokunyibilika (umzekelo kwimeko yezibonelelo ze-hydrotechnical), ngoko ukutshatyalaliswa kunokulindeleka ukuba ikhonkrithi ekuqaleni kokukhenkceza inamandla oxinzelelo olungaphantsi kwe-15 MPa. Kwimeko yokushisa okuphezulu komoya kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, ikhonkrithi kufuneka ihlale imanzi kwaye ipholile. Kwakhona kunyanzelekile ukugubungela ubunzima obutsha bekhonkrithi ngayo nayiphi na into eya kuthintela ukufudumeza komhlaba wekhonkrithi. Ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zamaqondo okushisa aphezulu (ngaphezulu kwe-50 °C) uphuhliso lwamandla oxinzelelo lwekhonkrithi aluqikeleleki ukuba ukhathalelo alwanelanga.
Ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza: uthuli lwesamente kunye nekhonkrithi entsha inokonakalisa amehlo, ulusu kunye nomgudu wokuphefumula, kwaye i-mixers, iimpompo, i-vibrators, i-formwork, iipropu kunye nezinto ezinzima zithwala imingcipheko eyongezelelweyo yomatshini. Izongezo azidityaniswa ngokuthandabuzekayo, okanye izalathiso zemozulu ebandayo kunye nemozulu eshushu azisetyenziswa ngaphandle kweresiphi evunyiweyo, amaxwebhu obugcisa, isicwangciso sekhonkrithi, izixhobo zokukhusela kunye nolongamelo.
Ukuqina kwekonkrithi
Ukuqina kokuqina kwekhonkrithi ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke kubungakanani becandelo lomnqamlezo wesampulu zovavanyo. Ngokwandisa i-cross-section ye-specimens yovavanyo, amandla aphantsi afunyenwe. Xa uphonononga iiprism zecandelo400 cm2, ezazenziwe ngomxube oqhelekileyo wekonkile eqinisiweyo nasemva kokuba zineminyaka emalunga neenyanga ezintathu kumoya ofumileyo, zafumana amandla okuqina amalunga.1,2-2 MKulungile. Imixube ekhethekileyo yemibhobho, njl4 MKwaye nangaphezulu, ukuba ubukhulu bemizimba yovavanyo buhambelana nobukhulu obusetyenziswa ekusebenzeni. Kuba ikhonkrithi etshiziweyo (i-shotcrete eyenziwe kwindawo yokwakha) yafunyanwa ukuya kuthi ga3,6 MKulungile. Ukwandiswa kwekhonkrithi ukuya kukusilela okulinganiswa ngeemilimitha kwi1mkwafunyaniswa ukuba ngumndilili0,07-0,13 mm/m.
Ukuqina kokuqina kwekhonkrithi akunanto xa kuthelekiswa namandla ayo acinezelayo. Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko, kusetyenziswa ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo, enokuqiniswa okwenzelwe ukuthwala imikhosi yoxinzelelo kwi-element. Kucatshangelwa ukuba ikhonkrithi ayithwali nantoni na kwi-tension, ukwenzela ukuba abaqulunqi basecaleni lokhuseleko. Amandla okuqina kwekhonkrithi angaphantsi ngokuphindwe kashumi kunokomelela koxinzelelo lwekhonkrithi.
Ukuqina kwekhonkrithi xa ugoba
Amandla okugoba eemitha zekhonkrithi enamacandelo axande mkhulu kunamandla okuqina emizimba yobukhulu obufanayo. Oku kuqala ngenxa yokuba i-elongation coefficient yekhonkrithi ikhula ngokukhawuleza kunomthwalo, ukwenzela ukuba ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo oluthathwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo yokubala aluqapheli. Kwi-beam evezwe ukugoba, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-tensile lwenzeka kuphela kwiplani yomda webhanti egxininisiweyo, kwaye xa umthwalo uphakathi komqadi nakwicala elingaphandle lecandelo elinye.
Ubukhulu bamandla aguquguqukayo eentsuku 28 imizimba emidala, eyenziwe ngekhonkrithi ethambileyo okanye engamanzi, ifunyenwe 2-6 MPa; Imiqadi eyenziwe ngekhonkrithi edityanisiweyo, iisampulu zekhonkrithi etshiziweyo kunye neesampulu zekhonkrithi edubulayo, indala kangangeenyanga eziliqela kwaye igcinwe kuqala kwindawo emanzi kwaye emva koko ikwimeko eyomileyo, yanika iziphumo zamandla aguquguqukayo e-3,2 MPa. Kwiipleyiti ezenziwe ngezinto ezifanayo ezigcinwe phantsi kwamanzi iintsuku 8, ixabiso lamandla e-flexural 6,3 MPa.
Ukucutheka, ukudumba kunye nokurhubuluza kwekhonkrithi
Ukuncipha kunye nokudumba. Iintanda zokushwabana. I-Shrinkage Stresses. Ukuba imizimba ebambekayo egcinwe kwindawo emanzi ibekwe elubala ekomisweni, ukomiswa kuya kuqala kumphezulu kwaye kuqhubele phambili ukuya ngaphakathi. Ngaphandle, ikhonkrithi inokuphantse yome umoya ngelixa umbindi wayo usafumile. Uluhlu olomileyo luvame ukuncipha, ingundoqo emanzi ayiyi, okanye iya kuncipha kuphela kwinqanaba elincinci. Ngenxa yoko, kumzimba onjalo wekhonkrithi, uxinzelelo luvela kumphezulu ongaphandle, kunye noxinzelelo olucinezelayo kumbindi.
Ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-tensile ludlula amandla okuqina ekhonkrithi, iintanda ziya kuvela ngenxa yokushwabana okugqobhoza nzulu okanye kumbindi ukuya kumbindi, kwaye kubonakale kwiindawo zamandla asezantsi. Njengoko ukoma kuqhubela phambili, undoqo uya ucutheka kancinci kancinci, uxinzelelo lwe-tensile kumphezulu ongaphandle luyehla.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Ubungakanani shrinkage yekhonkrithi kuxhomekeke kuhlobo isamente, isixa sesamente, ubungakanani amanzi ngexesha lokulungiselela, kwi ukwakheka granulometric kunye nokunwebeka aggregate yamatye, kwakunye nobudala, ingakumbi kwindlela yokugcina kunye nemozulu, kwaye ukuya kumlinganiselo obalulekileyo kwimilinganiselo yekhonkrithi element.
Utshintsho olude lwekhonkrithi kwiikholamu kunye nemiqadi evezwe kumthwalo wexesha elide. I-Concrete creep. Iikholomu ezimi phantsi komthwalo ovumelekileyo kwindawo eyomileyo yangaphantsi iminyaka emithathu, kwaye zenziwe ngekhonkrithi yokwakheka okuqhelekileyo, zazihlala zifutshane ngokomkhiwane.3, kwaye ngokubalulekileyo ngaphezu kweentsika ezilinganayo kodwa ezingalayishwanga. Olu tshintsho lwenzeka ngokucothayo, ukoyisa iqondo lokucutheka kwekhonkrithi engalayishwanga, ibizwa ngokuba yi “creep”. Iqondo lokunyuka lixhomekeke ekubunjweni kwekhonkrithi, ubungakanani kunye nobude bomthwalo, kunye nomswakama wekhonkrithi. Ikhonkrithi emanzi ikhwela kwinqanaba elincinci kunekhonkrithi eyomileyo, umkhiwane.4. Ikhonkrithi eyomisiweyo ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuvezwa kumthwalo irhubuluza nje kancinci phantsi komthwalo. Ngexesha lokulayishwa koxinzelelo, i-creep iyenzeka kwinqanaba elifanayo njengoko ngexesha lokulayishwa koxinzelelo, umkhiwane.5.
I-creep yekhonkrithi, oko kukuthi ukuvunwa rhoqo kwekhonkrithi phantsi komthwalo kubangela ukwanda kwesabelo sokuqiniswa ekufumaneni umthwalo kwikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, kwimeko yeentsika eziqiniswe kakhulu zingakhokelela ekukhululweni okukhulu kwekhonkrithi ngokwayo.
Ikhiwane.5.
Ukuqhekeka kunye nokukhubazeka: ukucutheka kunye neendlela ezirhubuluzayo ezibonisiweyo aziyosiseko saneleyo sokuvavanya iintanda, ukuphambuka, ukuthwala umthamo okanye ukuqina kwento ethile. Uhlolo, uxwebhu, imilinganiselo nezibalo ziyafuneka kulwakhiwo olukhoyo; kulwakhiwo olutsha, iprojekthi, iipropati eziphathekayo, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ukulandelelana kolwakhiwo kunye nemimiselo esebenzayo ifanelekile.
Ukumelana nokutyibilika phakathi kokuqiniswa kunye nekhonkrithi
Ukuqiniswa kwizakhiwo zekhonkrithi eziqiniweyo kufuneka zifunxe ngokupheleleyo amandla okuqina xa ukuchasana kwekhonkrithi kugqithiswa ngexesha loxinzelelo ngenxa yokunciphisa ikhonkrithi kunye nefuthe lemikhosi yangaphandle. Ngenxa yale njongo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqiniswa kunokudlulisa imithwalo yayo kwikhonkrithi ngokusebenzisa iindawo zoqhagamshelwano kunye nekhonkrithi, ukwenzela ukuba i-anchorage yokuqinisa ingaphuli phantsi kwemithwalo evunyelwe. I-anchoring ikhuselwe ngamagwegwe ekupheleni kwemivalo. Iindidi zemivalo yokuqinisa ekhoyo, kwaye ulwahlulo lwenziwa ngesiseko seembambo ezinqamlezileyo, zezi: B500A (ibha egudileyo), B500B (ibha enembambo kwicala elinye) kunye neB500C (ibha enembambo kumacala amabini).
Ukomelezwa kunye nokhuseleko lomaleko: iimpawu zembali, inkcazo yeembambo kunye nendlela yokuqinisa ayisosiseko sokhetho okanye iinkcukacha zokuqiniswa kwanamhlanje. Uhlobo lwensimbi, ububanzi, i-joint, i-anchoring, i-overlap, umgama, umaleko okhuselayo kunye nofakelo lunqunywe yiprojekthi kwaye luqinisekiswe ngamaxwebhu anokulandelwa kunye nokulawula kwindawo yokwakha.
Ukumelana nodaka lwesamente kunye nekhonkrithi ukunxitywa
Udaka ngokomkhiwane. 18 zikwalungile ngokukodwa ngokumalunga noku; ngokubhekiselele kukwakheka kwegranulometric, imiyalelo enikwe ngasentla malunga namandla oxinzelelo kufuneka ilandelwe ngokubanzi. Ukongezelela, ilitye elibonisa ukuchasana okuphezulu kokugqoka kunye nefuthe liyanconywa. I-Admixtures exhathisayo ngaphezu kwelitye elinzima elilungileyo kwandisa ukunyanzeliswa kwekhonkrithi ukuba inobungakanani obuziinkozo obufanelekileyo kunye nokumila. Ikhonkrithi emanzi iguga ngokukhawuleza kunekhonkrithi eyomileyo; ukufuma kunceda isanti.
Ukuchasa ikhonkrithi kwimozulu
Xa kuyimfuneko ukubeka iimeko zokuveliswa kwekhonkrithi ehambelana nemozulu, umntu kufuneka aqale kuqala ukusuka kumava afunyenwe kwizakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphambili. Okokuqala, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe oku kulandelayo:
- Indlela yokukhetha ilitye? - Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho ubunzima xa ukhetha ilitye ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho, nokuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ilitye elifana nesanti echotshoziweyo okanye ilitye elichotshoziweyo, liya kuba licwecwe kwaye ngaloo ndlela libangele ukufakwa okungahambi kakuhle kwekhonkrithi, okanye nokuba ilitye elinokumelana okunganeleyo kwimpembelelo yemozulu. Kule nkalo, iimfuno eziqinileyo kufuneka zibekwe, ukuba ilitye kuphela elinokumelana nemozulu elungileyo lisetyenziselwa ikhonkrithi yangaphandle
- Ubungakanani besamente obufunekayo ukwenza ikhonkrithi? - Kwimigangatho yangaphandle, ikhonkrithi kufuneka ingabi namanzi ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yale njongo, yintoni egqitywe malunga nefuthe lokubunjwa kwe-granulometric yekhonkrithi kwi-permeability yamanzi ingasetyenziselwa kwaye isekelwe kuloo nto, inani elifunekayo le-samente linokumiselwa. Ezinye izixa ezizezona zilungileyo zoluhlu lwesamente phakathi kwe-300-350 kg ngem3 yekhonkrithi, kodwa oku kunokwahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwimeko ukuya kwimeko (kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi).
- Luhlobo luni lwe-granulation kwaye zeziphi iimpawu zokwakheka kwe-granular yekhonkrithi esifanele sizabalazele? - Kuxhomekeke kwimeko nganye - i-aggregate yomlambo ithandeka ngakumbi, ukwakheka okungalinganiyo; iaggregate etyunyuziweyo inokuba yeyomgangatho ongcono kwezinye iinkalo, kodwa ineenkozo ezibukhali ezinokuba yingozi kweminye imixube yekhonkrithi.
- Ngawaphi amandla ekhonkrithi afunekayo? - Lo mbuzo kunzima kakhulu ukuwuphendula kunale esele ixoxiwe. Ke ngoko, zonke iziphakamiso zangaphambili zibhekisa kumathuba anyiniweyo. Ukuze kusonjululwe le ngxaki, iimvavanyo ezininzi zenziwa ezibonisa ukuba yeyiphi na amandla ekhonkrithi ekufuneka ibenayo ukuze uhlale uxhathisa umkhenkce womkhenkce kunye nokunyibilika ixesha elide. Kwagqitywa ukuba ikhonkrithi, ngaphambi kokuba ibonakaliswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiqhwa kunye nokunyibilika, kufuneka ibonise amandla oxinzelelo ubuncinane 15 MPa. Ukuba ikhonkrithi icutshungulwa ngaphandle, amandla aphezulu afunekayo; kwimeko enjalo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba unikeze okungenani 25 MPa.
- Yiyiphi ukuhambelana kwekhonkrithi efanelekileyo? - Ngokuphathelele ukuhambelana kwekhonkrithi, okwangoku kukho ukuqonda ukuba umntu kufuneka alumke ngekhonkrithi etyhidiweyo, ekubeni ngobuninzi bayo bamanzi, inceda ukukhupha, iziphumo ezibonakaliswa ngendlela engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi kwe-fine-grained kunye nodaka olutyebileyo lwamanzi lubonakala kumaleko ngamnye othululwayo. Olo daka lunamandla amancinci, amandla amakhulu okufunxa amanzi, njl.
- Ingaba imilo yento kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kangakanani? - Ukuba, umzekelo, umgangatho wangaphandle uhlelwe, ke ikhephu kunye neqhwa elingaphezulu ligcinwa kwindawo ebalulekileyo yekhonkrithi kunokuba xa udonga luphathwa ngeendawo ezigudileyo. Ukucwina kunokuhlala ixesha elide, kwaye ngoko ke ukukhenkceza kunye nokunyibilika kwimeko emanzi kuxhaphake kakhulu. Injongo kukugcina ikhephu, umkhenkce kunye nenkunkuma kwisakhiwo sifutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Kwimeko apho ikhonkrithi icutshungulwa ngaphandle, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngenxa yoko ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi njengomthetho kuya kuba phezulu kwaye iinqununu ezinkulu ezilele phezu komhlaba ziyaphulwa kunye nesixhobo somsiki wamatye. Ukuba ikhonkrithi ephathwayo iqulethe ukuqiniswa, isilumkiso esikhethekileyo sifunekayo ukugcina ngokwaneleyo umphumo wokukhusela wekhonkrithi (ungqimba olukhuselayo) lokuqiniswa. Ukungena kwamanzi kwikhonkrithi kunokuthintelwa kwinqanaba elithile ngokugquma / izongezo.
** Ukuqina akunqunywanga ngexabiso elilodwa: ** ukubonakaliswa kwamanzi, iqhwa, iityuwa, ukuguga kunye nokukrazula kunye nesenzo sekhemikhali kufuna ukukhethwa okucwangcisiweyo kwezinto eziphathekayo, umaleko okhuselekileyo owenziweyo, ukufakwa okulawulwayo kunye nokunyamekela, ukuchithwa kwamanzi okusombululweyo, ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa. I-coating okanye i-additives yodwa ayinakuhlawulela ukubunjwa okungalunganga, ukufakwa okungahambi kakuhle, ukuqhekeka, ukungabikho ngokwaneleyo kokukhusela okanye ukugcinwa kwamanzi okungasonjululwanga.