Te whakatau i ngā rohe Atterberg
Ka whakamārama mātou i ngā whakamātautau mō te whakatau i te rohe rerenga, te rohe kirihou me te rohe kumea-iti, he mea tino nui i te mīkanika oneone. Ka whakahaerehia ēnei whakamātautau katoa ki runga i ngā tauira kua whakararuraru ʻia o te oneone herea.
Whakamātau whakatau i te rohe rerenga
Mō tēnei whakamātau ka tangohia tata ki te 200 p o te oneone i te āhua mākū ā-taiao, kāore he kākano neke atu i te 0,5 mm te whānui, nā reira ka whakararuraru i te tika o ngā hua o te whakamātau. Kaua te tauira e whakamaroketia ki te kōhua whakamaroke, engari me waiho tonu ki roto i te kapu poroselaina me te wai kua tātaritia, ā, me noho ki reira mō ētahi hāora kia tino makuku. Mō te kirikiri uku e iti ake ana te taupū kirihou IP i te 20, e pā tata ana te wā whakamakuku ki te 4 hāora, mō te uku e nui ake ana te IP i te 20 ki te 18 hāora. Ka mutu, ka whakawhitia te tauira kua whakamakukutia ki tētahi papa karāhe, ā, mā te maripi taiwhanga e tino whakaranu, kia puta he whakapiri mātotoru, he ōrite te hanganga. Mēnā ka kitea he matūriki nui ake i te 0,5 mm, ka tangohia ēnei i te wā e whakaranu ana.
Ka ringihia te tauira kua rite pērā ki te kapu parahi o te pūrere a Casagrande mō te whakatau i te rohe rerenga (wh. 1), e kīia nei i ā mātou taiwhanga ko te treskalica a Casagrande.
Wh. 1. Te taputapu a Cassagrande mō te whakatau i te rohe rere
Kei roto te taputapu i tētahi oko parahi, ka whakaurua ki roto i te taputapu mā tētahi hononga motuhake, he tūāpapa rapa mārō, he kairereke i te wāhanga o runga me tētahi kakau mō te huri, ā, ka piki ake te kairereke ki te teitei o 1 cm, nā konei ka taka te oko, ka tukituki ki te tūāpapa (sl. 1a). Kua whakataungia ngā rahi o te taputapu. Hei tua atu, kei reira anō he maripi āhua motuhake, he tino tautuhia ōna rahi (sl. 1b).
Ka whakāritea te tauira kua kōrapa ki roto i te peihana parahi mā te maripi kia tino papatahi te mata o te tauira, ā, kia hipokina e te tauira he iti ake i te haurua o te wāhanga o mua o te peihana, me te mea hoki ko tōna teitei i runga ake i te wāhi raro rawa o te papa o te peihana kia tata ki 12 mm. Kātahi ka whakakāngia te peihana ki roto i te pūrere, ā, mā te maripi āhua ka tapahia he awaawa ki waenganui kia tino tika te rere, ā, kia kitea te papa parahi o te peihana, e tutuki ai mā te toia tupato i te maripi kia poutū ki te papa o te peihana. Me tata ki 40 mm te roa o te awaawa. Tīmata tonu te huri i te kakau o te pūrere i te tere o 2 hurihanga ia hēkona, ā, i taua wā ka tatauria ngā patunga o te peihana ki te tūāpapa, ka mātakina te awaawa, nā te mea ka whāiti te awaawa i raro i ngā patunga o te peihana ki te tūāpapa, i te mea ka neke ngā wāhanga kua tapahia o te tauira, ā, ka whai kia hono anō. Ka roa te huri i te kakau o te pūrere kia hono ai te awaawa i te roa o 10 mm. Ka tutuki tērā, ka mutu te huri anō i te kakau, ā, ka tangohia tonu atu mā te maripi te tauira i te nui tata ki 2 cm3 mai i te wāhi huri noa i te awaawa kua hono, mai i ngā taha e rua, ka whakatakotoria ki ngā karāhe mataaratanga, ā, ka whakatauria te haumākū o te oneone.
Ka tāruaruatia tēnei whakamātau 3-4 ngā wā i te ara kotahi, engari ia wā he rerekē te makuku, ā, ka tutuki tēnei mēnā ka whakaranu tuatahi te tauira ki tētahi rahinga wai iti, kātahi ka tāpirihia he wai mō ngā whakamātau e toe ana. I muri i ia whakamātau kua oti, ka ringihia te tauira ki runga i tētahi papa karāhe, ā, ka tāpirihia he wai iti, ka tino whakaranu, kia whiwhi ai he papatipu pākū, ōrite, ā, ia wā he māmā ake te rere.
Mō te whakahaere i te whakamātautau, kaua te pāreti kua oti te whakarite e tino mātotoru, e tino wai rānei, nā te mea kāore e puta te tika e hiahiatia ana mō tēnei whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga kōture o te oneone e tino tawhiti ana i te rohe rerenga. Ko te tikanga ka whakaaetia, mēnā he iti iho te maha o ngā patuki i te 10 he nui ake rānei i te 50, kua kore te whakamātautau i tutuki, engari e kīia ana he pai ake te tika o te whakamātautau mēnā ko te whānui o ēnei rohe ko 10-40 ngā patuki.
E kīia ana, e ai ki tētahi tikanga, i ia wā ka mutu te huri o te kakau kia hono ai te riu i te roa o te 1 cm ka whakakotahingia tonutia te tauira i te oko parāhi mā te naihi, ka whakairihia anō te mata o te tauira i roto i te oko, ka tapahia he riu hou, kātahi ka hurihia te kakau o te taputapu. Ka tāruaruatia tēnei tukanga kia tae rā anō ki te whiwhi toru wā i te tatau ōrite o ngā pānga i te wā e hono ana te riu i te roa o te 1 cm, ā, ko taua tau ka whakamahia mō te tukanga anō i te whakatau i te rohe rere. Ka whakaaturia ngā hua o te whakamātautau ki te kauwhata i te weheruatanga semilogarithmic (sl. 2). Ki te tuaka abscissa ka tuhia te tatau o ngā pānga i te weheruatanga logarithmic, ā, ki te tuaka ordinate ka tuhia te nui o te wai hei ōrau o te taumaha maroke o te tauira i te weheruatanga pāngarau noa. Nā te rerekē o te nui o te wai w i ia whakamātautau, ka riro mai ngā wāhi A, B, C me D, e hāngai ana ki te rerekē o te tatau pānga, ā, he iti ake te tatau pānga mēnā he nui ake te wai, ā, he huripoki. Mā te hono i ēnei wāhi ka puta he raina tōraro, ā, kei runga i taua raina ka kimi i te wāhi M mō ngā 25 pānga. Ko te nui o te wai e hāngai ana ki taua wāhi ka whakaaetia hei rohe rere wL.
Sl. 2. Whakataunga o te rohe rerenga
Te whakatau i te rohe kirihou
Ko te tauira oneone i whakaritea pēnei i tā runga ake nei te whakaahuatanga, engari he iti ake te wai, kia noho hei papatipu kirihou e āhua uaua-kirihou ana, ka whakakotahitia hei poi tata ki 2-3 cm3, kātahi ka hurihia ki te kapu o te ringa ki runga i tētahi papa pepa noa, pepa mimiti rānei, kia noho hei rārangi porotakaroa matotoru 3 mm. Ki te taea te hurihuri i te tauira kia tae ki taua matotoru me te kore whati, ka whakakotahitia anō hei poi, ā, ka hurihia anō pēnei tonu. Ka whakahuatia tēnei tukanga kia tae rā anō ki te wā ka tīmata te rārangi te whati i te matotoru o 3 mm. Kātahi ka whakatakotoria ngā rārangi kua whati ki runga karāhe mataaratanga, ā, ka whakatauria te nui o te wai. Ko taua nui o te wai, e whakaaturia ana hei ōrau o te taumaha maroke o te tauira, e hāngai ana ki te rohe kirihou wP.
Te whakatau i te pae mimiti
Whakaahua. 3. Te whakatau i te rohe o te mimiti
Ka konatunatua te tauira oneone ki te wai maturuturu i runga i te huarahi i kōrerotia i raro i te Whakamātau whakatau i te rohe rerenga, kia tata te ōritenga ki te rohe rerenga, i te wā kua kī katoa ngā kōhao i te wai. Ka oti he pōro, ka waiho kia maroke tuatahi i te hau, kātahi ki te rūma whakamaroke i te 105°C. E hiahiatia ana tēnei raupapatanga whakamaroketanga kia karo ai i ngā pakaru ki te tauira kua maroke, ka whakararuraru i te whakamātau. I te tīmatanga tonu ka inea te taumaha W1 o te tauira, ā, ka whakatauria tōna rōrahi V1 mā te whakamātau rukuhanga ki te mēkuri; kātahi ka whakamaroketia anō ki te hau, ā, muri iho ki te rūma whakamaroke, me te tango tauira ā-wā, te whakamātao i te kaiwhakamaroke, me te ine i tōna taumaha W2, W3, W4 me ērā atu, me te rōrahi V2, V3, V4 me ērā atu. Mā tēnei ara ka kitea, i tētahi tū ā-mākū anō, ka mutu te heke o te rōrahi o te tauira ahakoa kei te heke tonu tōna taumaha nā te whakamaroketanga. Mēnā he wai kē te whakakī o te tauira i tōna āhua tuatahi, arā kāore he hau i roto i ngā kōhao, ka rite tata te ngaronga wai nā te whakamaroketanga o te tauira tae noa ki te rohe kōmitimiti ki te hekenga o tōna rōrahi. Muri iho ka haere tonu te whakamaroketanga me te kore e ine i te rōrahi, kia tino maroke rawa te tauira, arā kia pūmau te taumaha. Kātahi ka whakatauria te nui o te wai hei ōrau o te taumaha maroke o te tauira mō ia inenga o te rōrahi me te taumaha o te tauira, ā, ka whakatakotoria ngā hua o te whakamātau ki te hoahoa (āhua 3). Mā konei ka puta ngā ira A, B, C, D me E, ka hono, ā, i te nuinga o te wā ka puta he rārangi he kōpiko koi tōna whati i te rohe o te rohe kōmitimiti. I te ira whati S ka whiwhi te haumākū w e hāngai ana ki te rohe kōmitimiti _W_S.
Te whakatau i te mahi ā-kapirirete
Ka whakahaerehia te whakamātautau mō te whakatau i te teitei o te kake ā-kapilari o te wai i roto i ngā huarahi e rua, arā, mā te inenga tika o te teitei o te kake ā-kapilari o te wai, me te inenga ā-kore mā te kapilarimita.
Whakamātau whakatau i te teitei kapirī mā te inenga tōtika
Mai i tētahi tauira kua whakararuraru kē, ka tangohia e tata ki te 300 poni o te oneone, ka whakamaroketia ki 105°C, kātahi, i muri i te whakamātao, ka kuru kia tino puehu pai, me te kore e kuru ngā kakano. Ka ringihia te puehu kua puta ki roto i tētahi ngongo karāhe te whānui ø 25 mm, te roa 1,5 - 2,5 m, e tuwhera ana i ngā pito e rua, ā, ka katia tuatahitia te pito raro ki te wūru karāhe, ki tētahi wāhanga rinena rānei. Ki te pito runga e tuwhera ana ka ringihia e mātou te puehu kua maroke ki te teitei tata ki te 10 cm, kātahi ka hiki i te ngongo, ā, ka tuku kia hinga ki runga i te papa rākau, i tētahi atu tautoko rapa rānei, kia kitea rā anō te tōtōnga o te puehu i roto i te ngongo. Ka whakahaerehia te aroturuki i te tōtōnga o te puehu mā te tohu rārangi ki te tioka hinu ki runga i te ngongo. Muri iho ka ringihia anō he 10 cm puehu, ā, ka tukurua i taua tukanga kia kī rawa te ngongo ki te puehu maroke kōpaki o te tauira oneone e whakamātauhia ana e mātou te kapilaritanga. Kātahi ka rumakina te raro o te ngongo ki tētahi oko karāhe me te wai kua whakakorikori-kore, ā, kaua te pito raro o te ngongo e takoto ki raro i te oko (fig. 4). Ka herea te ngongo karāhe ki tētahi rākau ki te tauine, kia poutū te ngongo me te tauine. Muri iho ka mātaki i te pikinga o te wai i roto i te ngongo, e tino mōhiotia ana e te tae: he mārama te tae o te tauira maroke, he pōuri te tauira mākū. Ko te tawhiti i waenga i te taumata wai i roto i te oko me te tapa o runga o te tauira mākū ko te teitei o te pikinga kapilari hk.
Wh. 4. Te whakatau i te teitei o te kake ā-kapilari o te wai mā te inenga tika
I te nuinga o te wā ka mahia te aroturuki i muri i ngā 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 aha atu hāora. Ka tuhia ngā hua o te aroturuki ki tētahi hoahoa, ko ōna āwhata whakapae ko te wā i roto i ngā hāora, ā, ko ngā āwhata poutū ko ngā teitei o te kake kapi o te wai i te mm (fig. 5).
Mō te rauemi kirikiri, he tere te pikinga mā te tōrino i te tīmatanga, kātahi ka pōturi ake, ā, ka tae wawe te teitei whakamutunga o te pikinga. Mō te rauemi uku, he pōturi ake te pikinga mā te tōrino i te tīmatanga, engari he roa ake te wā, ā, ka tae ki tētahi teitei tino nui ake.
He roa tēnei tikanga mō te whakatau i te teitei kapirī, otirā mō te oneone uku. Hei tua atu, e whakawhirinaki ana te teitei o te pikinga kapirī ki te pāmahana o te hau me tōna haumākū hoki, nā reira me pupuri ēnei āhuatanga kia pūmau tonu, kia taea rawatia tēnei.
Wh. 5. Te hoahoa o te pikinga ā-kapilara o te wai i roto i te oneone, a-onepu; b-puehu; c-one uku
Te whakamātau ki te whakatau i te teitei ā-kapiri mā te kapilarimita
He maha ngā kapilarimeter o ngā hanga rerekē, pērā i ngā kapilarimeter o Beskowa, Jürgenson me Engelhardt. I konei ka whakamārama mātou i te mātāpono mahi me te kapilarimeter o Beskow, e tino whakamahia nuitia ana.
Ka whakahaerehia tēnei whakamātautau ki ngā tauira kāore i pākinotia, kua pākinotia rānei. Mēnā kua pākinotia te tauira, ka whakaurua ki te taputapu i te āhua kei te pae rerenga.
Wh. 6. Kapilarimita a Beskowa
Ko te kapilarimeter a Beskowa e rua ngā ipu (whakaahua 6), e hono ana ki ō rāua wāhanga raro mā tētahi ngongo rapa whakakaha. Ki roto i te ipu 1 ka whakatakotoria te tauira oneone ki runga i te papa tātari, ā, kei raro iho ko tētahi ipu kua whakakīa haurua ki te wai whakamāori, haurua ki te mērauri, kei te wāhanga raro kia whakakī hoki i te ngongo rapa katoa me te wāhanga raro o te ipu 2. I te tīmatanga o te whakamātautau he ōrite te taumata mērauri i ngā ipu e rua. Ā muri ake ka whakahekea te ipu 2 ki raro, nā konei ka hangaia he pēhanga-iti i raro i te papa tātari o te ipu 1. Ina nui ake tēnei pēhanga-iti i ngā kaha kapirī i te tauira, ka kuhu te hau mā te tauira ki te papa tātari, ā, ka ōrite anō te taumata mērauri i ngā ipu e rua i muri tonu mai nā te hekenga o te ipu 2. Ko te rerekētanga Hg i waenga i te taumata mērauri i tētahi ipu me tētahi atu i te wā e ōrite ai te pēhanga-iti me ngā kaha kapirī, arā, i mua tonu i te tīmatanga o te kuhu o te hau mā te tauira, ka whakawhitia ki te teitei o te tīwae wai, ā, ka tāpirihia atu ki te teitei o te tīwae wai h i raro i te tauira, ka hoatu te teitei kapirī hk. Nā te mea he 13,6 ngā wā taumaha ake te mērauri i te wai, koia te teitei o te pikinga kapirī hk:
hk = 13,6 Hg + h
Te whakatau i te tōkeke o te oneone
Ko te whakamātautau taiwhanga mō te whakatau i te mākuare o te oneone ka mahia mā ngā taputapu motuhake e kīia nei he permeameter. He maha ngā hoahoa o ngā permeameter, engari ka taea te wehe ki ngā rōpū e rua: ngā permeameter me te pēhanga wai pūmau, mō ngā oneone kākano-kino ake, me ngā permeameter me te pēhanga wai heke, mō ngā oneone kākano-paku. I ngā take e rua ka mahia te whakamātautau ki ngā tauira kāore i kōhurutia.
Mā te whakamātautau taiwhanga ka whakatauria te whakarea uruhanga o te oneone, ā, ka whakaaturia tōna uara i tētahi pāmahana motuhake, nā te rerekē o te kākā o te wai i ngā pāmahana rerekē, e pā ana ki te uara o te whakarea uruhanga k. Ko te nuinga ka whakaaturia te whakarea k i te pāmahana t =10°C. Nō reira, mēnā ko 10°C, he rerekē te pāmahana o te wai i te wā i whakatauria ai te whakarea k, T, i te t = 10°C, kātahi ka tātaihia anō tōna uara mā te tauira:
k10oC = ηt /η10oC * kT
kei reira ko ηt me η10oC te pokey o te wai i te pāmahana mahi T, arā i te pāmahana kua whakaaetia t =10°C.
kT te uara kua whiwhia o te koefisieni pākurakura o te oneone i te pāmahana mahi T.
Kei te ripanga 1 ngā uara o te pokepoke mō ngā pāmahana rerekē T.
Whakamātau ki te pēhanga wai pūmau
Āhua 7. Permeameter me te pēhanga wai pūmau
Mō tēnei whakamātau ka tangohia he tauira oneone kāore anō kia whakararuraru, ka kuhuna ki tētahi puoto whakarewa o te diameter D, te teitei h, me te tapa raro kua whakakoi, mā te pēhi atu ki te oneone, ki tētahi tauira nui ake kāore anō kia whakararuraru rānei. I muri i te whakararautanga o ngā mata o runga me raro o te tauira ki ngā tapa o te puoto, ka whakatakotoria te tauira ki roto i te taputapu (āhua 7) i waenga i te tātari runga me te tātari raro. Ko te tātari raro he mata mātotoru me tētahi kōhatu tātari, kia taea ai te rere o te wai mā te tauira, ā, kia ārai hoki i te horo o ngā matūriki oneone. Kāore he mata o te tātari runga nā te mea he iti ake te tūponotanga o te horo matūriki. Ko te tuku wai ki te tauira nō te taumata N, e puritia ana kia pūmau mā te rerenga whakaruruhau, kia pūmau ai te pēhanga waipēhanga H. I raro i tēnei pēhanga ka rere te wai mā te tauira o te matotoru h, ā, mā te paipa e kuhu ana ki te wāhanga runga o te taputapu ka tae ki te mekena karāhe M ka tōtō ai.
I te tīmatanga tonu o te rere o te wai mā te tauira ki roto i te menzura, ka whakahohehia te karaka whakatā, ā, ka mātaki i te rahinga wai q e rere mai ana ki te menzura i te wā t. E ai ki te ture a Darcy ko
q = k*A*t*i
kei reira ko k te tauwehe uruhanga i te cm/sec, ko A te horahanga o te wāhanga whakawhiti o te tauira, ko i te hekenga waihanga, i = H/h.
Mai i te whārite o runga ka whiwhi tātou i te k= qh/Ath [cm/sec].
Ka pānuihia te nui o te wai e rere ana mā te tauira i ia wāhanga wā mai i te tīmatanga ki te mutunga o te aroturuki, kia riro mai ai ngā rahinga takitahi me te rahinga katoa o te wai kua rere mā te tauira.
To eliminate air bubbles in the sample and in the water, which can lead to incorrect test results, it is necessary that before the test the sample be in a saturated state, and that boiled or at least stale water be used for the test.
Engari i te pūrere kua whakamāramatia ake nei e hāngai ana ki te pēhanga hydrostatic nā te rerekētanga o te taumata wai H, kei reira anō hoki ngā pūrere e hangaia ai te pēhanga hydrostatic e te pēhanga hau mai i te 10 ki te 15 kp/cm2, ā, ka puritia kia pūmau mā te kōmūhau.