Ukunqunywa kwemingcele ka-Atterberg
Sizochaza izivivinyo zokunquma umkhawulo wokugeleza, umkhawulo weplastiki kanye nomkhawulo wokuncipha, okuyizona ezibaluleke kakhulu emishini yenhlabathi. Zonke lezi zivivinyo zenziwa kumasampula aphazamisekile enhlabathi eboshiwe.
Ukuhlolwa kokunquma umngcele wokugeleza
Kuleli hlolo kuthathwa cishe 200 p yenhlabathi isesimweni sayo semvelo esimanzi, ingenazo izinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka 0,5 mm, ezingaphazamisa ukunemba kwemiphumela yohlolo. Isampula akumele yomiswe kuhhavini wokomisa kodwa ifakwa ngqo esitsheni sobumba esine-distilled water, lapho kufanele ihlale amahora amaningi kuze kube manzi kahle. Ku-loam enenkomba yepulasitiki IP < 20 ukumanziswa kuthatha cishe 4 ihora, kanti ku-clay IP > 20 kuya ku 18 amahora. Bese isampula esimanzi sithelwa epuletini lengilazi bese sixutshwa kahle ngommese waselebhu, ukuze kutholakale udaka oluqinile olunesakhiwo esifanayo. Uma kubonakala izinhlayiya ezinkulu kuno 0,5 mm, zisuswa ngesikhathi sokuxuba.
Isampula elilungiswe kanje lithululelwa esitsheni sebhulashi lethusi le-Casagrande apparatus lokunquma umkhawulo wokugeleza (sl. 1), elibizwa ezilabhorethri zethu ngokuthi i-Casagrande shaker.
Umfan. 1. Ithuluzi likaCassagrande lokunquma umkhawulo wokugeleza
Aparat se sastoji od mesingane činijice, koja se pomoću naročite veze uključuje u aparat, elastičnog postolja od tvrde gume, sa ekscentrom u gornjem delu i ručicom za okretanje, pri čemu se ekscentar izdiže na visinu od 1 cm, usled čega činijica pada i udara u postolje (sl. 1a). Dimenzije aparata su normirane. Pored toga postoji još i profilisani nož tačno određenih dimenzija (sl. 1b).
Isampula elithululwe endishini yethusi lilinganiswa ngommese ukuze ubuso besampula bube bushelelezi ngokuphelele, futhi isampula limboze kancane ngaphezu kwengxenye yangaphambili yendishi, kuthi ukuphakama kwalo ngenhla kwendawo ephansi kakhulu yesisekelo sendishi kube cishe 12 mm. Khona-ke indishi ifakwa emshinini bese kusikwa umgqomo phakathi nendawo ngommese onomumo okhethekile ukuze ube uqondile ngokuphelele futhi kubonakale phansi kwethusi kwendishi, okufeziwe ngokudonsa ngokucophelela ummese uqonde ngqo esisekelweni sendishi. Ubude bomgqomo kufanele bube cishe 40 mm. Ngemva kwalokho kushaywa isibambo somshini ngesivinini esingu-2 ukuzungeza ngomzuzwana, lapho kubalwa khona ukushayisana kwendishi esisekelweni futhi kubhekwe umgqomo, othi ngenxa yokushayisana kwendishi esisekelweni ube mncane, ngoba izingxenye zesampula ezisikiwe ziyahamba futhi zizame ukuhlanganisana. Ukuzungezisa isibambo somshini kuqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umgqomo uhlanganisana ngobude obungu-10 mm. Uma lokho sekufeziwe, kuyekwa ukuqhubeka nokuzungezisa isibambo, bese ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho isampula likhishwa ngommese ngobuningi obungaba ngu-2 cm3 engxenyeni ezungeze umgqomo ohlanganisiwe nhlangothi zombili, lifakwa ezingilazini zewashi bese kunqunywa umswakama womhlabathi.
Lokhu kuhlolwa kuyaphindwa ama-3-4 izikhathi ngendlela efanayo, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye kunomswakama ohlukile, okutholakala ngokuthi isampula kuqala ixutshwe ngenani elincane lamanzi, bese kamuva kufakwa amanzi kwezinye izivivinyo. Ngemva kokuba ukuhlolwa ngakunye sekuqediwe, isampula ithululwa epulangweni lengilazi, lapho kufakwa khona amanzi athile bese kuhlanganiswa kahle, ukuze kutholakale inhlama efanayo, eyihlala iba ncane kancane isikhathi ngasinye.
Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nalolu vivinyo, udaka olulungisiwe akumele lube lukhulu kakhulu noma lube manzi kakhulu, ngoba izimo zokungaguquguquki komhlabathi ezikude kakhulu nomkhawulo wokugeleza aziniki ukunemba okudingekayo kulolu vivinyo. Ngokuvamile kwamukelwa ukuthi uma inani lokushaywa lingaphansi kuka 10 noma lidlula u 50, uvivinyo aluphumelelanga, kodwa kubhekwa ukuthi ukunemba kolu vivinyo kuba ngcono uma ibanga lalemikhawulo lingu 10-40 lokushaywa.
Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi ngokwenqubo ethile, njalo lapho sekuphelile ukujika kwesibambo kuze kube yilapho imisele ihlangana ngobude obungu-1 cm isampula esitsheni sethusi ixutshwa ngokushesha ngommese bese indawo yesampula esitsheni iyalinganiswa futhi, kugundwe umsele omusha, bese isibambo somshini siyaphendulwa. Le nqubo iphindaphindwa kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ukuthi kathathu kulandelana kutholakala inani elifanayo lokushaywa lapho imisele ihlangana ngobude obungu-1 cm, elithathwa njengelizosetshenziswa ekuqhubekiseni nendlela yokunquma umkhawulo wokugeleza. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa siyifaka kudayagramu ekuhlukanisweni kwe-semilogarithmic (sl. 2). E-eksisini ye-abscissa kufakwa inani lokushaywa ekuhlukanisweni kwe-logarithmic kanti e-eksisini ye-ordinate kufakwa inani lamanzi ngamaphesenti esisindo esomile sesampula ekuhlukanisweni kwe-arithmetic. Njengoba ekuhlolweni ngakunye inani lamanzi w lihluka, sizothola amaphuzu A, B, C no D, ahambisana nenani elihlukile lokushaywa, lapho inani lokushaywa lincipha uma inani lamanzi likhulu futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngokuhlanganisa la maphuzu sithola umugqa oqondile othambekele, lapho sifuna khona iphuzu M le-25 lokushaywa. Inani lamanzi elihambisana naleli phuzu lamukelwa njengomkhawulo wokugeleza wL.
Sl. 2. Ukunqunywa komkhawulo wokugeleza
Ukunqunywa komkhawulo wepulasitiki
Isampula yomhlabathi elungiswe ngendlela echazwe ngenhla, kodwa enamanzi ambalwa, ukuze ibe yinqwaba yepulasitiki eseduze nesimo esiqinile-esiplastiki, iyagxotshwa ibe yibhola elingaba ngu-2-3 cm3, bese igoqwa ngesandla phezu kwesisekelo sephepha elijwayelekile noma elimunca amanzi ibe yisilinda esinobukhulu obungu-3 mm. Uma isampula igoqwa ngalobo bukhulu ingaphuki, iphinde iqoqwe ibe yibhola bese igoqwa ngendlela efanayo. Le nqubo iphindaphindwa kuze kufinyelelwe ekutheni isilinda ngobukhulu obungu-3 mm siqale ukuphuka. Khona-ke amasilinda aphukile afakwa ezibukweni zehora bese kunqunywa inani lamanzi. Lelo nani lamanzi, elivezwa ngamaphesenti esisindo esomile sesampula, lihambisana nomkhawulo wepulasitiki wP.
Ukuthola umkhawulo wokuncipha
Umfan. 3. Ukunquma umkhawulo wokuncipha
Isampula lomhlabathi lixutshwa namanzi adistile ngendlela echazwe ngaphansi kwe-Opit određivanja granice tečenja, ukuze ukungaguquguquki kwalo kube cishe emngceleni wokugeleza, lapho wonke ama-pores egcwele amanzi. Khona-ke kwenziwa ibhola elishiywa ukuba lomile kuqala emoyeni, bese esomisini ku-105°C. Lokhu kulandelana kokomisa kuyadingeka ukuze kugwenywe imifantu esampuleni esomile, engaphazamisa ukuhlolwa. Ngokushesha ekuqaleni kukalwa isisindo W1 sesampula bese kunqunywa ivolumu yalo V1 ngokuhlolwa kokulicwilisa emenyameni, bese siqhubeka somiswa emoyeni, kuthi emva kwalokho esomisini, ngokuthatha amasampula ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuwapholisa ku-desiccator nokukala isisindo sawo W2, W3, W4 njll. kanye nevolumu V2, V3, V4 njll. Ngale ndlela kuzonqunywa ukuthi, esimweni esithile somswakama, ivolumu yesampula iyeka ukwehla nakuba isisindo saso siqhubeka nokwehla ngenxa yokomiswa. Uma isampula esimweni sokuqala sigcwele amanzi, okungukuthi asinalo umoya ema-pores, ukulahleka kwamanzi ngokomiswa kwesampula kuze kube semngceleni wokuncipha cishe kuhambisana nokuncipha kwevolumu yesampula. Ngemva kwalokho ukomisa kuyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokukala ivolumu, kuze kube yilapho isampula somile ngokuphelele, okungukuthi kuze kube isisindo sihlala singashintshi. Khona-ke kunqunywa inani lamanzi ngamaphesenti esisindo esomile sesampula ekukalweni kwevolumu nesisindo sesampula ngakunye, bese imiphumela yokuhlolwa ifakwa emdwebeni (sl. 3). Ngale ndlela kutholakala amaphuzu A, B, C, D no-E, axhunyaniswa, ukuze ngokujwayelekile kutholakale umugqa onokugobeka okubukhali endaweni yomkhawulo wokuncipha. Endaweni yokugobeka S kutholakala umswakama w olingana nomkhawulo wokuncipha _W_S.
Ukunquma ukwenyuka kwe-capillary
Ukuhlolwa kokunquma ukuphakama kokwenyuka kwamanzi nge-capillary kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili, okungukuthi ngokukala ngqo ukuphakama kokwenyuka kwamanzi nge-capillary nangokukala ngokungaqondile kusetshenziswa i-capillarimeter.
Ukuhlolwa kokunquma ukuphakama kwe-capillary ngokulinganisa okuqondile
Kusuka kusampula ephazamisekile kuthathwa cishe 300 pondi yenhlabathi, eyomiswa ku 105°C, bese ngemva kokupholisa iyachotshozwa ibe yimpuphu emihle kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuchoboza izinhlamvu. Impuphu etholakele ithululwa eshubhu lengilazi elinobubanzi obungu-ø 25 mm, ubude obungu 1,5 - 2,5 m, elivulekile ezinhlangothini zombili, lapho ukuphela kwalo okuphansi kuvalwa kusengaphambili ngoboya bengilazi noma ngendwangu. Ekupheleni okuphezulu okuvulekile sithela impuphu eyomisiwe kuze kufike ekuphakameni okungaba ngu 10 cm, bese siphakamisa ishubhu futhi silivumele liwele ngombhoxo phansi kwezinkuni noma enye indawo enelastiki kuze kube yilapho kubonakala ukwehla kwempuphu eshubhini. Ukuhlola ukwehla kwempuphu sikwenza ngokumaka imigqa ngoshoki onamafutha eshubhini. Ngemuva kwalokho sithela enye 10 cm yempuphu bese siphinda inqubo efanayo kuze kube yilapho sigcwalisa ishubhu ngempuphu eyomile ecindezelwe yesampula yenhlabathi, esihlola kuyo amandla e-capillary. Khona-ke siphonsa phansi kweshubhu esitsheni sengilazi esinamanzi ahlanzekile angagelezi, ngokuthi ukuphela okuphansi kweshubhu kungafanele kuphumule phansi kwesitsha (fig. 4). Ishubhu lengilazi silibophela ngeshidi esikalini, ukuze kokubili ishubhu nesikali kube mpo. Ngemuva kwalokho sibheka ukukhuphuka kwamanzi eshubhini, okubonakala ngokucacile ngombala: isampula eyomile inombala okhanyayo, emanzi imnyama. Ibanga phakathi kwezinga lamanzi esitsheni nomphetho ophezulu wesampula emanzi limelela ukuphakama kokukhuphuka kwe-capillary hk.
Sl. 4. Ikunqunywa ukuphakama kokwenyuka kwamanzi nge-capillary ngokukala okuqondile
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokujwayelekile ngemva kuka 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 njll. amahora. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ifakwa kudayagramu, lapho ama-axis avundlile emele isikhathi ngamahora, kanti ama-ordinate emele ukuphakama kokukhuphuka kwamanzi kwe-capillary ngo-mm (sl. 5).
Emhlabathini oyisihlabathi, ukukhuphuka kwe-capillary ekuqaleni kushesha, bese kuba kancane, futhi ukuphakama kokugcina kufinyelelwa ngokushesha. Emhlabathini wobumba, ukukhuphuka kwe-capillary ekuqaleni kuhamba kancane, kodwa kuhlala isikhathi eside futhi kufinyelela ukuphakama okukhulu kakhulu.
Le ndlela yokunquma ukuphakama kwe-capillary ithatha isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi enhlabathini enobumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukuphakama kokukhuphuka kwe-capillary kuncike ekushiseni komoya kanye nomswakama wawo, ngenxa yalokho kudingeka ukuthi lezi zici zigcinwe zilinganayo ngangokunokwenzeka.
Sl. 5. Umdwebo wokukhuphuka kwamanzi nge-capillary emhlabathini, a-isihlabathi; b-uthuli; c-umhlabathi wobumba
Ukuhlolwa kokunquma ukuphakama kwe-capillary kusetshenziswa i-capillarimeter
Kunezindlela eziningi zama-capillaremeter anezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene, njenge-capillaremeter ka-Beskow, ka-Jürgenson no-Engelhardt. Lapha sizochaza isimiso sokusebenza nge-capillaremeter ka-Beskow, esetshenziswa kakhulu.
Lolu vivinyo lwenziwa kumasampula angaphazamisekile noma aphazamisekile. Uma isampula liphazamisekile khona-ke lifakwa ethuluzini likusimo somkhawulo wokugeleza.
Sl. 6. I-capillarimeter ka-Beskow
I-kapilarimitha ka-Beskow yakhiwa yizitsha ezimbili (sl. 6), ezixhunywe ezingxenyeni zazo ezingezansi ngomkhono wenjoloba oqiniswe ngensimbi. Esitsheni 1 kufakwa isampula yenhlabathi phezu kwesisekelo sesihlungi, kanti ngaphansi kwaso kunesitsha esigcwele ngokwengxenye amanzi acwecwe, ngokwengxenye i-mercury, yona esengxenyeni engezansi ukuze igcwalise nomkhono wenjoloba wonke kanye nengxenye engezansi yesitsha 2. Ekuqaleni kokuhlolwa izinga le-mercury kuzo zombili izitsha liyefana. Bese isitsheni 2 siyehliswa phansi, okudala ngaphansi kwesisekelo sesihlungi sesitsha 1 ukucindezeleka okuphansi. Uma lokhu kucindezeleka okuphansi sekuye kwaba kukhulu kunamandla e-capillary esampuleni, umoya ungena ngesampula uye esisekelweni sesihlungi bese izinga le-mercury kuzo zombili izitsha lilingana ngokushesha ngokwehlisa isitsheni 2. Umehluko Hg phakathi kwezinga le-mercury kwesinye nesinye isitsha ngesikhathi sokulingana kokucindezeleka okuphansi namandla e-capillary, okungukuthi ngaphambi nje kokuba umoya uqale ukungena ngesampula, uma uguqulelwa ekuphakameni kwekholomu yamanzi futhi wengezwe ukuphakama kwekholomu yamanzi h ngaphansi kwesampula, unikeza ukuphakama kwe-capillary hk. Njengoba i-mercury 13,6 izikhathi ezingu-13,6 isindayo kunamanzi, ukuphakama kokukhuphuka kwe-capillary hk kungu:
hk = 13,6 Hg + h
Ukunquma ukungangeneki kwenhlabathi
Ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kokunquma ukungena kwamanzi emhlabathini kwenziwa kusetshenziswa amadivayisi akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi permeameters. Kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-permeameter, kodwa zingahlukaniswa zibe ngamaqembu amabili: permeameters anengcindezi yamanzi engaguquki, ezomhlabathi onamazinyo amakhulu, kanye ne-permeameters anengcindezi yamanzi eyehlayo ezomhlabathi onamazinyo amancane. Kuzo zombili izimo, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngamasampula angaphazamisekile.
Ngokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri kunqunywa i-coefficient yokudlula kwenhlabathi, inani layo elivezwa ezingeni lokushisa elithile, ngenxa yokwehluka kwe-viscosity yamanzi emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene, okuthinta inani le-coefficient yokudlula k. Ngokuvamile kuvezwa i-coefficient k ezingeni lokushisa t =10°C. Ngakho-ke, uma 10°C, izinga lokushisa lamanzi ngesikhathi kunqunywa i-coefficient k belingu-T elihlukile ku-t = 10°C khona-ke inani lalo libalwa kabusha ngokwendlela:
k10oC = ηt /η10oC * kT
lapho ηt no η10oC kuyiviskosity yamanzi ezingeni lokushisa lokusebenza T, noma ezingeni lokushisa elamukelwe t =10°C.
kT inani elitholakele le-coefficient yokungena komhlaba ezingeni lokushisa lokusebenza T.
Amanani e-viscosity emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene T anikezwe kuthebula 1.
Isivivinyo sokucindezela kwamanzi okuqhubekayo
Sl. 7. I-Permeameter enengcindezi yamanzi engaguquki
Kulokhu kuhlolwa kuthathwa isampula yomhlabathi engaphazamisekile ifakwe kusilinda sensimbi enobubanzi D, ukuphakama h, enomkhawulo ongezansi ololwe, ngokuyicindezela emhlabathini noma esampuleni enkulu engaphazamisekile. Ngemva kokuba indawo engenhla neyenhla yesampula ilinganiswe nemiphetho yesilinda, isampula esilindeni sifakwa emshinini (isith. 7) phakathi kwesihlungi esiphezulu nesingezansi. Isihlungi esingezansi sakhiwa yisisefo esiminyene kanye netshe lokuhlunga, ukuze ukugeleza kwamanzi ngesampula kube nokwenzeka futhi kuvinjwe ukuwashwa kwezinhlayiya zenhlabathi. Isihlungi esiphezulu asinayo isisefo njengoba kunethuba elincane lokuwashwa kwezinhlayiya. Ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi esampuleni kuvela ezingeni N, eligcinwa lihlala njalo ngosizo lokuchichima, ukuze ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic H ihlale ingaguquki. Ngaphansi kwale ngcindezi amanzi adlula esampuleni enobukhulu h bese ngosizo lwepayipi elifakwe engxenyeni engenhla yomshini afinyelela ku-menzura yengilazi M lapho econsela khona.
Lapho nje amanzi eqala ukugeleza ngesampula angene emenzureni, sivula isitophuwashi bese sibheka inani lamanzi q elingena emenzureni phakathi nesikhathi t. Ngokwemthetho kaDarcy, ku…
q = k*A*t*i
lapho k kuyiyona-coefficient yokudlula ku-cm/sec, A indawo yesigaba sesampula, i ukwehla kwe-hydraulic, i = H/h.
Esilinganisweni esingenhla sinakho k= qh/Ath [cm/sec].
Inani lamanzi adlula kusampula silifunda ngezikhathi ezithile zesikhathi kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kokubhekwa, ukuze sibe namanani ngamanye kanye nenani eliphelele lamanzi adlule kusampula.
Ukuze kukhishwe amabhamuza omoya esampuleni nasemanzini, angaholela emiphumeleni engalungile yesivivinyo, kuyadingeka ukuba ngaphambi kwesivivinyo isampula ibe sesimeni sokugcwala, futhi ukuze kwenziwe isivivinyo kusetshenziswe amanzi abilisiwe noma okungenani amanzi amile isikhathi eside.
Esikhundleni salo mshini ochazwe ngenhla osuselwa ekucindezelweni kwe-hydrostatic ngenxa yomehluko wezinga lamanzi H, kukhona futhi imishini lapho ukucindezela kwe-hydrostatic kukhiqizwa ukucindezela komoya okuvela ku-10 kuya ku-15 kp/cm2, kugcinwa kuhlala njalo ngosizo lwe-compressor.