Kuona miganho yaAtterberg
Tichatsanangura bvunzo dzekuona muganhu wekuyerera, muganhu wepurasitiki uye muganhu wokudzikira, izvo zvakakosha zvikuru mumakanika evhu. Bvunzo idzi dzose dzinoitwa pamasampuli akanganisika evhu rakabatana.
Muedzo wekutsanangura muganhu wekuyerera
Pabvunzo iyi inotorwa angangoita 200 p yevhu riri mumamiriro aro echisikigo erunyoro, risina zviyo zvine dhayamita rinopfuura 0,5 mm, zvingakanganisa kururama kwemigumisiro yebvunzo. Muenzaniso haufaniri kuomeswa muchoto asi unoiswa ipapo ipapo mukapu yeporcelain ine mvura yakasvinwa, uko unofanira kuramba uri kwemaawa akati wandei kusvikira wanyatsosvotwa nemvura. Kune ivhu re loam rine indekisi yeplasticity IP < 20 kunyoroveswa kunotora angangoita 4 awa, kune ivhu reruva IP > 20 kusvika 18 maawa. Zvadaro muenzaniso wakanyoroveswa unodururirwa pabhodhi regirazi uye uchisanganiswa zvakanaka nebanga relabhoritari, kuti uwane musanganiswa wakakora wakafanana. Kana zvikacherechedzwa zvidimbu zvakakura kupfuura 0,5 mm, zvinobviswa pakusanganisa.
Muenzaniso wakagadzirirwa nenzira iyi unodururwa mumudziyo wemhangura weCasagrande wemuchina wekuona muganhu wekuyerera (sl. 1), unonziwo muvarabhoritari medu Casagrande shaker.
Muf. 1. Cassagrande mudziyo wekuona muganhu wekuyerera
Chishandiso chine kapu yemhangura, inobatanidzwa muchishandiso kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwakakosha, chigadziko chinotambanuka cherabha rakaomarara, chine eksikendi muchikamu chepamusoro uye mubato wokutenderedza, apo eksikendi inosimuka kusvika pakukwirira kwe1 cm, izvo zvinoita kuti kapu idonhe uye irwise chigadziko (muf. 1a). Saizi dzechishandiso dzakamisikidzwa nemitemo. Uyezve pane banga rakarongedzwa remadimensions chaiwo (muf. 1b).
Muenzaniso wakatorwa waiswa mundiro yendarira unorodzwa nebanga kuitira kuti pamusoro pawo pave zvakati sandara chose, uye kuti muenzaniso uvhare zvishoma kupfuura hafu yepamberi yendiro, zvokuti kukwirira kwawo pamusoro pepasi pepasi pechidimbu chendiro kuve kungori anenge 12 mm. Zvadaro ndiro inobatanidzwa mumuchina uye nebanga rakarongedzwa rinochekwa mugero pakati kuitira kuti rive rakatwasuka chose uye kuti pasi pendiro yendarira rionekwe, izvo zvinoitwa nekukwevera banga nokungwarira rakatarisana nepasi pendiro. Kureba kweguro kunofanira kuva kungangoita 40 mm. Pakarepo ipapo mubato wemuchina unorendwa pa kumhanya kwe 2 kutenderera pasekondi, panguva iyo kurohwa kwendiro pachigadziko kunoverengwa uye mugero unocherechedzwa, uyo nekuda kwekurohwa kwendiro pachigadziko unotetepa, nokuti zvikamu zvakatemwa zvemuenzaniso zvinofamba uye zvinotsvaga kubatana. Kutenderedzwa kwemubato wemuchina kunoenderera kusvikira mugero wabatanika pakureba kwe 10 mm. Kana izvozvo zvaitika, kumonyorora kwemubato kunomiswa, uye pakarepo mushure mezvo nebanga muenzaniso unoburitswa muhuwandu hunenge 2 cm3 kubva muchikamu chakatenderedza mugero wakabatanika kubva kumativi ose ari maviri, woiswa mumagirazi ewachi uye hunyoro hwevhu hunotemerwa.
Edzo iyi inodzokororwa 3-4 nguva nenzira imwechete, asi nguva imwe neimwe iine hunyoro hwakasiyana hunowanikwa kana sampuli yatanga yasanganiswa nemvura shoma, vozowedzerwa mvura kune dzimwe edzo. Mushure meyedzo imwe neimwe yapera, sampuli inodururwa pandiro yegirazi, apo mvura shoma inowedzerwa ndokuzosanganiswa zvakanaka, kuitira kuti pave nemusanganiswa wakafanana, nguva imwe neimwe une kuderera kushoma, wakaita sesadza.
Pakuitwa kwemuedzo, mushonga wakagadzirirwa haufaniri kuva wakanyanya kukora kana wakanyanya kutetepa, nokuti mamiriro ekusangana kwevhu ari kure zvikuru nemuganhu wekuyerera haapi kunyatsojeka kunodiwa pamuedzo uyu. Kazhinji zvinotorwa kuti kana huwandu hwekurohwa huri pasi pe 10 kana huri pamusoro pe 50, muedzo wakundikana, asi kunofungidzirwa kuti kunyatsojeka kwemuedzo kuri nani kana chinhambwe chemiganhu iyi chiri 10-40 yekurohwa.
Zvinotaurwa kuti maererano neimwe nzira, nguva imwe neimwe kana kwangopedzwa kutendeudzwa kwemubato kusvika mupanda wanyatsobatana pahurefu hwe1 cm, sampuli iri mumudziyo wemhangura inosanganiswa pakarepo nebanga uye pamusoro pesampuli mumudziyo wacho unoraramiswa patsva, mupanda mutsva unochekwa, wobva watenderedzwa mubato remuchina. Nzira iyi inodzokororwa kusvikira zvaitika kuti nhamba imwechete yemarova inowanikwa katatu akatevedzana pakubatanidza mupanda pahurefu hwe1 cm, nhamba iyoyo ichitorwa kuti ishandiswe mberi pakuona muganhu wekuyerera. Mhedzisiro yemiedzo inoiswa padhayagiramu muchikero chesemilogarithmic (muf. 2). Pamusoro peasiksi yeabscissa inoiswa nhamba yemarova muchikero chelogarithmic, uye pamusoro peasiksi yeordinate huwandu hwemvura mumapecenti ehuremu hwaoma hwesampuli muchikero che arithmetic. Sezvo pamuyedzo wega wega huwandu hwemvura w hwakasiyana, tichawana mapoinzi A, B, C na D, anoenderana nenhamba dzakasiyana dzemarova, apo nhamba yemarova inodzikira kana huwandu hwemvura huchiwedzera uye zvinopesana. Nokubatanidza mapoinzi aya tinowana mutsetse wakarereka, pamunotsvaka poindi M ye25 marova. Huwandu hwemvura hunoenderana nepoindi iyi hunogamuchirwa semuganhu wekuyerera wL.
Sl. 2. Kusarudza muganhu wekuyerera
Kuzivikanwa kwemuganho wepurasitiki
Muenzaniso wevhu wakagadzirwa nenzira yakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, asi une mvura shoma, kuitira kuti uve chinhu chepurasitiki muchimiro chinenge chakaoma-purasitiki, unounganidzwa kuita bhora rine vhoriyamu ya2-3 cm3, wobva wakhurumidzwa noruoko pamusoro pepaperi remazuva ose kana rinonwisa mvura kuti uumbe muromo une ukobvu hwa3 mm. Kana muenzaniso ukakungurutswa kusvika paukobvu ihwohwo usingaputsi, unounganidzwa zvakare kuita bhora uye wochinjwa nenzira imwe chete. Maitiro aya anodzokororwa kusvikira zvazowanikwa kuti muromo paine ukobvu hwa3 mm wotanga kutsemuka. Ipapo matehwe akaputsika anoiswa mumagirazi ewachi uye huwandu hwemvura hunoyerwa. Huwandu ihwohwu hwemvura, hunoratidzwa sepesenti yeuremu hwakaoma hwemuenzaniso, hunoenderana nemuganho wepurasitiki wP.
Kutsanangura muganhu wekudzikira
Sl. 3. Kutsvaga muganhu wekudzikira
Muenzaniso wevhu unosanganiswa nemvura yakadiridzwa nenzira yakatsanangurwa pasi pe Muedzo wekutsanangura muganhu wekuyerera, kuitira kuti kusangana kwawo kuve pedyo nemuganhu wekuyerera, kana mapore ose azadzwa nemvura. Zvadaro kugadzirwa bhora rinosiiwa kuti riome kutanga mumhepo, wozoti muovheni pa105°C. Kutevedzana uku pakuomesa kunodiwa kuti udzivise kutsemuka mumuenzaniso waoma, izvo zvaizovhiringidza muedzo. Pakarepo pakutanga kurema W1 kwemuenzaniso kunoyerwa uye vhoriyamu yawo V1 inotsanangurwa nemuedzo wekunyudza mumekuri, wobva waomesa zvakare mumhepo, uyezve muovheni, uchiibvisa nguva nenguva semuenzaniso, kuitonhodza mueksiketa uye kuyera kurema kwayo W2, W3, W4 nezvimwewo uye vhoriyamu V2, V3, V4 nezvimwewo. Nenzira iyi zvichasimbiswa kuti pane imwe mamiriro ekunyorova vhoriyamu yemuenzaniso inorega kudzikira kunyange zvazvo kurema kwayo kuchiri kuderera nekuda kwekuoma. Kana muenzaniso uri mumamiriro awo ekutanga wakazara nemvura, kureva kuti hauna mweya mumapore, kurasika kwemvura pakuomesa muenzaniso kusvika pamuganhu wekudzikira kunoenderana zvinenge zvakafanana nekuderera kwevhoriyamu yemuenzaniso. Mushure mezvozvo kuomesa kunoenderera mberi pasina kuyera vhoriyamu, kusvikira muenzaniso waoma chose, kureva kusvika pakurema kusingachinji. Ipapo huwandu hwemvura hunotsanangurwa sechikamu chehuremu hwakaoma hwemuenzaniso pakuyera kwega kwega kwevhoriyamu nekurema kwemuenzaniso, uye mhedzisiro yemuedzo inoiswa pagirafu (muf. 3). Nenzira iyi mapoinzi A, B, C, D neE anowanikwa, ayo anobatanidzwa, zvekuti kazhinji mutsara une kupetuka kwakapinza unowanikwa munzvimbo yemuganhu wekudzikira. Panzvimbo yekupetuka S hunyoro w hunowanikwa hunoenderana nemuganhu wekudzikira _W_S.
Kutsanangura kapilariti
Ongororo yekuona kukwirira kwekukwira kwemvura nekapaillar inoitwa nenzira mbiri, kureva kuyera zvakananga kukwirira kwekukwira kwemvura nekapaillar uye kuyera zvisina kunanga kuburikidza nekapilarimeter.
Ongororo yekutsvaga kukwirira kwecapillary nekuyera kwakananga
Kubva mumuenzaniso wakavhiringidzika tinotora anenge 300 pondi dzevhu, dzinoomeswa pa 105°C, vozoti kana dzatonhora dzinopwanywa kuita upfu hwakatsetseka chaizvo, pasina kupwanya tsanga. Upfu hunowanikwa hunodirwa mutubhu regirazi rine dhayamita ø 25 mm, kureba 1,5 - 2,5 m, rakavhurika kumagumo ose, iro gumo repasi rakambovharwa nevhudzi regirazi kana jira. Mugumo wepamusoro wakavhurika tinodira upfu hwakaomeswa kusvika paurefu hweanenge 10 cm, vozosimudza chubhu toti irege kuwira ichirovera pasi remuti kana imwe tsigiro inochinjika kusvikira paonekwa kuti upfu huri mugaba huri kugara pasi. Kudzora kugara pasi kweupfu kunoitwa nekumaka mitsetse nekrayoni ine mafuta pachubhu. Mushure mezvo tinodira imwe 10 cm yehupfu tikadzokorora maitiro acho kusvika tazadza chubhu nehupfu hwakaomeswa hwemuenzaniso wevhu, hwatiri kuedza kapilariti. Zvadaro tinosvitsa pasi pechubhu mumudziyo wegirazi une mvura yakadirwa isina kuyerera, zvekuti gumo repasi rechubhu harifaniri kurara pasi pemudziyo (fig. 4). Chubhu regirazi tinochisungirira pahuni hwechiyero, kuitira kuti chubhu nechiyero zvive zvakamira zvakati tsvonaka. Mushure mezvo tinocherekedza kukwira kwemvura muchubhu, uko kunoonekwa pachena neruvara: muenzaniso wakaoma une ruvara rwakajeka, wakanyorova une rima. Chinhambwe pakati pechiyero chemvura mumudziyo nemupendero wepamusoro wemuenzaniso wakanyorova chinomiririra urefu hwekukwira kwekapilari hk.
Muf. 4. Kuona kukwirira kwekukwira kwemvura nekapaillar nekuyera zvakananga
Kuongorora kunoitwa kazhinji pashure pe 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 nezvimwewo maawa. Migumisiro yekuongorora inoiswa pagirafu, umo maabscissa anomirira nguva mumaawa, uye maordinate kureba kwekusimuka kwecapillary kwemvura mumamirimita (fig. 5).
Pazvinhu zvejecha, kukwira kwekapilari kunotanga nekukurumidza, vozononoka, uye hurefu hwekupedzisira hwekukwira hunosvikwa nokukurumidza. Pazvinhu zvevhu revhu, kukwira kwekapilari kunotanga zvishoma nezvishoma, asi kunotora nguva refu uye kunosvika pahurefu hwakakura zvikuru.
Nzira iyi yekuona kukwirira kwecapillary inotora nguva yakareba, zvikuru kana iri ivhu revhu. Pamusoro pezvo, kukwirira kwekusimuka kwecapillary kunoenderana netembiricha yemhepo pamwe nehunyoro hwayo, ndosaka zvinhu izvi zvichifanira kuchengetwa zvakangofanana sezvinobvira.
Sl. 5. Dhiagiramu yekukwira kwemvura nekapirari muvhu, a-jecha; b-hupfu; c-ivhu rine udongo
Bvunzo yekuona kukwirira kwecapillary uchishandisa kapilarimetra
Kune akati wandei macapillarimeter ane magadzirirwo akasiyana, akadai se capillarimeter dzaBeskow, Jürgenson neEngelhardt. Pano tichatsanangura musimboti wekushanda ne capillarimeter yaBeskow, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya.
Muedzo uyu unoitwa pamasampuli asina kukanganiswa kana akakanganiswa. Kana sampuli yakanganiswa, inoiswa muchishandiso iri pedyo neganhu rekuyerera.
Muf. 6. Kapilarimetera yaBeskow
Kapilarimita yaBeskowa ine midziyo miviri (fig. 6), yakabatanidzwa muzvikamu zvepasi nepombi yerabha yakasimbiswa. Mumudziyo 1 muiswa muenzaniso wevhu pa filtara pasi, apo pasi paro pane mudziyo wakazadzwa chikamu nemvura yakasvinwa, chikamu nemekiyuri, iyo iri muzasi kuitira kuti izadze pombi yerabha yose uye chikamu chezasi chemudziyo 2. Pakutanga kwekuedza mwero wemekiyuri mumidziyo miviri wakafanana. Zvadaro mudziyo 2 unoburitswa pasi, zvichiita kuti pasi pefiltara pemudziyo 1 pave ne low pressure. Kana low pressure iyi yava mukuru kupfuura masimba ecapillary mumuenzaniso, mhepo inopinda nemumuenzaniso ichienda kufiltara pasi uye mwero wemekiyuri mumidziyo miviri unobva waenzana zvakare nekudzikiswa kwemudziyo 2. Musiyano Hg pakati pemwero wemekiyuri mumudziyo mumwe neumwe panguva yekufanana kwe low pressure nemasimba ecapillary, kureva nguva pfupi vasati mhepo yatanga kupinda nemumuenzaniso, wakashandurwa kuita kureba kwechikamu chemvura uye wakawedzerwa nekureba kwechikamu chemvura h pasi pemuenzaniso, unopa kureba kwecapillary hk. Sezvo mekiyuri iri 13,6 kupfuura mvura, kureba kwekukwira kwecapillary hk ndiko:
hk = 13,6 Hg + h
Kutsanangura kupinza kwemvura kwevhu
Kuongorora kwekuyedzwa murabhoritari kwekuona kupindika kwemvura muvhu kunoitwa nemichina yakakosha inonzi permeameters. Pane magadzirirwo akasiyana epermeameters, ayo zvisinei anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: permeameters ane kumanikidzwa kwemvura kwakagadzikana, evhu rine zviyo zvakakura, uye permeameters ane kumanikidzwa kwemvura kunodzikira evhu rine zviyo zvidiki. Muzviitiko zviviri izvi, bvunzo inoitwa pamasampuli asina kukanganiswa.
Nekuyedzwa murabhoritari ndimo munotariswa coefficient yekupenya kwevhu, kukosha kwayo kuchiratidzwa patembiricha yakatarwa, nekuda kwekusiyana kweviscosity yemvura patembiricha dzakasiyana, izvo zvinokanganisa kukosha kwecoefficient yekupenya k. Kazhinji coefficient k inoratidzwa patembiricha t =10°C. Saka, kana 10°C, tembiricha yemvura pakutsanangura coefficient k yaive T yakasiyana ne t = 10°C ipapo kukosha kwayo kunoverengwa patsva zvinoenderana neformula:
k10oC = ηt /η10oC * kT
apo ηt uye η10oC iri viscosity yemvura patembiricha yebasa T, kana patembiricha yakagamuchirwa t =10°C.
kT kukosha kwakawanikwa kwekoefishienti yekupfuura muvhu patembiricha yebasa T.
Maitiro eviscosity pamatembiricha akasiyana T anopiwa mutafura 1.
Muedzo une kudzvanywa kwemvura kunoramba kuripo
Muf. 7. Permeametar ine kumanikidzwa kwemvura kunoramba kuchiita
Pachiedzo ichi, muenzaniso wevhu usina kukanganiswa unotorwa mu silinda yesimbi ine dhayamita D, kukwirira h, ine mupendero wepasi wakapinza, nekuidzvanya muvhu kana mumwe muenzaniso mukuru usina kukanganiswa. Mushure mekunge nzvimbo yepamusoro nepasi yemuenzaniso yaitwa kuti ienderane nemipendero yesilinda, muenzaniso uri musilinda unoiswa muchishandiso (sl. 7) pakati pefilter yepamusoro neye pasi. Filter yepasi inoumbwa neseve yakamanikana uye dombo refirita, kuitira kuti mvura ikwanise kufamba nemuenzaniso uye kuti zvimedu zvevhu zvisashambidzwe. Filter yepamusoro haina seve sezvo paine mukana muduku wekushambidzwa kwezvimedu. Kuunzwa kwemvura mumuenzaniso kunobva pa level N, iyo inochengetwa yakagadzikana nerubatsiro rweoverflow, kuitira kuti kumanikidzwa kwehydrostatic H kuve kwakagadzikana. Pasi pekumanikidzwa uku mvura inopfuura nemuenzaniso une ukobvu h uye nerubatsiro rwepombi yakabatanidzwa muchikamu chepamusoro chemuchina inosvika mugirazi menzura M kwainodonha.
Pakangotanga kuyerera kwemvura kuburikidza nesampuli mu menzura, tinobatidza stopwatch toongorora huwandu hwemvura q inopinda mu menzura panguva t. Maererano nemutemo waDarcy ndezvekuti
q = k*A*t*i
panova k ndiyo coefficient yekupinda mumvura mu cm/sec, A nzvimbo yekuyambuka yesampuli, i kuderera kwemvura, i = H/h.
Kubva paequation iri pamusoro tine k= qh/Ath [cm/sec].
Huwandu hwemvura hunopfuura nemumuenzaniso hunoverengwa panguva dzakasiyana dzenguva kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupera kwekuongorora, saka tine huwandu hwega hwega pamwe nehuwandu hwose hwemvura yakapfuura nemumuenzaniso.
Kuti vabvise mabhuru emhepo mumuenzaniso uye mumvura, anogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro isiriyo yekuedza, zvinodikanwa kuti usati waita bvunzo muenzaniso uve wakazara, uye kuti pakuita bvunzo kushandiswe mvura yakabikwa kana kuti zvishoma yakagara.
Panzvimbo pechishandiso chataurwa pamusoro chinoshanda pachisimba chehydrostatic nekuda kwekusiyana kwenhanho yemvura H, kunewo zvishandiso umo kudzvinyirirwa kwehydrostatic kunogadzirwa nekudzvinyirirwa kwemhepo kubva pa 10 kusvika pa 15 kp/cm2, kuchichengetwa kwakatsiga kuburikidza necompressor.