Inothi Lokuphepha Elibalulekile: Lona umbhalo wezemfundo ofakwe kungobo yomlando ovela ku-2017. unyaka, hhayi iphrojekthi noma umyalo wesimanje wokwakha okuzimele. Ukumbiwa, amamithambeka, izindonga ezibambayo, izindlela zokuhamba, izitebhisi namachibi kungonakalisa ukuzinza kwenhlabathi nesakhiwo futhi kube nengozi yokuwa, ukugqitshwa, ukulimala kanye nokuminza. Ukufakwa emhlabathini, amanzi, ukuqinisa, ukuvikelwa kwezingane kanye nokufinyeleleka kufanele kuxazululwe ngokuvumelana nemithethonqubo esebenzayo kanye nemibandela yendawo ethile. Ukuhlela nokwenza kufanele kunikezwe abaklami abaqeqeshiwe kanye nosonkontileka. Izithombe nemidwebo ziyimifanekiso futhi azimeli amaphrojekthi aqinisekisiwe we-Savo Kusić.
Ukubunjwa komhlaba, izindlela zengadi, izitebhisi, izindonga ezibambayo namachibi akuzona ingxenye yesipho esisha senkampani. Ukukhiqiza kwamanje kugxile ngamafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso. Ngewindi elithile noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhotheshini.
Ukuhlela ukusetshenziswa komhlaba
Ngaphambi kokuhlela indawo ezungeze indlu yomndeni noma ikotishi, inhloso yendawo kufanele inqunywe futhi kucatshangelwe ubukhulu, ukukhululeka, indawo, ikhwalithi yomhlabathi kanye nokuxhumana nendawo ezungezile.
Umbhalo wokuqala uphakamisa ukuthi indawo etholakalayo isatshalaliswe ngokwezidingo zendlu: ingadi yezithelo, ingadi yemifino, izimbali, ukuhamba nokuphumula. Lezo zinhloso akudingeki zihlukaniswe ngokuqinile. Ingadi ingaba nendima yezomnotho, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlala iyingxenye ehambisanayo yendawo yokuhlala okufanele kube mnandi ukuhlala kuyo.
Ukulinganisa indawo ngaphambi kokwenza uhlelo.
Izindlela nezinqubo zokulinganisa
Ngohlelo lokuklama, kuyadingeka ukwazi usayizi, indawo kanye nesimo sobuso. Umthombo uphawula ukuthi uhlelo lwesimo lubonisa ukuqagela okuvundlile kwezilinganiso zangempela, ngakho-ke endaweni etshekile, umehluko okhuphuka nge-engeli yokuthambekela kufanele ucatshangelwe.
Itheyiphu yokulinganisa, imigoqo yokulinganisa emibili yobude 2 m ihlukaniswe yaba 10 cm, amabhodi okudweba amabili ku-tripod kanye nama-protractor amabili afakwe ohlwini njengempahla yokulinganisa yomlando. Ngethuluzi elibanjwa ngesandla lama-engeli, irula elingunxantathu elikhudlwana elithi 45°, i-celluloid protractor, ulimi olususwayo kanye nesisindo somthofu kuyachazwa.
*Umdwebo womlando1— amathuluzi okulinganisa abanjwa ngesandla.
Ukuze uthole ama-engeli avundlile, ibhodi lokudweba libekwe ngokuvundlile, izinkomba zidluliselwa ephepheni, futhi onxantathu abawumphumela bayalinganiswa, badonswe esikalini futhi basetshenziselwa ukubala kwendawo. Imingcele ye-arc yomhlaba ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye eziqondile.
*Umdwebo womlando2- ukukalwa kwendawo yomhlaba.
Enqubweni yasekuqaleni, ukuthambekela kunqunywa kusetshenziswa izinduku zokulinganisa ezimbili ezime mpo: ibanga elivundlile kanye nomehluko wobude kuyalinganiswa, bese umthambeka ubalwa ngamaphesenti. Ibhodi eliyisicaba lishiwo njengosizo olusheshayo emthambekeni.
Ukuphakama namabanga okunzima ukuwafinyelela kunganqunywa ngokwakhiwa kusuka kuma-engeli alinganisiwe. Ukuze uthole i-engeli elungile ngaphandle kwe-protractor, umbhalo usho ubudlelwane bakudala3-4-5: isisekelo si4 m, futhi ama-arcs erediyasi adonswa emaphethelweni awo5 mfuthi3 m.
Umdwebo womlando3- isilinganiso sobude nomthambeka.
Ukwakhiwa kwamathala kanye nokubunjwa kwemithambeka
Ngemva kwezilinganiso nohlelo, indawo iyahlelwa. Umgomo kungase kube ukuthola indawo eyisicaba enkudlwana noma ukuguqula umthambeka ube amasimu. Umthombo uncoma ukulolongwa kwemithambeka ekuqondeni kwethambeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukunyakaza okubalulekile.
Njengezilinganiso ezijwayelekile zemithambeka, 1:2 kanye 1:1 kucacisiwe, futhi ngokuvikeleka okufanele, 2:1. Ngenxa yokwehliswa okulandelayo, kukhulunywe udonga lokuqala olukhudlwana. Embhalweni, ukuthambeka kuvikelwe ekugezelweni ngamasoyi, nasekusheleleni ngezigxobo. Ukuze kukhishwe isoyi, kuchazwa umlotha oshintshiwe owenza izingcezu cishe 30 × 30 cm.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo 4 — khipha futhi ufaka isoyi.
Ngokwethambeka elixegayo, umthombo ukhuluma ngamatshe amakhulu ngaphansi namancanyana phezulu. Amatshe abekwe embhedeni olungisiwe, ngaphandle kokuphoqwa; uma ukushaya kudingeka, isando sokhuni sicacisiwe.
Emithambekeni emikhulu kuno-45°, umbhalo uxwayisa ngesidingo esingaba khona sodonga olubambayo kusisekelo esiqinile esisekelayo. Endabeni ye-drywall, njengesiqondiso somlando, ububanzi besisekelo bulingana nengxenye yokuphakama kodonga, kanti ububanzi bengxenye engenhla buyingxenye yesihlanu yobubanzi besisekelo. Amabhulokhi kufanele azinze futhi angabi namatshe abekwe ngokukhululekile.
Izindonga zikakhonkolo nezamatshe eziboshwe ngodaka zidinga amanzi. Umthombo uchaza isiteshi esingaphezu komthambeka kanye nezimbobo zokukhipha amanzi njalo 1–2 m ezindongeni eziqinile. Ngaphandle kokukhipha amanzi ngendlela efanele, amanzi angalulaza udonga. Emaphethelweni ethala, izihlahla eziphansi notshani kuyashiwo ukuze kuvikeleke umhlabathi okwengeziwe.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo 5 — izibonelo zokugcina amanzi odongeni.
Amathafa kufanele abambezele ukugeleza kwamanzi ngemva kokuna kwemvula futhi agcinele izitshalo amanzi engeziwe. Umthombo uphakamisa amabhande otshani lapho kuhlangana khona, amathambeka athambile namashaneli emaphethelweni ethala.
Izindlela zasengadini
Izindlela zingasetshenziswa abahamba ngezinyawo noma izimoto, ngakho indawo yazo kanye nesiphetho kuyahluka kuye ngomthwalo. Ezindleleni zezinyawo, umthombo usho ububanzi ukusuka kokuthi 40 kuye ku-100 cm; kububanzi buka-100 cm abantu ababili bangadlula. Isembozo sokugcina akudingekile ukuba siqhubeke, ngakho utshani bungahlala phakathi kwamapuleti.
Ukwakha kuqala ngokulandelela isikhala sesisekelo, unqenqema kanye nomugqa. Ithrekhi kufanele ibe banzi kunengoma eqediwe. Imiphetho embhalweni yenziwe ngokhonkolo, itshe, isitini noma izitshalo. Ezindleleni zenqola, i-substratum ikhulunywa kuphela emigwaqweni lapho amasondo edlula khona, kanti phakathi nendawo ingagcwaliswa ngamatshe noma i-slag. Indawo engaphezulu kufanele ikhiphe amanzi.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo — umumo nezigaba zezindlela.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo 6 — ukuqondanisa, ukulungiswa kombhede, ukubekwa kanye nokugxivizwa kwama-slabs.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo 7 — ukubunjwa kwendlela nokukhipha amanzi.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo 8 — izibonelo zesizinda sethrekhi.
Ezindleleni ezinde zezinyawo, umthombo uphakamisa itshe lesisekelo lokulinganisa njalo 1–2 m. Ezinye izakhi zibekwe ngokwaleyo ndiza, ngethambeka elincane lokudonsa amanzi.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo 9 — izinga lethrekhi.
Izitezi engadini
Ezweni elinezitebhisi, izindlela nezitebhisi zivame ukushintshana. Izingxenye eziyisicaba kufanele futhi zibe nokuthambeka okuncane, futhi inani lezinyathelo kufanele lehliswe libe okungenani elidingekayo.
Umthombo uchaza izinyathelo ezilula ezenziwe ngetshe lemvelo elingaqoshiwe, elinamaphedi ngaphansi komphetho ongaphambili olayishiwe. Isixazululo esinjalo asihloselwe izitebhisi eziphakeme. Ukufika ngemva kwezinyathelo 8–10 kucaciswa njengenkomba yomlando yokunethezeka. Izitebhisi nokuhlalwa phansi kufanele kukhiphe amanzi futhi kuhloniphe isilinganiso esinqunyiwe sobude nokunyathela.
Izikhonkwane eziqinile, amapulangwe nama-slats kushiwo ngezitezi zobumba, ezinobude obungafika ku-10–12 cm kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okusemaceleni. Ezinyathelweni zezitini, kucacisiwe ungqimba lwetshe noma i-slag, kanye netshe, indawo eyisicaba ngaphambili nangaphezulu kanye nokulungiswa okuvikelekile ngokumelene nokuxegiswa.
Amachibi angadi
Umthombo uchaza izindlela ezimbalwa zomlando zokwenza ichibi elincane. Esimeni sobumba oluhlanganisiwe, umgodi umbiwa 40–50 cm ujule kunokujula okufunayo, futhi ubumba lusetshenziswa ezendlalelo ezintathu zogqinsi 10–15 cm.
Emhlabathini oqine ngokwanele, ucwecwe lwepulasitiki luyashiwo, ngokulinganiswa ngokucophelela kwe-substrate ukuze ukucindezela kungadabuki okokumboza kanye nomugqa womhlaba phezu kwemiphetho yefoyili.
Echibini le-concrete, umthombo usho isendlalelo esikhonkolo sokuthi 10–15 cm esinomsebenzi wefomu. Kumachibi amakhudlwana, ukuqinisa kanye 2–3 kushiwo izendlalelo zokwahlukanisa, kanye nokukhipha amanzi kanye nokuchichima okubekwa kahle. Ngemva kokusetha ukhonkolo, umbhalo uncoma okungenani izinguquko ezintathu eziphelele zamanzi ngaphambi kokwethula izitshalo ngenxa yezinto ezincibilika kukhonkolo omusha.
Sincoma izitshalo ezibekezelela umswakama endaweni yokubhukuda. Umthombo uphinde ubalule ukwethulwa kwezimfanzi zamanzi zohlobo lwe-Daphnia njengendlela echazwe ngaleso sikhathi yokukhawulela amanzi amile; lesi simangalo esingokomlando akufanele sisetshenziswe ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwamanje kwekhwalithi yamanzi ne-pool ecology.
Uma ingadi isiqediwe, i-athikili yoqobo imemezela uthango njengesihloko esilandelayo. Uthango, kanye neminye imisebenzi echazwe kulo mbhalo wengobo yomlando, ayiyona ingxenye yomnikelo wamanje wenkampani wamawindi neminyango.