INqaku loKhuseleko oluBalulekileyo: Esi sisicatshulwa semfundo esikwiindawo ezigcina iinkcukacha ezisuka ku-2017. unyaka, kwaye hayi iprojekthi okanye umyalelo wangoku wokwakha ngokuzimeleyo. Ukugrunjwa, amathambeka, iindonga zokugcina, iindlela zokuhamba, izitepsi kunye namachibi anokuthi abeke esichengeni ukuzinza komhlaba kunye nesakhiwo kwaye athwale umngcipheko wokuwa, ukungcwatywa, ukwenzakala kunye nokutshona. Ukufakwa kumhlaba, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi, ukuqiniswa, ukukhuselwa kwabantwana kunye nokufikeleleka kufuneka kusonjululwe ngokwemigaqo esebenzayo kunye neemeko zendawo ethile. Ukucwangcisa nokwenza kufuneka kunikezelwe kubayili abafanelekileyo kunye neekontraka. Iifoto kunye nemizobo ziyimifanekiso kwaye ayimeli iiprojekthi eziqinisekisiweyo zeSavo Kusić.
Ukubunjwa komhlaba, iindlela zegadi, izinyuko, iindonga zokugcina kunye namachibi aziyonxalenye yesibonelelo esitsha sikawonke-wonke senkampani. Ujoliso lwangoku lwemveliso lubandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neminyango yesiko. Kwifestile ethile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sekowuti.
Isicwangciso sokusetyenziswa komhlaba
Phambi kokucwangciswa komhlaba ojikeleze indlu yosapho okanye i-cottage, injongo yendawo kufuneka imiselwe kwaye ubungakanani, isiqabu, indawo, umgangatho womhlaba kunye nokunxibelelana nokusingqongileyo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.
Isicatshulwa sokuqala sicebisa ukuba indawo ekhoyo yabiwe ngokweemfuno zekhaya: igadi yeziqhamo, igadi yemifuno, iintyatyambo, ukuhamba kunye nokuphumla. Ezo njongo akuyomfuneko ukuba zahlulwe ngokungqongqo. Igadi inokuba nendima yezoqoqosho, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ihlala iyinxalenye ehambelanayo yendawo yokuhlala ekufuneka ibe mnandi ukuhlala kuyo.
Ukulinganisa umhlaba phambi kokwenza isicwangciso.
Iindlela kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa
Kuyilo lwesicwangciso, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ubungakanani, indawo kunye nemeko yendawo. Umthombo uphawula ukuba isicwangciso semeko sibonisa uqikelelo oluthe tyaba lwemilinganiselo yokwenyani, ngoko ke kumhlaba othambekileyo, umahluko onyuka nge-angle yokuthambekela kufuneka uthathelwe ingqalelo.
Iteyiphu yokulinganisa, iibha zokulinganisa ezimbini zobude 2 m ezahlulwe zibe 10 cm, iibhodi ezimbini zokuzoba kwi-tripod kunye neeprotractor ezimbini zidweliswe njengezixhobo zokulinganisa zembali. Kwisixhobo esibanjwa ngesandla seeengile, irula engunxantathu enkulu ye-45°, iprotractor yecelluloid, ulwimi olushukumayo kunye nobunzima be lead.
*Umzobo ogciniweyo1— izixhobo zokulinganisa eziphathwa ngesandla.
Kwii-angles ezinqamlekileyo, ibhodi yokudweba ibekwe ngokuthe tye, izikhokelo zidluliselwa kwiphepha, kwaye oonxantathu ababangelwayo balinganiswe, batsalwe kwisikali kwaye basetyenziselwa ukubala indawo. Imida ye-arc yomhlaba inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo athe tye.
*Umzobo ogciniweyo2- umlinganiselo wendawo yomhlaba.
Kwinkqubo yokuqala, i-slope inqunywe ngokusebenzisa iintonga ezimbini zokulinganisa ngokuthe nkqo: umgama othe tyaba kunye nokwahlukana kokuphakama kuyalinganiswa, kwaye i-slope ibalwa ngepesenti. Ibhodi ecaba ikhankanywe njengoncedo olukhawulezileyo kwithambeka.
Ubude kunye nemigama enzima ukufikelela kuyo inokumiselwa ngokwakhiwa ukusuka kwii-angles ezilinganisiweyo. Ukufumana i-angle echanekileyo ngaphandle kweprotractor, isicatshulwa sichaza ubudlelwane beklasiki3-4-5: isiseko ngu4 m, kwaye ii-arcs zerediyasi zitsalwa ukusuka kwiziphelo zayo5 mkwaye3 m.
*Umzobo ogciniweyo3— umlinganiselo wobude kunye nokuthambeka.
Ukwenziwa kweeterras kunye nokumila kwethambeka
Emva kwemilinganiselo kunye nesicwangciso, i-terrain ilungisiwe. Injongo isenokuba kukufumana indawo enkulu ethe tyaba okanye ukuguqula ithambeka libe ngamathambeka. Umthombo ucebisa ukubumba amathambeka kwicala lethambeka ukwenzela intshukumo encinci yezinto.
Njengomlinganiselo wethambeka jikelele, 1:2 kunye 1:1 zicacisiwe, kwaye ngokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, 2:1. Ngenxa yokuthotywa okulandelayo, kukhankanywa udonga lokuqala olukhudlwana kancinane. Kwisicatshulwa, i-slope ikhuselwe ekuhlanjweni ngeesodi, kunye nokutyibilika ngezibonda. Ukususwa kwesoyi, uthuthu olulungisiweyo luchazwa olwenza amaqhekeza malunga 30 × 30 cm.
Gcina umzobo 4 — ukususa kunye nokufakela isoyi.
Kwithambeka elixengaxengayo, umthombo ukhankanya amatye amakhulu emazantsi kunye namancinci ngaphezulu. Amatye abekwe kwisilili esilungisiweyo, ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa; ukuba ukungqutywa kuyafuneka, ihamile yomthi ichaziwe.
Kumathambeka amakhulu kuno-45°, okubhaliweyo kulumkisa ngemfuneko enokubakho yodonga olubambayo kwisiseko esiluqilima esixhasayo. Kwimeko ye-drywall, njengesikhokelo sembali, ububanzi besiseko bulingana nesiqingatha sobude bodonga, ngelixa ububanzi bendawo ephezulu buyingxenye yesihlanu yobubanzi besiseko. Iibhloko mazizinze kwaye ngaphandle kwamatye abekwe ngokukhululekileyo.
Ikhonkrithi kunye neendonga zamatye ezibotshelelwe ngodaka zifuna amanzi. Umthombo uchaza umjelo ongentla kwethambeka kunye nemingxuma yokukhupha rhoqo 1–2 m kwiindonga eziqinileyo. Ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kwamanzi okufanelekileyo, amanzi anokuthoba udonga. Kwimida yeeterraces, amatyholo aphantsi kunye nengca zikhankanyiwe ukwenzela ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo lomhlaba.
Gcina umzobo 5 — imizekelo yokugcina amanzi eludongeni.
Amathafa kufuneka acothise ukubaleka komhlaba emva kokuna kwemvula kwaye agcine amanzi amaninzi ezityalo. Umthombo ucebisa amabhanti engca kwicala lendibano, amathambeka athambileyo kunye nemijelo emiphethweni yeetesi.
Iindlela zegadi
Iindledlana zingasetyenziswa ngabahambi ngeenyawo okanye izithuthi, ngoko umphezulu wazo kunye nokugqiba kwazo kwahluka ngokomthwalo. Kwiindlela zeenyawo, umthombo uchaza ububanzi ukusuka ku-40 ukuya ku-100 cm; kububanzi be-100 cm abantu ababini banokudlula. Isigqubuthelo sokugqibela akufuneki siqhubeke, ngoko ke ingca inokuhlala phakathi kweepleyiti.
Ulwakhiwo luqala ngokulandelela indawo yesiseko, umphetho kunye nomgca. Ingoma kufuneka ibe banzi kunengoma egqityiweyo. Imiphetho kwisicatshulwa yenziwe ngekhonkrithi, ilitye, izitena okanye izityalo. Kwiindlela zenqwelo, i-substratum ikhankanywe kuphela kwiindlela apho iivili zidlula khona, ngelixa umbindi unokuzaliswa ngegravel okanye i-slag. Umphezulu kufuneka ukhuphe amanzi.
Gcina umzobo — imilo kunye namacandelo eendlela.
Gcina umzobo 6 — ulungelelwaniso, ukulungiswa kwebhedi, ukubekwa kunye nokucofa amacwecwe.
Gcina umzobo 7 — ukumila kwendlela kunye nokukhupha amanzi.
Gcina umzobo 8 — imizekelo yesiseko sengoma.
Kwiindlela zeenyawo ezinde, umthombo ucebisa ilitye lesiseko lokulinganisa yonke 1–2 m. Ezinye izinto zibekwe ngokwaloo nqwelo-moya, kunye nethambeka elincinane lokukhupha amanzi.
Gcina umzobo 9 — umgangatho wengoma.
Izinyuko egadini
Kumhlaba onomda, iindlela kunye nezinyuko zihlala zitshintshana. Iindawo ezimcaba nazo kufuneka zibe nethambeka elincinane, kwaye inani lamanyathelo kufuneka lincitshiswe libe kweyona nto ifunekayo.
Umthombo uchaza amanyathelo alula enziwe ngamatye endalo angaqingqwanga, kunye neepads phantsi komphetho wangaphambili olayishiwe. Isisombululo esinjalo asenzelwanga izinyuko eziphakamileyo. Ukufika emva kwamanyathelo 8–10 ngakunye kuchazwa njengesikhokelo sembali sokuthuthuzela. Izitepsi kunye nokumisa kufuneka kukhuphe amanzi kwaye kuhloniphe umlinganiselo omiselweyo wobude kunye nokunyathela.
Izitebhisi ezomeleleyo, iiplanga kunye nee-slats zikhankanywa kwizitepsi zodongwe, ezinomphakamo wokuya kuthi ga ku-10–12 cm kunye nemisele yamanzi esecaleni. Kwizitena zezitena, umaleko wegrabile okanye i-slag ichaziwe, kunye nelitye, umphezulu osicaba nomphezulu kunye nokulungiswa okukhuselekileyo ngokuchasene nokukhulula.
Amachibi egadi
Umthombo uchaza iindlela ezininzi zembali zokwenza idama elincinci. Kwimeko yodongwe oludibeneyo, umngxuma wembiwa 40–50 cm ubunzulu kunobunzulu obufunwayo, kwaye udongwe lusetyenziswa kwiileya ezintathu zobukhulu 10–15 cm.
Kumhlaba oqine ngokwaneleyo, ifoyile yeplastiki iyakhankanywa, ngokubekwa ngononophelo kwe-substrate ukuze uxinzelelo lungakrazuli i-coating kunye ne-evenment yomhlaba phezu kwemida yefoyile.
Kwichibi lekhonkrithi, umthombo ukhankanya umaleko wekhonkrithi we-10–15 cm kunye nefomwork. Kumachibi amakhulu, ukuqinisa kunye 2–3 iileya zokugquma zikhankanywe, kunye ne-drain kunye nokubekwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuphuphuma. Emva kokumisela ikhonkrithi, isicatshulwa sicebisa ubuncinane utshintsho lwamanzi amathathu olupheleleyo ngaphambi kokuba uqalise izityalo ngenxa yezinto ezinyibilikayo kwikhonkrithi entsha.
Sicebisa izityalo ezinyamezela ukufuma malunga nedama. Umthombo ukwakhankanya ukungeniswa kweshrimps zamanzi zohlobo Daphnia njengendlela echazwe ngelo xesha ukunciphisa amanzi amileyo; eli bango lembali akufuneki lisetyenziswe ngaphandle kovavanyo lwangoku lomgangatho wamanzi kunye ne-pool ecology.
Xa igadi igqityiwe, inqaku lokuqala libhengeza ucingo njengesihloko esilandelayo. Iingcingo, kunye neminye imisebenzi echazwe kwesi sicatshulwa sogcino, aziyonxalenye yonikezelo lwangoku lwenkampani ngeefestile kunye neengcango.