Ulwahlulo lwamaplanga asarha
Amaplanga asarhayo athetha iibhodi kunye neeslayiti zeentlobo ze-coniferous ukuya kuthi ga ku-100 mm, ezilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kunye nokusetyenzwa zibe ziinxalenye kunye neemveliso ezigqityiweyo ekwakhiweni.
Amaplanga asarhayo ahlulwe abe ngamaplanga, ububanzi bawo bungaphezulu kobukhulu obuphindwe kabini kunobungqingqwa, kunye neelaths, ububanzi bazo bungagqithi kabini ubukhulu. Ubunzima beebhodi ezicekethekileyo bunyuka ukuya ku 35 mm, kwaye ezityebileyo ngaphezulu kwe 35 mm.
Ngokobume bomsebenzi, amaplanga agayiweyo ahlulwe anqunyulwe, apho omabini amacala acuthekileyo achetywa ngobude bawo bonke okanye ngalinye kuwo ubuncinci isiqingatha sobude, kwaye anganqunywanga, apho amacala amxinwa anganqunyulwanga kwaphela okanye achetywe ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sobude. Omabini amacala abanzi amaplanga achetyiweyo nangekachetywa kufuneka aqwalaselwe kubude bonke.
Ngokomgangatho womthi kunye nokulungiswa kwawo, imithi egayiweyo ihlulwe ibe ziindidi ezilandelayo: prima-extra, I, II, III, IV kunye V.
Iiklasi zamaplanga asarha ngokwenjongo
| Yolwakhiwo | I,II,III,IV,V |
|---|---|
| Eyokwakhiwa kweenqanawa | I, II, III |
| Kulwakhiwo lwenqwelo | I, II, III |
| Kulwakhiwo lwebhulorho | I, II, III |
| Yeyokwakha imoto | I, II, III |
| Ezelori zokwakha | II, III, IV |
| Ukwenza ifenitshala | I, II, III, IV |
| Ukwenza iinxalenye zeenqanawa | I, II, III |
| Ukwenza imibhobho yeplanga | I, II |
| Ukwenza ukupakishwa ngomthi | II, III, IV, V |
Udidi lwamaplanga asarha izakhiwo zamaplanga kufuneka zihambelane nemimiselo yoyilo.
Umthi osarhiweyo weentlobo ze-coniferous
Amaplanga asarhayo aveliswa kwipine, spruce, larch, imisedare kunye nefir wood. Ubude bamaplanga asarha buqala ukusuka1ukuya6,5 mngokwandisa nge0,25 m, kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqanawa kunye nokwakhiwa kwebhulorho ukuya9,5 mkunye nokwanda kobude obufanayo.
Imilinganiselo yeebhodi kunye nemiqadi
| Isiqalelo | Ukutyeba | Ububanzi |
|---|---|---|
| Iibhodi | 13,16,19,22,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,85,90kwaye100 mm | Ukusuka50ukuya260 mm, ukwanda nge10 mm |
| Iibhedi | 25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,90kwaye100 mm | Ukusuka50ukuya200 mm, ukwanda nge10 mm |
Ububanzi nobungqingqwa bemithi esarhiweyo bumiselwe umthi onokufuma15%. Xa ukufuma kuphezulu, amaplanga asarhayo azo zonke iindidi zeenkuni, ngaphandle kwelarch, kufuneka abe nokugqithisa ngenxa yokomisa ngokomgangatho wangoku. Kwi-larch, ubunzima obuninzi ngenxa yokomisa buyanda30%ukusuka kubukhulu obuvela kwimimiselo ehambelana nepine, i-spruce kunye nemisedare.
Unxaxha lwemilinganiselo yamaplanga asarha
| Umlinganiselo | Ukutenxa okumiselweyo |
|---|---|
| Ubude | ±5 cm |
| Ukutyeba ukuya kuthi ga35 mm | ±1 mm |
| Ukutyeba kunye nobubanzi ukusuka 40 ukuya 100 mm | ±2″ |
| Ububanzi ukusuka 105 ukuya 210 mm | ±3″ |
| Ububanzi ngaphezulu 210 mm | ±4″ |
Umthamo wokufuma wamaplanga asarha awulungelelaniswanga.
Imiqadi yeentlobo ze-coniferous
Iimitha zeentlobo ze-coniferous, ezinamacala amane kunye namacala amabini, zinobukhulu ukusuka ku-110 ukuya ku-240 mm. Kwimiqadi emacaleni amane, onke amacala kufuneka aqwalaselwe, kwaye kwimiqadi enamacala amabini, amacala amabini kuphela.
Ubude bemiqadi bunqunywe ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-6,5 m, ngokunyuka kwe-0,25 m, kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqanawa kunye nokwakhiwa kwebhuloho ukuya kuthi ga ku-9,5 m kunye nokunyuka kobude obufanayo. Imiqadi esetyenziselwa iibhulorho zikaloliwe inobude obungu-3,2; 4,2 kunye 5,2 m.
Ububanzi kunye nobukhulu beeplanga ezimacala amane ziqala 110 ukuya 240 mm. Imiqadi yeebhulorho zikaloliwe yenziwe ngokobukhulu nobubanzi 200 × 240, 220 × 260 kunye 220 × 280 mm. Ububanzi bamacala anqunyulwe kwiiplanga eziphindwe kabini azifani.
Ubungakanani bemiqadi bumiselwe kwiplanga elinomswakama we-15%. Xa umswakama uphezulu, imiqadi yazo zonke iintlobo, ngaphandle kwe-larch, kufuneka ibe nokugqithisa ngenxa yokomisa ngokwemigangatho yangoku. Kwimiqadi eyenziwe ngamaplanga e-larch, imilinganiselo engaphezulu ngenxa yokomisa ukunyuka xa kuthelekiswa nemilinganiselo emiselweyo yepine, i-spruce, imisedare kunye nefir. Imiqadi yeebhulorho zikaloliwe inokwenziwa ngomthi wom-oki.
Ngokomgangatho womthi, imiqadi ihlukaniswe kwiiklasi ezine: I, II, III kunye ne-IV. Yeyiphi iklasi eya kusetyenziselwa ulwakhiwo oluthile lobunjineli kunye neempawu ezimiselwe yimigangatho efanelekileyo kunye neemeko zobugcisa kulwakhiwo kunye nezinto.
Imiqadi yeklasi I isetyenziselwa iibhulorho zikaloliwe kunye noomatshini bezolimo. Imiqadi yeklasi yoku-I neye-II akufuneki ihanjiswe phambi kokuba ibe midala kwiifestile ngaphantsi kweentsuku 30.
Amaplanga asarhekileyo eentlobo zomthi oqinileyo
Ngokomgangatho, iinkuni kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zomgangatho. Iibhodi, ii-slats kunye nemiqadi eyenziwe ngeentlobo zomthi olukhuni zisetyenziswa zombini kunye neziqwenga ezimfutshane kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kwimveliso eyahlukeneyo kunye nokwakhiwa.
Amaplanga enziwe nge-oki, uthuthu, beech, birch, chub, hornbeam, elm, alder, aspen, Linden, poplar, njl. Yahlulahlulwe ngokwamaplanga, apho ububanzi bukhulu ngaphezu kabini ubukhulu, laths, ububanzi abukho ngaphezu kabini ubukhulu, kunye nemiqadi, apho zombini ubukhulu kunye nobubanzi bukhulu ngaphezu100 mm. Ngobunzima, amaplanga asarhayo ahlulwe abe mncinci, ukuya kuthi ga35 mm, kwaye ubukhulu,35-40 mm.
Ukwenziwa kwamaplanga asarhayo
Ngokobume bokulungiswa, amaplanga asarha ahlulwe abe:
- inqunyulwe, apho onke amacala amane acutshungulwa, kwaye ubukhulu bamacala angenakunqunyulwa abukho bukhulu kunemilinganiselo evunyelwe;
- engenakunqandwa, apho amacala abanzi anqunywe, kwaye anqabile anganqunyulwanga, okanye apho imilinganiselo yamacala angaphantsi kunye namacala abanzi amakhulu kunokuba avunyelwe.
Imilinganiselo kunye nokufuma
Imilinganiselo yeplanga esarhiweyo yile ilandelayo:
- ubude be1ukuya6,5 m, ukwanda nge0,1 m;
- ubukhulu7,10,13,16,19,22kwaye25-50 mm, ukwanda nge5 mm,i50-130 mm, ukwanda nge10 mm;
- Ububanzi be50 mmkwaye ngakumbi, iyanda10 mm.
Ububanzi bezinto ezingagqitywanga sisiqingatha sesiqingatha sobubanzi bamacala amabini abanzi, bulinganiswe embindini wobude bezinto ezinikiweyo, apho iinxalenye ukuya kuthi ga.0,5 cmmusa ukubala, a0,5 cmkwaye ngaphezulu kubalwa njenge1 cm.
Imilinganiselo yomthi owenziwe ngesarha ngokwemiqathango yobukhulu kunye nobubanzi bumiselwe ukufuma kwemithi15%. Xa ukufuma kuphezulu, amaplanga asarha kufuneka abe nokugqithisa ngenxa yokomisa.
Isiqulatho sokufuma samaplanga asarha akufunekanga sibe phezulu kunoko25%abs. Ngokwe iziphene zomthi, ukucoceka kokucubungula kunye neqondo lokuchaneka, iinkuni ezitshisiweyo zenziwe kwiiklasi ezine: I, II, III kunye ne-IV.
Izihloko ezinxulumeneyo: yakha, ukufuma kweenkuni, ukomisa iinkuni, oomatshini bokuplanga kunye nezixhobo kunye nokuveliswa kweefestile zamaplanga kunye neengcango.