Ukuhlukaniswa kwamapulangwe
Izingodo ezisahliweyo zisho amabhodi nama-slats ezinhlobo ze-coniferous kufika ku-100 mm, ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa iyonke kanye nokucubungula izingxenye nemikhiqizo eqediwe lapho kwakhiwa.
Izingodo ezisasiwe zihlukaniswe ngamapulangwe, ububanzi bawo bungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kunogqinsi, kanye nama-laths, ububanzi bawo abukho ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ukujiya. Ugqinsi lwamabhodi amancane lukhuphukela ku-35 mm, futhi awugqinsi lube ngaphezu kuka-35 mm.
Ngokwemvelo yokucubungula, izingodo ezisahliweyo zihlukaniswa zibe ukusikwa, lapho izinhlangothi zombili eziwumngcingo zisikwa ngobude bazo bonke noma ngayinye yazo okungenani isigamu sobude, futhi inganqunywa, lapho izinhlangothi eziwumngcingo zinganqunywa nhlobo noma zisikwe ngaphansi kwengxenye yobude. Zombili izinhlangothi ezibanzi zazo zombili izingodo ezisikiwe nezingasikiwe kufanele zicutshungulwe kubo bonke ubude.
Ngokwekhwalithi yokhuni nokucutshungulwa kwalo, izingodo ezisahliweyo zihlukaniswe ngamakilasi alandelayo: prima-extra, I, II, III, IV kanye ne V.
Izigaba zamapulangwe ngokwenhloso
| Okokwakhiwa | I,II, III, IV, V |
|---|---|
| Okokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi | I, II, III |
| Okokwakhiwa kwenqola | I, II, III |
| Okokwakhiwa kwebhuloho | I, II, III |
| Okwesakhiwo semoto | I, II, III |
| Okwamaloli okwakha | II, III, IV |
| Ukwenza ifenisha | I, II, III, IV |
| Ukwenza izingxenye zemikhumbi | I, II, III |
| Ukwenza amapayipi okhuni | I, II |
| Ukwenza ukupakisha ngokhuni | II, III, IV, V |
Ikilasi lezingodo ezisahwe izakhiwo zamapulangwe kufanele lihambisane nezinkambiso zedizayini.
Ukhuni olusahwe lwezinhlobo ze-coniferous
Izingodo ezisahliweyo zikhiqizwa ngophayini, i-spruce, larch, umsedari kanye nokhuni lomsayipuresi. Ubude bezingodo ezisahwe buyasukela1ku6,5 mngokukhula nge0,25 m, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi nokwakhiwa kwebhuloho kuze kufike9,5 mngokukhula okufanayo kobude.
Ubukhulu bamabhodi nemishayo
| Isici | Ubukhulu | Ububanzi |
|---|---|---|
| Amabhodi | 13,16,19,22,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,85,90futhi100 mm | Kusuka50ku260 mm, zikhula nge10 mm |
| Imibhede | 25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,90futhi100 mm | Kusuka50ku200 mm, zikhula nge10 mm |
Ububanzi nobukhulu bezingodo ezisaha kunqunywa ukhuni olunomswakama15%. Lapho umswakama uphakeme, ukhuni olusahliweyo lwazo zonke izinhlobo zokhuni, ngaphandle kwe-larch, kufanele lube nokweqile ngenxa yokomiswa ngokwezinga lamanje. Ukuze i-larch, isisindo esiningi ngenxa yokomisa sikhuphuka30%kusukela osayizi kusukela ezinkambisweni ezihlobene zikaphayini, ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi kanye nomsedari.
Ukuchezuka kobukhulu bezingodo ezisahwe
| Kala | Ukuchezuka okunqunyiwe |
|---|---|
| Ubude | ±5 cm |
| Ubukhulu bufika35 mm | ±1 mm |
| Ubukhulu nobubanzi busuka kokuthi 40 kuye ku-100 mm | ±2″ |
| Ububanzi busuka kokuthi 105 kuye kokuthi 210 mm | ±3″ |
| Ububanzi phezu 210 mm | ±4″ |
Umswakama wokhuni olusahliweyo awulinganisiwe.
Imisebe yezinhlobo ze-coniferous
Imishayo yezinhlobo ze-coniferous, ezinezinhlangothi ezine nezinhlangothi ezimbili, inogqinsi ukusuka ku-110 ukuya ku-240 mm. Kumapulangwe anezinhlangothi ezine, zonke izinhlangothi ezine kufanele zicutshungulwe, futhi emishayweni enezinhlangothi ezimbili, izinhlangothi ezimbili kuphela.
Ubude bemishayo bunqunywa ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-6,5 m, ngokunyuka okungu-0,25 m, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi nokwakhiwa kwebhuloho kufika ku-9,5 m ngokunyuka okufanayo kobude. Imishayo esetshenziselwa amabhuloho wesitimela inobude obungu-3,2; 4,2 kanye 5,2 m.
Ububanzi nobukhulu bemishayo yezinhlangothi ezine busuka ku-110 kuye ku-240 mm. Imishayo yamabhuloho wesitimela yenziwa ngogqinsi nobubanzi 200 × 240, 220 × 260 kanye 220 × 280 mm. Ububanzi bezinhlangothi ezisikiwe zemishayo enezinhlangothi ezimbili abumisiwe.
Ubukhulu bemishayo bunqunywa ngokhuni olunomswakama ongu-15%. Uma umswakama uphakeme, imishayo yazo zonke izinhlobo, ngaphandle kwe-larch, kufanele ibe nokudlulele ngenxa yokomisa ngokwezinga lamanje. Ngemishayo eyenziwe ngokhuni lwe-larch, izilinganiso ezidlulele ngenxa yokomisa ukwanda uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso ezinqunyelwe uphayini, i-spruce, imisedari ne-fir. Imishayo yamabhuloho kaloliwe ingenziwa nangokhuni lwe-oki.
Ngokwekhwalithi yokhuni, imishayo ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine: I, II, III kanye ne-IV. Iliphi ikilasi elizosetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kobunjiniyela nezinto ezithile ezinqunywa amazinga afanelekile nezimo zobuchwepheshe zokwakha nezinto.
Imishayo yekilasi I isetshenziselwa amabhuloho wesitimela nemishini yezolimo. Imishayo yekilasi I no-II akufanele ilethwe ngaphambi kokuthi ikhule ngamawintshi ngaphansi kwezinsuku ezingu-30.
Izingodo ezisahwe zezinhlobo zokhuni oluqinile
Ngokwekhwalithi, izinkuni kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo zezinga. Amabhodi, ama-slats kanye nemishayo eyenziwe ngezinhlobo zokhuni oluqinile asetshenziswa kokubili okuphelele futhi izingcezu ezimfushane zezakhi ezihlukahlukene ekukhiqizeni okuhlukahlukene kwezimboni nokwakhiwa.
Izingodo ezisasiwe zenziwe nge-oki, umlotha, i-beech, i-birch, i-chub, i-hornbeam, i-elm, i-alder, i-aspen, i-linden, i-poplar, njll. Ihlukaniswe ngamapulangwe, lapho ububanzi bungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ukushuba, ama-laths, ububanzi obungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ukushuba, nemishayo, lapho kokubili ukushuba nobubanzi kungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili.100 mm. Ngokuqina, izingodo ezisahliweyo zihlukaniswa zibe mncane, kuze kufike35 mm, futhi ebugqileni,35-40 mm.
Ukucutshungulwa kokhuni oluqinile olusahwe
Ngokwemvelo yokucutshungulwa, izingodo ezisahliweyo zihlukaniswa zibe:
- kunqunywa, lapho zonke izinhlangothi ezine zicutshungulwa, futhi ubukhulu bezinhlangothi ezinganqunyiwe abukho bukhulu kunobukhulu obuvunyelwe;
- enganqunywanga, lapho izinhlangothi ezibanzi zisikiwe, futhi eziwumngcingo zinganqunywanga, noma lapho izilinganiso zezinhlangothi ezinganqunyiwe ezincane nezibanzi zinkulu kunalokho okuvunyelwe.
Ubukhulu kanye nomswakama
Ubukhulu bezinkuni ezisaha bumi kanje:
- ubude be1ku6,5 m, zikhula nge0,1 m;
- ukujiya7,10,13,16,19,22futhi25-50 mm, zikhula nge5 mm, i50-130 mm, zikhula nge10 mm;
- Ububanzi be50 mmnokuningi, kuyanda10 mm.
Ububanzi bezinto ezingaqediwe buyisamba sesigamu sobubanzi bezinhlangothi ezimbili ezibanzi, kukalwa phakathi nobude bento enikeziwe, lapho izingxenye zifika kuye.0,5 cmungabali, a0,5 cmnokuningi kubalwa ngokuthi1 cm.
Ubukhulu bezinkuni ezisahwe ngokobukhulu nobubanzi bunqunywa umswakama wokhuni15%. Lapho umswakama uphakeme, izingodo ezisahliweyo kufanele zibe nokudlulele ngenxa yokoma.
Umswakama wokhuni olusahliweyo akufanele ube ngaphezu kwalokho25%abs. Ngokusho amaphutha okhuni, ukuhlanzeka kokucubungula kanye nezinga lokunemba, izingodo ezisahliweyo zenziwe ngezigaba ezine: I, II, III kanye ne-IV.
Izihloko ezihlobene: yakha, umswakama wokhuni, ukomiswa kwezinkuni, imishini yokwenza ukhuni namathuluzi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamafasitela nezicabha zokhuni.