Chidziwitso chofunikira pazaumoyo ndi chitetezo: Awa ndi mawu osungidwa kuchokera ku 2017. chaka, osati malangizo amakono opangira ntchito zopenta kapena malingaliro azinthu zenizeni. Utoto wakale, zokutira, pigment ufa, zomatira, zosungunulira ndi magawo akhoza kukhala osadziwika; sayenera kupala, kupukuta, kutenthedwa, kusakaniza kapena kusungunuka musanadziwike. Chinyezi, nkhungu, pulasitala wosakhazikika ndi zinthu zomwe zingakhale zoopsa zimafunikira kuunika kwa akatswiri. Pachinthu chilichonse lero, ndikofunikira kutsatira zomwe zanenedwa, ukadaulo ndi chitetezo, kuonetsetsa mpweya wabwino, kuwongolera fumbi, kuteteza khungu ndi maso ndi zida zina zodzitetezera. Kusamala kwapadera kumafunika pogwira ntchito pamakwerero, pafupi ndi makhazikitsidwe amagetsi, ndi caustic laimu, zosungunulira ndi zigawo zakale zosadziwika. Maphikidwe oyambilira, kuchuluka kwake, kuyesa m’manja ndi zonena zachitetezo patsamba lino zasungidwa ngati mbiri yakale ndipo sizilowa m’malo mwazinthu zamakono kapena kontrakitala wodziwa ntchito.
Kupaka ndi kupenta makoma si gawo lazoperekedwa ndi anthu za Savo Kusić. Zomwe zikuchitika panopa ndi mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo ndi zitseko. Pazenera kapena pakhomo, mutha kutumiza pempho la mtengo.
Cholinga chachikulu chojambula ndi kujambula, ndithudi, kuteteza ndi kusunga ukhondo wa makoma, zinthu zamatabwa ndi zitsulo, koma iyi ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zokongoletsa. Mwakutero, pojambula ndi kujambula, timapeza malo okongola, osangalatsa komanso ogwirizana. Ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuti makampani opanga utoto amapanga zinthu zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito, zomwe ngakhale omwe alibe maphunziro okwanira amatha kugwira ntchito bwino. Zochita zoterezi sizifuna ngakhale zida zapadera kapena ziyeneretso zapadera.
Chifukwa chake, m’gawoli, aliyense atha kuwonetsa kuthekera kwake pazaluso zomwe adazigwiritsa ntchito. Koma tisanazolowerane ndi luso lopenta ndi kupenta, tiyenera kudziwa malamulo oyambira komanso zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu.
Mtundu, kusiyanitsa ndi mgwirizano
Zimadziwika kuti mitundu imakhudza momwe munthu amamvera, kufuna kugwira ntchito, ngakhalenso zokolola zake. Timapeza mitundu ina kukhala yosangalatsa, ina yosasangalatsa. Tikudziwanso kuti pafupifupi aliyense ali ndi mtundu womwe amakonda.
Mogwirizana ndi izi, zilibe kanthu kuti mitundu ndi yotani, zinthu za chilengedwe chathu, mipando, zovala; kapena ngati tili ndi mitundu ingapo, zophatikizana bwanji ndi mitunduyo. Izi zimagwira ntchito makamaka ku nyumba ndi zinthu zomwe zilimo, chifukwa timathera moyo wathu wonse m’nyumbamo.
M’mbuyomu, m’nyumbamo munkakonda mitundu iwiri: mipando yamatabwa yofiirira komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri ya makoma, yoyera, ya laimu. Mtundu wa buluu, wobiriwira kapena lalanje wa makoma, mipando, mapepala, makatani, ndi zina zotero zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zonyansa m’mbuyomu. Komabe, lero ndi chitukuko cha zipangizo zamakono, maonekedwe a mtundu wasintha, ngakhale mitundu yonyezimira yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yotchuka. Koma mitundu yamakono ndi mitundu iyeneranso kugwirizanitsidwa bwino, chifukwa “zamakono” sizikutanthauza kukoma. Tinganenenso kuti: “Zokongola sizinali zokongola!”
Nthawi zambiri ngakhale katswiri sangathe kusankha kuphatikiza koyenera kwamitundu yanyumba, ndi mtundu wanji wa mipando yomwe ili molingana ndi mtundu wa makoma, pansi, ndi zina zambiri, popanda kuganizira mozama. Udindo wa achinyamata, omwe angoyamba kumene m’moyo ndipo sadziwa za luso logwiritsidwa ntchito, ndizovuta kwambiri. Sikophweka kwa okalamba omwe akukonzekera kusamukira m’nyumba zamakono kapena kusintha mipando yawo. Cholinga cha gawo ili la bukhuli ndi kuthandiza aliyense mu izi, kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza mitundu ndi kugwirizana kwake. Koma tisaiwale kuti omwe akukhala m’nyumba, kuti akhale omasuka, sayenera kuwonetsa kukoma kwawo, chifukwa sizomwe amamva kapena kuona kuchokera kwa ena zomwe zimakhala zokoma. Ayenera kutsatira malamulo onse a kakomedwe ndi kakomedwe ka mitundu, koma aziphatikiza malingaliro awo ndi zokonda zawo m’mapangidwewo.
Diso la munthu limatha kusiyanitsa mitundu chikwi kapena mithunzi yamitunduyo. Ojambula, osindikiza, amadziwa bwino kuti mitundu ndi mithunzi imatha kupezeka mwa kusakaniza mitundu yoyambira: yofiira, yachikasu ndi yabuluu. Posakaniza mitundu yoyambirirayi, mitundu yosakanikirana (mitundu yachiwiri) imatha kupezeka: kuchokera ku red ndi yellow lalanje, yachikasu ndi yabuluu - yobiriwira, yofiira ndi yofiirira.
Mizere Yoyambira, Yachiwiri ndi Yapamwamba
Mitundu yoyambirira (yoyambirira) ndi mitundu yosakanizika yoyambira palimodzi imapereka bwalo loyambira. Ndilo bwalo loterolo pamtunda umene mitunduyo imakonzedwa pafupi ndi wina ndi mzake kotero kuti pakati pa mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu pali mtundu wosakanikirana womwe umapezeka mwa kusakaniza zazikuluzo. Choncho, makona atatu akhoza kujambulidwa pa gudumu loyambira lamtundu. M’manja mwa mmodzi muli mitundu ikuluikulu, ndipo m’manja mwa ena makamaka mitundu yosakanikirana.
Bwalo loyenera limathandiza kwambiri kudziwa malamulo ogwirizana ndi mitundu. Momwemonso, mitundu yosiyana kapena yowonjezera imasinthasintha pakati pamitundu yoyambira.
Mitundu yofananira, kapena mitundu yomwe “imayenda” ndi inzake, ili pafupi ndi gudumu loyambira lamitundu. Mitundu itatu yoyandikana mu gudumu lamitundu yoyambira imayimira zomwe zimatchedwa mitundu itatu.
Mitundu inayi imayimiridwa ndi mitundu iwiri yofananira, yomwe ili moyandikana mubwalo ndi mitundu iwiri yofananira, koma moyang’anizana ndendende ndi yoyamba mu bwalo, resp. mitundu yosiyana ya peyala yoyamba.
Chitsanzo cha mitundu yosiyanitsa ndi yabuluu ndi lalanje, pamitundu yofananira yofiira, lalanje ndi yachikasu itatu, ndi inayi yofiirira, yofiira komanso yachikasu ndi yobiriwira.
Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi diso labwino, sizidzakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa mitundu yachiwiri kapena yosakanikirana kuchokera kumitundu yomwe yatchulidwa kale yamitundu masauzande angapo ndikuiphatikiza pakati pa mitundu itatu yayikulu ndi itatu yosakanikirana yoyambira, komanso kudziwa mawonekedwe awo (kusiyana, ogwirizana, ndi zina).
Tiyeninso tizindikire kuti mitundu yoyambira kapena yachiwiri yopanda mithunzi imatchedwa mitundu yolunjika, koma ilinso ndi dzina lamitundu yomwe idapakidwa poyambirira ndi wopanga ndipo sinasakanizidwebe ndi mitundu ina. M’makampani opanga nsalu masiku ano, mitundu yolunjika imakhala yochepa kwambiri ndipo mitundu yosakanikirana imafunidwa kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza mitundu, mithunzi, mitundu yamitundu imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa matani pakati pa zoyera (“zero color”) ndi zakuda (“kusowa kwathunthu kwa kuwala”). Ngati musakaniza zosiyana zoyera ndi zakuda, mumapeza imvi. Mitundu yosiyana ya imvi kuchokera ku yoyera mpaka yakuda imapanga mtundu wotuwa. Imvi ndi “yokhazikika” yokha (mwachitsanzo, imakondedwa ndi magalimoto), koma powonjezera mitundu ina imathandizira kupanga matani awo.
Ndi matani oyera ndi akuda, zotsatira zapulasitiki kwambiri zitha kukwaniritsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, panyumba zokhala ndi pulasitala ya “sgraffitto”, kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitala pamithunzi kumapangitsa kuganiza kuti nyumbayo imapangidwa ndi mwala wodulidwa bwino.
M’nyumba yokongoletsedwa mokoma komanso yaying’ono, kusiyanitsa kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziwoneka bwino, motero, ndi zinthu zochepa zokha zokhala ndi mtundu wosiyana (monga ma cushion, nsalu zapatebulo) zomwe zingapatuke kumitundu yofananira ya mipando ndi pansi. Maziko a mgwirizano wamtundu wa chipinda amatsimikiziridwa ndi makoma, omwe ayenera kugwirizana ndi mtundu wa pansi.
Kuunikira bwino mchipindacho, makoma azikhala opepuka, amitundu yapastel komanso mawonekedwe asakhale osiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu woyambira, i.e. akuyenera kukhala osasunthika. Kuwala kobiriwira kumapangitsa munthu kukhala wodekha, buluu kukhala woziziritsa, wachikasu kutenthedwa, ndi lalanje kukhala wokhazikika.
Kusiyanitsa kwa kuwala kochokera kunja kumachepetsedwa ndi makatani, koma nthawi yomweyo amabisa malo. Pamene zenera lotseguka la kugwirizana kwa khonde ndi chilengedwe limatsekedwa ndipo limakutidwa ndi makatani, limalekanitsa chipindacho ndi dziko lapansi. Choncho, poganizira zonsezi, muyenera kusankha mitundu yoyenera ya mitundu ya zipinda zapayekha, kuti zigwirizane ndi ntchito za zipindazo.
Mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira wa makoma a chipinda chogona umagwirizana mofanana ndi mitundu yakuda kapena yopepuka ya mipando, ndipo mosiyana, chiguduli chimodzi kapena chinsalu chimodzi chamtundu wowonjezera ndizokwanira.
Ndi mitundu yoyera kapena yopepuka ya makoma akukhitchini, mipando yamtundu wopepuka ndiyoyeneranso, ndipo mosiyana, chosinthira chimodzi, chogwirira chimodzi kapena m’mphepete mwamtundu wofananira ndizokwanira. M’bafa, mitundu yabwino kwambiri yamitundu yapakhoma, kapena mipando, ndi yoyera-yofiira, yobiriwira-yachikasu komanso yabuluu wopepuka walalanje.
Ngati muli ndi chipinda cha ana mnyumba mwanu, chikhoza kukhala chokongola kwambiri, koma ngakhale mipando yokhayo iyenera kukhala yakuda pang’ono.
Kusiyanitsa kwapamwamba kumatha kuloledwa muholo.
Ndipo pomaliza, tiyeni tizindikire kuti awa si malamulo okhwima, koma mfundo kapena mfundo zomwe aliyense ayenera kupanga mogwirizana ndi mitundu ya nyumba yawo mwakufuna kwake.
Chitsanzo cha mkati momwe makoma ofiira amayika kamvekedwe kabwino
Kukonzekera kuumba
Ngati tasankha mtundu, titha kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito “zinsinsi” za ntchito zopenta. Pali ntchito zochepa zapakhomo zomwe kupambana kumadalira kwambiri kukonzekera monga kujambula. Mwachitsanzo Khoma lopakidwa kumene limatha kupakidwa ngati lauma kale, mwachitsanzo, laimu lomwe lili mmenemo likamangika. Izi zitha kutsimikiziridwa molondola popanga yankho la phenolphthalein 1% ndi mowa ndikuyika dontho pa pulasitala pakhoma. Ngati dontho limakhala lofiira, zikutanthauza kuti laimu silinakhazikike. Choyamba timachotsa wosanjikiza wakale wa matope kapena laimu ndi spatula wamkulu kuchokera pakhoma lopangidwa kale laimu. Ntchitoyi idzakhala yosavuta ndipo fumbi lochepa lidzapangidwa ngati titayamba kunyowetsa khoma bwino ndi burashi lopaka njereza. Kuonjezera apo, tiyenera kuchotsa ming’alu ndi kusagwirizana kwa pulasitala. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusakaniza pulasitala ndi mchenga wabwino kwambiri molingana ndi 1:1 ndikuwonjezera madzi okwanira kuti kusakaniza kufalikira pakhoma. Izi zimayikidwa pa ming’alu ya khoma ndi trowel, kotero kuti imasungunuka ndi khoma lonselo. Khomalo lidzakhala lathyathyathya ngati tilinganiza pulasitala yonse.
Phenolphthalein, alcohol solution, gypsum to sand ratio ndi kufotokozera za kuchotsedwa kwa zigawo zakale ndi gawo la mbiri yakale pano. Masiku ano, kukhwima ndi chinyezi cha gawo lapansi, kusankha kwa primer ndi kukonza zinthu, komanso kugwirizana ndi topcoat kumafufuzidwa molingana ndi dongosolo la wopanga. Zopaka zakale zosadziŵika siziyenera kupakulitsidwa kapena kupakidwa mchenga popanda kuzizindikiritsa ndi kuletsa fumbi.
“Monga laimu”
N’kutheka kuti anthu ambiri amadziwa mawu akuti: “Jury, ngati laimu”. M’mawu amenewa tikunena za ng’anjo za laimu ndi ngolo, zomwe ankaperekapo laimu wopanda mafuta m’mizinda, ndipo akagwidwa ndi mvula yamkuntho, laimuyo anayamba kuphwa.
Kudula kwa laimu, motero, ndizovuta komanso zowopsa zomwe siziyenera kuchitidwa panthawi yocheperako. Ndi bwino kupeza laimu wothira kapena laimu wothira hydrated, yemwe amatha kusakaniza ndi madzi mosavuta.
Laimu amatha kukhala amchere kwambiri ndipo amavulaza kwambiri khungu ndi maso. Kuthira laimu ndi kukonzekera zosakaniza laimu sikuyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi zolemba zakalezi; kusankha mankhwala, kusakaniza, chitetezo ndi chithandizo choyamba ziyenera kutsata ndondomeko ya chitetezo chamakono ndi malangizo a wopanga.
Kupenta
Zipinda zosafunikira (khitchini, zipinda zina zowonjezera, ndi zina zotero) zitha kupakidwa laimu ndi mkaka wa laimu (mkuyu 1).
Chithunzi 1 - Chiwonetsero cha mbiri ya kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mkaka wa laimu
Pa opareshoni iyi, ndikofunikira kusakaniza bwino 4-5 kg laimu wa slaked ndi malita pafupifupi 10 amadzi. Ndibwino kuti muyambe kusefa zosakaniza zomwe zimapezeka motere kudzera mu sieve kuti muchotse zotupa zazikulu ndi dothi. Ndi mkaka wa laimu wochuluka chonchi, chipinda chokhala ndi malo pafupifupi 4 x 4 m chikhoza kupakidwa laimu. Chosanjikiza chidzakhala chokhuthala ngati tiwonjezera ndikusakaniza bwino 1 kg dothi loyera kusakaniza. Nthaka yoyera iyenera kuviikidwa m’madzi kwa maola 1-2 maola musanawonjeze. Kuyera kwa utoto kumatha kuonjezedwa powonjezera 1-2 dkg ultramarine. Kuonjezera 10 dkg ya firnais kapena mafuta ena a masamba kusakaniza kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kosavuta kupaka khoma.
Ma voliyumu ndi zowonjezera izi zasungidwa kuti zitsimikizike kuzinthu zakale. Siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maphikidwe amasiku ano: kapangidwe kake ndi kaphatikizidwe kazinthuzo sizinatsimikizidwe, ndipo chitetezo ku zinthu zamchere, splashes ndi fumbi zimafunikira kuunika kwachiwopsezo kwapano.
Tikhoza kujambula ndi burashi ya squeegee kapena, ngati tilibe, ndiye ndi chipsepse chotsika mtengo kwambiri. Musanayambe kujambula, fumbi liyenera kuchotsedwa pakhoma ndi tsache kapena burashi. Popeza laimu saphimba bwino, tikulimbikitsidwa, makamaka pamakoma akuda, kuti ayeretse kawiri.
Laimu satsatira makoma omwe anali ang’onoang’ono, pambuyo poyanika wosanjikiza wogwiritsidwa ntchito amangogwa. Ngati tijambula khoma motere, choyamba tiyenera kufewetsa utoto wakale ndi madzi ndi burashi, lolani kuti ifufuze ndikuchotsani ndi spatula.
Ubwino wopaka utoto woyera ndikuti sikufuna kukwera mtengo kwambiri komanso kupha nyumbayo. Kuipa kwake ndikuti khomalo ndi lopanda mtundu, limadetsedwa mosavuta ndipo silingathe kutsukidwa.
Kupenta khoma
Khoma likhoza kupakidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya zokutira. Munthu ayenera kusankha yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri. Ngati sitikufuna kukhazikika komanso kutha kutsuka zokutira, ndiye kuti zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta ndikujambula ndi mitundu yomangidwa ndi kumva (mkuyu.2). Ngati cholinga chathu ndi chakuti chophimbacho chikhale chokongoletsera, chokhazikika komanso chotsuka, ndiye kuti tiyenera kujambula ndi polycolor.
*Chithunzi2- Chidule cha mbiri yakale ya mndandanda wa ntchito zopenta mchipindacho *
Kujambula ndi mitundu yomwe imamangidwa ndi tepi
Musanayambe mchenga, m’pofunika kufufuza ngati zokutira zomwe zilipo pakhoma zikhoza kukhala mchenga. Ngati wosanjikizawo ndi wosweka kwambiri, wotupa kapena wandiweyani, ndiye ayenera kuchotsedwa.
Kuchotsedwa kwa wosanjikiza wakale kumachitidwa ndi kunyowetsa ndi burashi yonyowa ndikupukuta ndi spatula. Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti chisawononge pulasitala pansi pa zokutira zakale. Opaleshoniyi imatenga nthawi yambiri, koma ndiye chofunikira kwambiri pakupera kwabwino.
Ngati ming’alu yomwe ili pamtunda wakale ndi yochepa ndipo wosanjikizawo siwokhuthala kwambiri, ndiye kuti ndikwanira kuchotsa ndi spatula zigawo zotupa ndi zowonongeka.
Mutachotsa zokutira zakale (kapena zigawo), fumbi liyenera kuchotsedwa pakhoma ndi tsache ndipo khoma liyenera kukhala ndi sopo. Pa sopo, muyenera kusungunula pafupifupi 1 kg ya sopo mumtsuko umodzi wamadzi ndikuyala makoma ndi denga mofanana ndi yankholi pogwiritsa ntchito burashi.
Zipupa zikauma kale, ndi nthawi yoti mutseke mabowo, ming’alu ndi zopindika pakhoma.
Muyenera kusakaniza 1 kg gypsum ndi theka la lita imodzi ya madzi okhala ndi 5 dkg ya puttal yokonzedwa kale ndi yowiritsa. Nsaluyo imachepetsa kuthamanga kwa pulasitala, kotero kuti ntchitoyo imakhala yosavuta motere, koma kusakaniza kokonzedwa motere kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa 15 minutes, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kusakaniza kokwanira kuyenera kukonzedwa monga momwe kungadyedwe mu 15 mmphindi.
Gypstering ya mabowo ang’onoang’ono ndi ming’alu pakhoma imachitidwa mwa kufalitsa misa yomwe yafotokozedwa kale ndi yokonzedwa ndi spatula, ndipo mutatha kuyanika kuchotsani kusagwirizana ndi sandpaper kapena pepala lonyezimira.
Pantchito zapamwamba kwambiri, makoma nthawi zambiri ama pulasitala. Popaka pulasitala, mkaka wa laimu umatengedwa ndi puttkal ndipo pulasitala wokwanira amawonjezedwa kuti apange misa yomwe imatha kupaka. Unyinji uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakhoma kangapo ndi spatula yayikulu, mpaka pamwamba pamakhala pompopompo. (Chonde dziwani kuti mukamagwiritsa ntchito kufewetsa, makamaka popanga maziko opangira mawonekedwe, kusalaza kumatha kuchotsedwa). Pamwamba pa pulasitala ndi pulasitala ayenera kupakidwa ndi sopo. Pambuyo pakuchita izi, kugaya kumatha kuyambika ngati cholinga chachikulu cha ntchitoyo. Choyamba, mizere yopaka pulasitala pamakoma ndi padenga imalembedwa ndi chingwe, kenako zinthu zofunika popaka denga zimakonzedwa (mkuyu 3).
Chithunzi 3 - Kulemba malire ndi chingwe musanapange
Pafupifupi malita 5 amadzi, sakanizani 5 kg stričla ndi 1 kg nthaka yoyera yoviikidwa kale. Kusakaniza kungathenso kuchitidwa ndi manja kuti zotupazo ziphwanyidwe bwino.
Mu mtsuko wina, mu 1 lita imodzi ya madzi, pafupifupi 20 dkg ya totkal iyenera kuwiritsidwa mpaka itasungunuka kwathunthu. Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti musawotche mtanda pophika.
Mtsuko wa guluu uyenera kuziziritsidwa pang’ono ndipo ukakhala wofunda, uwonjezedwe mu utoto womwe wakonzedwa ndikugwedezeka kosalekeza.
Chinsinsi cha mchenga wabwino pakhoma ndi kuchuluka kofunikira kwa putty. Mwakutero, kuchuluka kofunikira kwa utoto waufa kumasintha kuchokera pamtundu wina kupita kumtundu wina. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka komwe kwaperekedwa kale kwa 20 dkg ndi chidziwitso chokha, tiyenera kudziwa tokha kuchuluka kwake. Ziyenera kudziwika kuti kumayambiriro kwa kuwonjezera kwa tutkal yoviikidwa ndi yosakanikirana mu strikla, strikla imayamba kusungunuka, pambuyo pa kutsanulira kwachiwiri kapena kwachitatu, imakhala yowonjezereka, ndipo pambuyo pake imakhala yochepa. Kuonjezera mtanda ndi kusakaniza kuyenera kupitirizidwa mpaka mutamva kuti misa ndi yopyapyala pansi pa dzanja lanu ndipo imayamba kutsika pang’onopang’ono kuchokera m’manja mwanu pamene mukuyitulutsa mu ndodo. Ngati zala za dzanja zatsekedwa ndikutsegulidwanso, filimu yopyapyala ya utoto imapangidwa pakati pawo. Kuti athandizire kugwiritsa ntchito utoto ndi burashi, amawonjezeredwa ku utoto pambuyo pa kuwonjezera kwa putty ndi ma deciliters angapo a mkaka. Musalakwitse powonjezera putty, chifukwa ngati kuwonjezeredwa pang’ono, utoto umachotsedwa pakhoma ngati ufa mutatha kuyanika, ndipo ngati pali zambiri, ndiye kuti utoto umagwera ngati mawonekedwe ang’onoang’ono.
Utoto wakale wa ufa, putty kapena osakaniza osadziwika sayenera kufufuzidwa ndi dzanja lopanda kanthu kapena kuphikidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi malongosoledwe awa. Kukhudza khungu, kupuma fumbi ndi nthunzi, kutentha kwa zinthu ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo osadziwika kumafuna chinthu chodziwika bwino, mpweya wabwino ndi chitetezo cholembedwa mu pepala lake lachitetezo.
Kuchuluka koyenera kwa putty kungathenso kuyang’aniridwa potenga chitsanzo kuchokera kusakaniza ndikupaka papepala. Dikirani mpaka chiwume, ndiye yesani ndi zala zouma kuti muwone ngati mtunduwo wachotsedwa. Ngati zichotsedwa, ulusi wina umawonjezedwa.
Akatha ntchito zokonzekerazi, zinthu zonse m’chipindamo (zovala, zotchingira, ndi zina zotero) ziyenera kuphimbidwa ndi pepala, kuti muyambe kujambula denga. Kutsuka kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi burashi “sheiben”. Tiyenera kusuntha burashi mofanana, nthawi zonse kumbali imodzi ndi njira yomwe ikufanana ndi kuunikira kwa khoma, chifukwa motere zizindikiro za burashi sizidzawoneka. Ngati denga linali lodetsedwa kwambiri musanagwiritse ntchito mchenga, ndi bwino kuti pakhale mchenga kawiri. Pankhaniyi, pakugwiritsa ntchito koyamba, burashi iyenera kusunthidwa mozungulira kupita komwe kumawunikira. Siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokhuthala, ndi bwino kuyika utotowo mumagulu angapo. Ndiye kuti, utoto wokhuthala, womwe umayikidwa pakhoma mwadzidzidzi, umasweka msanga ukaumitsa.
Ngati kupaka denga kwatha, titha kuyamba pulasitala makoma am’mbali.
Makoma am’mbali nthawi zambiri amapakidwa utoto wowala, wapastel. Mitundu ya pastel imapangidwa poyamba kupanga maziko oyera a 5 kg Viennese woyera, 5 kg nthaka yoyera komanso pafupifupi malita 5 amadzi. 30-50 dkg ya utoto wa ufa amawonjezeredwa kusakanizaku (kutengera mthunzi womwe mukufuna). Mitundu ya ufa ikhoza kukhala yosiyana kwambiri ndipo tingotchula zofunika kwambiri pano.
Mtundu wa nyanga za njovu umatheka powonjezera ocher, ndipo mtundu wa drap umatheka powonjezera satinber. Mtunduwu udzakhala wowoneka bwino powonjezera Chrome Yellow kapena Baltimore Yellow. Mithunzi yobiriwira ndi yotchuka kwambiri, yomwe imapezeka powonjezera kuwala kapena zobiriwira (simenti kapena fresco green).
Mtundu wabuluu umatheka powonjezera ultramarine kapena azure blue. Pamitundu yofiira, muyenera kuwonjezera Pompeian Red ndi Oxide Red ndi Oxide Rotten Cherry. Mtundu wotuwa umatheka powonjezera wakuda ndi wakuda wa oxide.
Ngati utoto wa ufa utasakanizidwa bwino, kuchuluka kofunikira kumawonjezeredwa. Pachifukwa ichi, pafupifupi 40 dkg ya tutkal iyenera kuwiritsidwa mu 2 malita amadzi.
Mukamayala makoma, muyenera >>screed<< četku pomicati ravnomerno i u vertikalnom pravcu.
Ngati utoto padenga ndi pakhoma wauma kale, mzere womaliza umapangidwa. Mzere womaliza uyenera kulembedwa koyamba (kupinidwa). Kulemba chizindikiro kungatheke m’njira yosavuta kwambiri ndi chingwe chopaka ocher kapena utoto wakuda. Mapeto amodzi a chingwe amakhazikika ndi msomali ndikumangika bwino pamwamba pa malo omwe amafunidwa, amakoka ndi zala ndikumasulidwa mwadzidzidzi, kotero kuti utoto, kapena chingwecho chimasiya chizindikiro. Pambuyo pake, toni yotsutsa imapangidwa kuchokera kumtundu wapansi, kotero kuti mzerewo uwoneke, ndipo mzere womaliza umapangidwa ndi burashi. Ntchitoyi iyenera kuchitika mosamala kwambiri. Ndibwino kuti mugwiritse ntchito burashi yomwe yagwiritsidwa kale ntchito pojambulira mizere, yomwe ndi “run-in”, ndi rula, kapena chipangizo chozula (mkuyu 4).
Chithunzi 4 - Kuyika chizindikiro ndi kupanga mzere womaliza
Ngati makoma okhala ndi mawonekedwe akufunika, cholozera cha thanki chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito (mwina kubwerekedwa). Ndikofunikira kwambiri kupanga makoma, ngati khoma silikukwanira, chifukwa mawonekedwe chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amachotsa izi. Chitsanzocho chiyenera kupangidwa mumtundu womwewo kapena mumtundu wofanana ndi mtundu wapansi, koma mumtundu wowala kapena wakuda. Kuti mugwirizane bwino, onjezerani mkaka pang’ono.
Ngati mapangidwewo amapangidwa ndi siliva kapena golide-mkuwa wamitundu, ndiye kuti m’malo momva, galasi lamadzi limawonjezeredwa ku yankho. Pafupifupi theka la kuchuluka kwa madzi ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku galasi lamadzi. 1 lita imodzi ya galasi lamadzi osungunuka amawonjezedwa 10-15 dkg ya aluminiyamu kapena utoto wamkuwa wagolide, kutengera kukula kwa chipindacho. Pambuyo pa kusakaniza mitundu, kusakaniza kumafunika nthawi kuti kuyime. M’malo mwa madzi osakaniza a galasi lamadzi, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito madzi oyera a dzira (oyera 6-8 mazira okhala ndi pafupifupi 1/2 lita imodzi yamadzi).
Pigment, ufa wachitsulo, galasi lamadzi ndi zomangira zokonzedwa bwino siziyenera kusakanizidwa molingana ndi njira yakaleyi. Mapangidwe a ma pigment akale sangakhale osadziwika, ufa wabwino ukhoza kukhala woopsa kukopa, ndipo kugwirizana ndi khalidwe la zokutira zomalizidwa sizinatsimikizidwe.
Kupaka pateni (kupenta), utoto wokonzedwa uyenera kuthiridwa mu thanki yodzigudubuza. Kanikizani wodzigudubuza mofanana pakhoma ndi kukokera kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi chimodzimodzi mu njira ofukula. Onetsetsani kuti ma seams a basted ali pafupi ndi wina ndi mzake ndi ofanana, apo ayi chitsanzocho chidzakhala chosagwirizana kapena chikugwirizana.
Kupenta makoma okhala ndi emulsion kapena utoto wobalalika
Kuphimba ndi polycolor kapena mitundu yobalalika ndikokhazikika komanso kokongola kwambiri kuposa zokutira ndi mitundu yomangidwa ndi nsalu. Ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kuti makoma ang’onoang’ono amatha kutsuka ndi zokutira izi. Dothi, ma depositi a mwaye amachotsedwa mosavuta pamakoma ndi detergent (popanda lye) ndi madzi. Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito ayenera kutsatiridwa, chifukwa chophimba chosagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino chikhoza kupukuta kapena kupukuta pambuyo pake. Makamaka, tiyenera kumvetsera malangizo okhudza kukonzekera pamwamba. Utoto woyera woyambira ndi phala lofunikira losakaniza mitundu ya pastel zitha kupezeka m’sitolo. Pastes angapezeke mu mitundu zotsatirazi: yellow, ocher, wobiriwira, buluu, wofiira, okusayidi wofiira ndi wakuda.
Makhadi odzigudubuza ndi matani posankha mtundu womaliza wa khoma
Popenta chipinda chimodzi kutengera 4 x 4 m, mufunika 14-16 kg mtundu woyambira ndi pafupifupi 1/4 kg mumata mumtundu womwe mukufuna. Zomwe zili mu zokutira siziyenera kupitirira 3%, chifukwa kuchuluka kwakukulu kungachepetse luso lotsuka makoma. Nthawi zambiri, pafupifupi 0,5% phala imakhala yokwanira pamatani opepuka. Asanayambe kugaya, pamwamba pa khoma lonse ayenera kusanjidwa kuti ikhale yosalala bwino ndikunyowa bwino ndi burashi. Utoto usapake pamalo owuma.
Choyamba, kupukuta kuyenera kuchitidwa m’njira yoti 4 kg base isakanizidwe ndi pafupifupi 1 1/2 lita imodzi yamadzi, kenako kudenga ndi makoma amakutidwa mofanana ndi burashi mbali imodzi. Tsindeli likauma, denga limakutidwanso kawiri ndi maziko osungunuka ndi madzi pafupifupi 10%. Nthawi yoyanika pakati pa zokutira ziwiri iyenera kukhala osachepera 3-5 maola.
Musanayambe kupenta makoma, muyenera kusakaniza mtundu womwe mukufuna. Kwa ichi choyamba tiyenera kuchepetsa phala ndi kawiri kapena katatu kuchuluka kwa utoto woyera ndikusakaniza bwino. Njirayi iyenera kuwonjezeredwa kumunsi woyera utoto ndi nthawi zonse yogwira mtima. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kuyesa ngati liwu lomwe mukufuna likupezeka. Tiyenera kusamala kuti mtunduwo ukhale wopepuka pang’ono ukanyowa.
Penti yokonzedwayo imasungunuka ndi pafupifupi 10% yamadzi ndikuyika pakhoma zigawo ziwiri pogwiritsa ntchito burashi. Nthawi yowuma pakati pa makoti awiri iyeneranso kukhala 3-5 maola pano.
Atamaliza kujambula, burashi iyenera kutsukidwa nthawi yomweyo m’madzi, chifukwa ngati iuma, utoto ukhoza kuchotsedwa mu burashi ndi zosungunulira (acetone, etc.). Madontho a pansi ayeneranso kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi madzi, chifukwa atayanika amatha kuchotsedwa ndi zosungunulira.
Utoto wobalalika samalepheretsa “kupuma” kwachilengedwe kwa makoma, amatha kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi, osawononga thanzi, samayambitsa ngozi yamoto komanso alibe fungo losasangalatsa. Utoto wobalalika utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta popanga ndi kumaliza mizere.
Zonena zokhudzana ndi thanzi, moto, fungo, “kupuma” kwa khoma, kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi njira yoyeretsera sizovomerezeka pa utoto wamakono wobalalitsa. Zosungunulira, kuphatikizapo acetone, sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda malangizo omveka a wopanga, kuyang’ana gawo lapansi, mpweya wabwino komanso chitetezo ku fuko ndi moto. Chidziwitso ndi pepala laukadaulo ndi chitetezo chazogulitsa zenizeni ndizovomerezeka.
Kupaka makoma akunja
Kupaka makoma akunja kumathetsedwa mosavuta ndikupenta. Mkaka wa laimu wopezedwa posakaniza laimu wa slaked ndi madzi mu chiŵerengero cha 1:1 ndiwofunika pakuchapa. Ndi laimu wonyezimira yekha ndi amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito (otayidwa 2-3 milungu ingapo asanayandike), chifukwa laimu wopangidwa kumene samamatira kukhoma.
Choyamba chimayikidwa ndi mkaka wa laimu wokha. Pagawo lachiwiri, utoto wa ufa umawonjezeredwa mumtundu womwe mukufuna. Nthawi zambiri 5-20% utoto wa ufa umawonjezeredwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa laimu.
Kuti mukwaniritse mawu omwe mukufuna, mitundu yokhayo yomwe ingasakanizidwe ndi laimu ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, monga: ocher, satinober, Venetian red, lacquer black, oxide black, simenti yobiriwira ndi ultramarine. Mitundu monga: Yofiyira Yowala, Chrome Yellow, Baltimore Yellow, Fresco Green, Zinc Green, Azure Blue, Odol Blue, Turkish Red, ndi zina zotere sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito popenta makoma akunja.
Kuti muthe kugwiritsa ntchito penti ndi burashi, ndi bwino kuwonjezera mafuta ochepa a masamba (monga mafuta a linseed) pa penti.
Zovala zabwinoko komanso zokongola kwambiri zitha kupezeka pamafacade okhala ndi utoto wa polycolor poyerekeza ndi zokutira laimu.
Ntchito pa facade imaphatikizansopo mwayi wotetezedwa ndi kugwa, nyengo, chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi odutsa, chikhalidwe ndi chinyezi cha gawo lapansi komanso kugwirizana kwa dongosolo lonse la facade. Kuchuluka kwa laimu, madzi, pigment ndi mafuta kuchokera ku malongosoledwe akalewa sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kapangidwe kake komanso kapangidwe kake.