Ngā taketake o te tikanga paihere
Ko te whānakotanga he hono i ngā konganuku o te hanganga ōrite, ōrite rānei, i raro i te pānga o te wera, ā, me te tāpiri, me te kore rānei, i tētahi konganuku ōrite, ōrite rānei. Mā te whānakotanga ka herea ngātahitia ngā wāhanga kia kore e taea te wehe, ā, ka puta he kotahitanga kotahi. E whakapae ana te whānakotanga pai i tētahi hononga pātata, ka tutuki noa iho mēnā ka rewa hoki te rauemi matua i te wāhi whānakotanga (te rohe o te tui).
Whakatuitui ā-āwhio
Mō ngā hanganga maitai, ko te whakahoahoa ā-ānati i te tuatahi e whakaarotia ana, nā reira ka whiwhi te wera e hiahiatia ana mā te pewa hiko. Ka waihangatia te pewa i waenganui i te wāhanga taketake me te mea e kīia nei ko te electrode, ā, i reira ka rewa, ka tuku i tētahi rauemi tāpiri. Ko te kōwhiri tika i te rauemi tāpiri (te electrode) he tino whai pānga ki ngā āhuatanga o te hononga kua paiherea. Ka kōwhiria ngā electrode i runga i ngā kaha āhuatanga o te rauemi taketake e paiheretia ana. Ko te kōwhiri i ngā electrode, me te whakatau i ngā tikanga paiheretanga, e hiahiatia ana he mōhiotanga ngaio, nā reira i whakatūria ai te whare o ngā “kaihanga mātanga mō te hangarau paihere”, ko tā rātou mahi, i tua atu i ētahi atu, he aroturuki i ngā mahi paihere me te whakahou ōrite i ngā tohu whakaae o ngā kaimahi paihere.
Te paihere me te tapahi hau
I te whānautanga o te whakapiripiri hau ka whakaputaina te wera e hiahiatia ana mā te tahunga o te hau, nā reira ka rewa te rauemi taketake me te rauemi tāpiri. Ko te mea nui ake ko te tapahi. He paipa wera tō te pūwera tapahi, hei tāpiri atu ki te paipa wera e mahi ana pēnei anō i te wā o te whakapiripiri, ā, he paipa tapahi hāora anō tōna. Ka werahia te maitai e te mura wera, kātahi ka werohia, ka pupuhitia mā te rere o te hāora. Ka puta i te tapahi he mata maeneene, he tika hoki, e rawaka ana mō te maha o ngā kaupapa o ngā hanganga maitai, kāore he tukatuka anō.
Ka taea te whātuitui
I te aromatawai i ngā hononga paiherea me whai whakaaro ka taea i te wā o te paiheretanga te tino rerekē te hanganga o te rauemi tāpiri, me te rauemi taketake hoki. He mea nui hoki te panonitanga o te hanganga – i waenga i te tui whakarewa me te rauemi taketake kāore i panonitia, kei reira, i runga i te taumata o te pānga wera, tētahi rohe he rerekē te hanganga, ā, nō reira he rerekē ngā āhuatanga. Kei te taha o te tui ko te rohe i rewa ai te rauemi taketake (te rohe uvara) ā, kei reira ka mahia te hono i waenga i te rohe paiheretanga me te rauemi taketake. Ko te rohe e karapoti ana i te rauemi ka tino whakawerahia tonu, ahakoa kāore anō kia tae ki te ira rewa. I tēnei rohe wera nui ka puta ngā rerekētanga nui o te hanganga, nō reira he maha ngā wā ka noho hei mea whakatau mō ngā āhuatanga o te hononga paiherea katoa.
Ko te māwhiti o te tui e tohu ana i te putanga mai o ngā kapiti i te tui, ka puta tonu i muri i te paiherea i te pāmahana tiketike tonu rānei, tērā pea i te mātaotanga anake i te rohe o te kanapa kikorangi (tata ki 300oC). He āhuatanga nui te māwhiti ki ngā hiko, ā, ka puta tata anake ki ngā hiko takai, arā ngā mea he mea hira tonu mō ngā hanganga rino. Kia puta ai ngā kapiti me tutuki e rua ngā tikanga, arā, ngā pēhanga teitei nā te tukanga paiherea, nā ētahi atu rānei o ngā awe o waho, me te pikinga o te mārō o te rauemi.
Haunga ngā panonitanga metallurgical i te hanganga me te āhua o te rawa, he mea nui hoki ngā tukanga ā-tinana, e pā ana ki ngā rahinga nui o te wera ka tukuna ki te rawa i te wā o te fehokotaki me ngā pāmahana teitei e tae atu ai. Kāore te whakamahana e ōrite te mahia, engari kei ngā wāhi whāiti anake. Ko te roha waiariki e hono ana ki te whakamahana ka āraitia e te pēhanga ā-roto o te rohe kua whakawerahia e te rawa kāore anō kia whakawerahia. Ka tae atu anō hoki te pēhanga ā-waho, nō te mea me tino piri ngā wāhanga i te wā o te fehokotaki, nā reira i te whakamahana ka puta ngā kōpiti kirihou. I te wā e mātao ana ka tino kumea te tui me tōna taiao (kumea). I te mātaotanga me puta ngā pēhanga akiaki (ngā pēhanga nā te kumea) nā te ārai i te toronga. Mā te whakamahana i mua i ngā wāhanga ka fehokotakihia ki te 200 oC ki te 300 oC ka tino whakaroa te mātaotanga. Nā te whakaiti i te pānga o te whakapakeke ka puta he hanga pai ake o te āhua, ka iti ake te mārōtanga.
Te whakamātautau o ngā rauemi me ngā mahi whakapiri
Whānui: I te mea e whakawhirinaki ana te kounga o ngā mahi whakairo ki te maha o ngā āhuatanga, ā, ehara i te mea whakamutunga ko te pūkenga me te pono o te kaimahi mātanga, me tino aroturuki me te whakamātau i ngā mahi whakairo katoa. Ko ngā whakamātau e whakahuatia ana ko ērā hei whakatau i te āheinga o te whakapiri o ngā rauemi me ngā hiko, te whakatairite i ngā tikanga whakairo me ngā tukanga whakairo mō tētahi take kua homai, ngā whakamātau tauira, me ērā atu.
Wh. 1 - Te whakamātautau piko o te tui whātui
Te whakamātautau piko o te tui kua herea: He whakamātautau tēnei mō te piko o tētahi kurupae māmā me te wāhanga tapawhā (sl. 1), i runga i tēnei kua tukatukatia anō te awaawa roa ā-māraurau i te whenu tō i te āhua haurōnaki, ā, kua herea anō ki tētahi paparanga kotahi i te pāmahana rūma. Ka tino whakaiti te tui i te āhei ki te kōpikopiko, nā reira he maha ngā wā ka whati rawa ngā tauira, ā, ka pakaru ohorere. He nui ake te koki piko i ngā papa angiangi, ā, ka heke i te pikinga o te matotoru o te papa.
Te mārō i te koi: I te whakamātautau piko o te tui, ka puta te nuinga o ngā kapiti tuatahi i te tui tonu, ā, ka hua ko te whati pakarukaru. Me āhei te rauemi taketake ki te kawe i te kawenga ka puta ohorere i te pakaru pakarukaru o te tui. Me tono kia kaua te kapiti i te rohe o te paihere e tere te toro mā te rauemi taketake, engari me āta ahu whakamua anake. Me tino mārō te rauemi taketake ki te kawe i tēnei kawenga ohorere, ā, me noho tonu tēnei āheinga ki tētahi taumata tika ahakoa i ngā pāmahana iti. Ko te mārō i te koi, pērā i ērā atu āhuatanga ā-mīhini, e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana e mahia ai te whakamātautau. I ngā pāmahana iti, hei tauira i raro iho i 0 oC, ka heke pea ki tētahi wāhanga o te uara i 20 oC. He mea nui te tūranga o tēnei hekenga ohorere mō te aromatawai i tētahi rauemi. Mō ngā hanganga rino kua paiherea, e hiahiatia ana ināianei he rauemi he pai tōna ātete ki te koroheketanga, arā, he kaha tuki koi teitei i ngā whakamātautau tō mātao.
Whaka. 2 - Te huringa i ngā āhuatanga taumahatanga o te kakari
Mārōtanga: He nui te hiranga o ngā āhuatanga mārōtanga i te rohe here. He mea nui te mōhio ki te pikinga o te mārōtanga, nā te mea ka tere heke te whakaroanga i te wā o te whati i te pikinga o te mārōtanga (wh. 3), ā, ka piki te kaha tō σB tata ā-ōrite ki te mārōtanga Brinell HB. Mō ngā maitai hanga, tata ana σB = 0,36*HB. Ko tētahi tauira o te mārōtanga o te tui kokonga matua o tētahi kurupae-I e whakaaturia ana i te wh. 4. I te rohe whakawhiti, kei te tino tata ngā rerekētanga nui o te mārōtanga. Ko te rere o te mārōtanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga kua puta. Ka rerekē anō te rārangi σ-ε-l i raro i te mārōtanga pēnei i te āhua ahotea o te kopa (wh. 2).
Fig. 3 - Te mārō Brinell me te elongation
Wh. 4 - Ngā pakeke i te rohe tui i te kaki o tētahi kaikawe I kua paiherea
Whakamātautau kore-whakangaro o ngā hononga paihere kua oti
Whakamārama mā te iraruke – I te whakamārama i ngā matotoru iti, ka taea te whakaatu i te whakaahua irahiko ki tētahi mata kotahi. Hei utu mō ngā hihi irahiko ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hihi kāmā o ngā rawa iraruke. Mā te whakaahua irahiko ka taea te whakatau i te kounga o te tui. Ka taea pēnei te kitea ngā para, ngā kōhao, me ngā hē o te here me ngā kapiti, ā, i tētahi take ka taea hoki te tango atu.
Rere autō – Ka whakaohohia he papa autō ki te wāhanga o te rino e whakamātauria ana, ā, kātahi ka whakaraupapatia ngā kōpani i tauhia kia ū ki te papa. Mā ngā hē pea o te papa autō ka kitea ngā kapiti. He tino whai hua te tukanga mō te kimi kapiti mata, engari he āhua iti te tairongo ki ngā whakaurunga para me ngā kōhao, ā, ki ngā kapiti kei roto i ngā papa matotoru anō hoki.
Whakamātau mā te tangi-āhuru – Ka whakaatahia ngā ngaru oro tino poto ehara i runga anake i ngā mata rohe, engari anō hoki i ngā mata wehe i roto i te taupoki, pērā i ngā pakaru, ngā rua ruarua rānei.