Izisekelo zendlela yokushisela
Ukushisela kuwukuhlanganisa izinsimbi ezinesakhiwo esifanayo noma esifana ngesenzo sokushisa, ngokungeza noma ngaphandle kokungeza insimbi efanayo noma efana nayo. Ngokushisela izingxenye ziboshelwa ngokungahlukaniseki zodwa ukuze kwakheke into eyodwa ehlanganisiwe. Ukushisela okuhle kudinga ukuhlangana okusondelene, okutholakala kuphela uma endaweni yokushisela nento eyisisekelo nayo iyancibilika (indawo ye-weld).
Ukushisela ngogongolo lukagesi
Ezakhiweni zensimbi kuqala kufika ekucabangeni ukushisela nge-arc kagesi lapho kutholakala khona ukushisa okudingekayo ngelangabi le-arc kagesi. I-arc yomlilo yakhiwa phakathi kwento eyisisekelo kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-electrode, yona incibilike futhi inikeze into eyengeziwe. Ukukhetha kahle into eyengeziwe (i-electrode) kunomthelela omkhulu ezimfanelweni zexhumano olushiselwe. Ama-electrode akhethwa ngokwamandla abonakalayo ento eyisisekelo ezoshiselwa. Ukukhethwa kwama-electrode, ukunqunywa kwezimo zokushisela kudinga ulwazi lobungcweti, yingakho kwakhiwe isikhungo sama-“injeneli abangochwepheshe bokushisela” abafundiswe ngokukhethekile, umsebenzi wabo owukuthi, phakathi kokunye, babhekelele imisebenzi yokushisela futhi baphinde ngokulinganayo izitifiketi zabashiseli.
Ukushisela nokusika ngegesi
Ekushiseleni ngegesi, ukushisa okudingekayo kukhiqizwa ngokushiswa kwegesi, ukuze impahla eyisisekelo nempahla yokwengeza ifike ekuncibilikeni. Okubaluleke kakhulu yikuthi ukusika. Ithoshi lokusika linepayipi lokushisa, elisebenza njengezokushisela, kanye nenye ipayipi lokusika elenzelwe i-oxygen. Insimbi eshiswe yilangabi elifudumele iyagwazwa bese iphephethwa ngumfudlana we-oxygen. Ukusika kunika indawo ebushelelezi nenembile eyanele izinjongo eziningi zezakhiwo zensimbi ngaphandle kokucubungula okwengeziwe.
Ikhono lokushiselwa
Ekulinganiseni ama-joint ashiselwe kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela ukwakheka kwesengezo, kanye nesempahla eyisisekelo, kungashintsha kakhulu. Kubalulekile futhi ukuguquka kwesakhiwo – phakathi kwe-weld encibilikisiwe nempahla eyisisekelo engashintshiwe kukhona, kuye ngezinga lomphumela wokushisa, indawo yezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene futhi ngenxa yalokho yezimpawu ezihlukahlukene. Eduze kwe-weld kukhona indawo lapho impahla eyisisekelo incibilika khona (indawo ye-fusion) futhi lapho kuqhubeka khona ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwendawo yokushisela nempahla eyisisekelo. Indawo ezungezile yempahla nayo isashiswa kakhulu, nakuba lapho iphuzu lokuncibilika lingasafinyelelwanga. Kule ndawo yokushisa ngokweqile kuvela izinguquko ezinkulu zesakhiwo, ukuze ngokuvamile kube yiyo enqumayo ezicini zawo wonke ama-joint ashiselwe.
Ukuqhekeka komthungo kusho ukubonakala kwemifantu emthungweni, evela ngokushesha ngemva kokushisela kusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa noma mhlawumbe kuphela lapho kuphola esifundeni sokushisa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (cishe ku-300oC). Ukuqhekeka kungenye yezici ezinkulu zama-electrode; kwenzeka cishe kuphela kuma-electrode agqokisiwe, okuyiwona abalulekile ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni zensimbi. Ukuze kuvele imifantu kudingeka ukuba kugcwaliseke izimo ezimbili, okungukuthi ukucindezeleka okuphezulu ngenxa yenqubo yokushisela noma ezinye izimbangela zangaphandle, kanye nokwanda kokuqina kwento.
Ngaphandle kwezinguquko ze-metallurgical ekwakhekeni nasekutheni izinto zakhiwe kanjani, izinqubo zomzimba nazo zibalulekile, ezihlobene nenani elikhulu lokushisa elilethwa ezintweni ngesikhathi sokushisela kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu afinyelelwayo lapho. Ukushisa akwenzeki ngokulinganayo, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu ezinqunyelwe. Ukunwebeka kokushisa okuhlotshaniswa nokushisa kuvinjelwa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kwendawo eshisisiwe yizinto ezingashiswanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuvela nokucindezeleka kwangaphandle, ngoba izingxenye ngesikhathi sokushisela kumele ziboshwe ngokuqinile, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sokushisa kuvela ukucindezelwa kwepulasitiki. Ngesikhathi sokupholisa, umthungo nendawo ezungezile ziyancipha kakhulu (ukuncipha). Ngesikhathi sokupholisa kufanele kuvele izingcindezi eziphoqelelwe (izingcindezi zokuncipha) ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kokwelulwa. Ngokushisisa ngaphambili izingxenye ezizoshiselwa ku-200 oC kuya ku-300 oC ukupholisa kungabambezeleka kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuncipha komthelela wokuqina kutholakala ukwakheka kwesakhiwo okungcono, ukuqina kuhlala kuncane.
Ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokwakha nemisebenzi yokushisela
Okujwayelekile: Njengoba ikhwalithi yemisebenzi yokushisela incike ezimeni eziningi, futhi ekugcineni nasekukhonweni nasekuthembekeni komsebenzi oqeqeshiwe, kudingeka ukugada okunembile nokuhlolwa kwawo wonke umsebenzi wokushisela. Phakathi kokuhlolwa kukhonjiswa lezo zokunquma ikhono lokushisela lezinto namaelectrode, ukuqhathanisa izimo zokushisela nezinqubo zokushisela ngendaba ethile, ukuhlolwa kwamasampula njll.
Umd. 1 - Ukuhlolwa kokugoba kwe-weld seam
Ukuhlolwa kokugoba komthungo oshiselwe: Lokhu kuwukuhlolwa kokugoba kogongolo olulula olunomumo ongunxande (sl. 1), lapho umsele wobude owenziwe waba yisigamu-somjikelezo entanjeni ecindezelekile uphinde ushiselwe ngongqimba olulodwa futhi lokho ekushiseni kwegumbi. Umthungo ubangela ukwehla okukhulu kokukwazi ukuguquka, ngakho-ke amasampula avame ukuphuka ngokuphelele aqine futhi ngokuzumayo. I-engeli yokugoba, kumapuleti amancane, inkulu, futhi iyancipha njengoba ubukhulu bepuleti bukhula.
Ukuqina lapho kunenotshi: Uma kuhlolwa ukugoba komthungo, imifantu ivame ukuvela kuqala emthungweni, kuze kube khona ukuphuka okubuthakathaka. Izinto eziyisisekelo kumele zikwazi ukumelana nomthwalo ovela ngokuzumayo lapho umthungo uqhuma ngendlela ebuthakathaka. Kudingeka ukuthi umifantu endaweni yokushiselwa inganwebeki ngokushesha iye entweni eyisisekelo, kodwa ivunyelwe ukuqhubeka kancane kuphela. Into eyisisekelo kumele ibe nokuqina okwanele ukuze yamukele lo mthwalo osemzuzwaneni, futhi leli khono kumele lihlale likhona ngokwanele nasezingeni lokushisa eliphansi. Ukuqina lapho kunenotshi kanye nezinye izakhiwo zomshini kuxhomeke kakhulu ezingeni lokushisa lapho kuhlolwa khona. Ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi, isibonelo ngaphansi kwe-0 oC kungase kwehle kuye engxenyeni yenani eliseku-20 oC. Indawo yalokhu kwehla okusheshayo ibalulekile ekuhloleni into ethile. Ezakhiweni zensimbi ezishiselwe namuhla kudingeka into enokuzinza okuhle ekugugeni, okusho amandla aphezulu anenotshi ekushayweni esivivinyweni esibandayo eselulwe.
Sl. 2 - Ukuguquka esimweni sokucindezeleka kwesinqe
Ukuqina: Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvela kokuqina endaweni yokushisela. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukwanda kokuqina, ngoba ukwelulwa ngesikhathi sokuphuka kwehla ngokushesha ngokwanda kokuqina (sl. 3), kuyilapho amandla okudonsa σB enyuka cishe ngokulingana nobulukhuni beBrinell HB. Ezinsimbini zokwakha cishe σB = 0,36*HB. Isibonelo esisodwa sokuqina komthungo omkhulu we-angle weld we-I-beam siboniswe ku-sl. 4. Endaweni yokuguquka kunomehluko omkhulu kakhulu wokuqina emabangeni amancane kakhulu. Ukusabalala kokuqina kuncike esakhiweni esakhiwe. Ulayini σ-ε-l ushintsha ngokufanayo ngokuba nokuma okuqinile njengasesimweni sokucindezeleka kwe-notch (sl. 2).
Sl. 3 - Ukuqina kwe-Brinell nokweluleka
Sl. 4 - Ubulukhuni endaweni yomthungo entanyeni yesigxobo se-I esishiselwe
Ukuhlolwa okungabhidlizi kwezinhlanganisela ezishiselwe eziphelile
Ukungena ngemisebe – Ekuhlungweni kwamagqinsi amancane, isithombe se-X-ray singabonakala esikrinini esisodwa. Esikhundleni semisebe ye-X-ray kungasetshenziswa imisebe ye-gamma yezinto ezikhipha imisebe. Isithombe se-X-ray sivumela ukuba kuthathwe isiphetho ngekhwalithi yethungo. I-slag ehlanganisiwe noma ama-pore, kanye namaphutha ekuhlanganiseni nemifantu, kungatholakala ngale ndlela futhi, uma kudingeka, kususwe.
Ukugeleza kazibuthe – Kudalwa insimu kazibuthe kuleyo ngxenye yensimbi ehlolwa, bese amafayili ensimbi afafaziwe ahlelwa ngokuvumelana nensimu. Kusuka kunoma yikuphi ukungahleleki kwensimu kazibuthe kungatholwa imifantu. Le ndlela isebenza kahle ikakhulukazi ekutholeni imifantu engaphezulu, kodwa ayizweli ngokwanele maqondana nokufakwa kweslag namaporesi, kanye nemifantu esezindaweni ezingaphakathi zamapuleti amakhulu ngobukhulu.
Ukuhlolwa nge-ultrasound – Amagagasi omsindo amafushane kakhulu abonakala hhayi kuphela ezindaweni zomngcele, kodwa nasezindaweni zokwehlukana ngaphakathi njengokuthi emifantwini noma ekwahlukaneni.