Okuqukethwe kwengcweti yengobo yomlando: i-athikili ilondoloza amanani omlando, izigaba, izibalo nezindlela zokuhlola izitini namathayili. Ukucaciswa komkhiqizo, ukubala okumile noma komlilo, ukuhlaziya amandla, imininingwane yophahla noma imiyalelo yokwenziwa akuvumelekile. Le phrojekthi isebenzisa imikhiqizo eshiwo, amazinga amanje, idatha yomkhiqizi kanye nezibalo zochwepheshe abagunyaziwe.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando yobuchwepheshe futhi asimeleli ukunikezwa komsebenzi wezitini, amathayili, amatshe noma umsebenzi wokufulela.
Izitini zokwakha, amapayipi, iziqukathi nezinye izinto zenziwe ngobumba nobumba kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokushisisa kancane kancane kuye kumazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokupholisa kancane kancane, amafomu avela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe adlulela emizimbeni eqinile noma eqinile. Ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zamadiphozi zobumba, izitini ezibhakiwe zingenziwa ngezimfanelo ezahlukene.
Izitini zodonga (izitini ezibhakiwe)
1. Isakhiwo, ukubukeka kwangaphandle kanye nobukhulu
Ukuze uthole izitini ezinokuqhekeka okumbalwa kanye nobukhulu obunembile ngangokunokwenzeka, isihlabathi, izingcezu zezitini kanye nofulawa wobumba owomile ngezinye izikhathi kwengezwa kunqwaba eluhlaza. Ubumba oluvela kwezinye iziza luqukethe umcako ezigangeni ezinkulu. Ngisho nalapho ubuningi bawo bukhulu, i-lime kufanele isatshalaliswe ngokwanele futhi ichithwe, ngoba ngemva kokudubula ingacinywa ngaphansi kwethonya lamanzi angena esitini. Ukwenyuka kwevolumu kungase kuholele ekubhabheni uma isigaxa se-lime sishiywa sibe sikhulu kakhulu.
Ukubonakala kwangaphandle kwezitini zodonga kuncike kakhulu ekubunjweni kobumba nokudubula. Ukuchezuka okuncane okuvela kubukhulu obujwayelekile kubalulekile ngoba ukushuba okungalingani nobubanzi bamalunga kungathinta kakhulu amandla odonga. Ubukhulu bakudala besitini sodonga oluqinile embhalweni wokuqala bungu250×120×65[mm], amakota amathathu185×120×65, kanye nohhafu120×120×65 mm. Ukuchezuka okuvunyelwe kusukela kubukhulu obuhlosiwe kushiwo njengobuningi obungu-±4%.
2. Amandla ezitini zodonga
Ukuhlolwa kwamandla embhalweni kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngomthwalo ocindezelayo, ngoba izitini zodonga zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izakhi ezithola ingcindezi. Isitini sibekwe phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili zensimbi futhi silayishwe size siphuka. Ukuhlola ukugoba kuyashiwo futhi ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezitini ezingenayo imifantu.
Ithebula lomlando libonisa 15 izinhlobo zezitini zodonga ezihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu kuye ngesisindo sevolumu. Izimpawu zesikhathi, umkhawulo ophezulu wesisindo se-volumetric, amandla amancane kanye nezimo zokuzinza eqhweni nazo ziyaboniswa.
Ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri: Ukuphuka kwezitini ngaphansi komshini wokunyathelisa kungalahla izingcezu ezibukhali. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo, uthango oluvikelayo, indlela yokubeka isampula, ukulinganisa, ukuvikelwa komuntu siqu kanye nenqubo yomphumela kufanele kuhambisane nenqubo esebenzayo futhi kube ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe.
3. Amandla acindezelayo wezindonga zezitini
Lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitini zisetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, amandla okucindezela odonga olwakhiwe ngezitini ezinamandla ayephakeme. Njengoba ubukhulu bamalunga bukhula, ukumelana nodonga kunciphisa. Amalunga angalingani anganciphisa kakhulu amandla okucindezela, yingakho ukuma okulungile nobukhulu bezitini kubalulekile. Umbhalo uphinde uthi amandla okucindezela ayancipha ngokunyuka kwesigaba sodonga.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezitini, udaka namandla okwakha ngisho namalunga kanye nesibopho esihle sokwakha kuboniswa izibalo zomlando nethebula. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla odonga nomthwalo ovunyelwe embhalweni uthi 2,7 ukuya kokuthi 4,8. I-coefficient kufanele ifake izingcindezi ezengeziwe ngenxa yemithwalo ye-eccentric kanye namaphutha ekusebenzeni okunganakwa. Usayizi e = 10 kg/cm2 unikezwe udonga olwenziwe kahle; odongeni olunamaphutha ekusebenzeni, umbhalo ubikezela inani eliphansi, futhi uma kunesidingo, inani elingalungile.
Akulona inani lokubala: izilinganiso zomlando, amayunithi nezibalo akufanele kusetshenziselwe usayizi wodonga noma ukuhlola isakhiwo esikhona. Umthamo wokuthwala uncike ezicini ezimenyezelwe zezakhi nodaka, ijometri, ukuxhumana, ubuncane, umthwalo, isisekelo, ukuzamazama komhlaba, umswakama kanye nekhwalithi yokubulawa, ngesibalo esivumelekile sikanjiniyela ogunyaziwe.
4. Ukunwebeka kwesitini nodonga ngaphansi kwengcindezi
Ukunwebeka kwezitini zodonga ezibhakiwe kuhluka kakhulu. Umbhalo wangempela usho imodulus yokunwebeka enomkhawulo ophansi ka-E = 100 000 kg/cm2, okungukuthi 1 GPa, wezitini ezinamandla okucindezelayo azungeze 300 kg/cm2, okuthi 3 MPa; kwezinye izitini wawuphansi kakhulu. E kufika ku-4,5 GPa icaciswe ku-clinker.
Ukuguquguquka kodaka kubalulekile ekunwebeni kodonga; I-lime mortar iguquguquka kakhulu kunosimende. Okuqukethwe kwengobo yomlando okwengeziwe kungatholakala esihlokweni esithi ibhondi yesimende nesitoreji.
Imoduli enwebekayo yodonga ngokuya ngokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini e-Stuttgart yehlele ku-E = 40 MPa ngodaka lwe-lime futhi yakhuphukela cishe ku-1600 MPa ngodaka lukasimende. Lawo manani anqunywa ezindongeni zikakhonkolo nezitini, ezinobukhulu obuhlangene 10-12 mm.
5. Ukuncipha nokuvuvukala kwezitini zodonga
Ukuncipha nokuvuvukala kwezitini zodonga kungaba kukhulu kune-itshe lemvelo. Njengesibonelo, ezitini zodonga zamandla aphansi, ukuvuvukala kufika ku-0,19 mm/m kuyashiwo.
6. Ukunwetshwa kwe-thermal kanye ne-conductivity
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zamatshe emvelo, isibonelo igwadle, izitini ezibaswa kahle zibonisa ukunwebeka okuncane futhi kancane kancane ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa, ngokuya ngombhalo.
I-thermal conductivity incike ohlotsheni lwesitini. Ama-clinker obumba aminyene, asindayo ahambisa ukushisa ngokushesha kunezitini ezinezimbobo, ezingasindi, ngakho ekubuyekezweni komlando, izitini zihlukaniswa ngobuningi. Ithebula libonisa ukujiya kwezindonga zezindawo ezintathu ze-thermal insulation ngaleso sikhathi.
Izakhiwo ezishisayo: ubukhulu obubonisiwe akubona ubufakazi besimanje bokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla. Ama-coefficients amenyeziwe azo zonke izendlalelo zodonga, amabhuloho ashisayo axazululiwe, umswakama kanye nokufingqa, kanye nezibalo ngokuya ngemithetho yamanje kuyadingeka.
7. Ukuvikelwa kodonga lomlilo
Uma udonga luvezwe kumazinga okushisa aphezulu, umbhalo uthi amandla ehla kakhulu kumazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-300 °C. Ukulimala kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokucisha nokupholisa okungazelelwe kwezitini ezishisayo. Udonga olunokhonkolo olubhekene luchazwa njengolumelana kakhulu, ngoba ungqimba lukakhonkolo lwehlisa ijubane lokushisa nokupholisa. Ngale njongo, umbhalo womlando ukhuluma nge-lime plaster 10% gypsum kanye nokuhlanza amalunga ngokukhuhla ngaphambi kokuplasta.
Ukuphepha emlilweni: izinga lokushisa lomlando nokwakheka kodaka akubona ubufakazi besigaba sokumelana nomlilo. Ukumelana nomhlangano kuncike ohlelweni olumenyezelwe, ukushuba, imigodi, umthwalo, amalunga, ukungena kanye nendlela yokubulawa. Udonga oluchayeke emlilweni noma ekupholiseni kungazelelwe kufanele luhlolwe uchwepheshe ogunyaziwe ngaphambi kokuphinda lusetshenziswe.
8. Indlela yokuziphatha ethinta amakhemikhali
Isitena esibaswe kahle, ikakhulukazi isitini esingaphambili kanye ne-clinker, sichazwa embhalweni wokuqala njengesimelana nokumosha namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Iphinde ikhulume ngokusetshenziswa komlando kwezindonga zezitini ezibhakiwe ukuze kuvikelwe izakhiwo zikakhonkolo emanzini anolaka. Ukuqina kwalokhu kuvikela kumiswa ngezitini ezingenamifantu kanye nokungacwiliki okwanele, udaka olufanele namajoyinti avaliwe.
Indawo enolaka: ukukhetha kokuvikela akusekelwe kuphela egameni lempahla. Ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi noma inhlabathi, ukugxila okwaziwayo kanye nezinga lokushisa, ukusebenzisana kwezitini, udaka namajoyinti, imininingwane yokungena nokulungisa, kanye nephrojekthi yokuchayeka ukhonkolo kuyadingeka.
ithayela lophahla
Umbhalo uhlukanisa izindlela ezimbalwa zokwenza amathayili:
- ithayela elidwetshwe emgqeni wobumba oyisicaba, njengothayela ophahleni oluyisicaba onekhala — ithayela likapelepele noma i-shingle — kanye nethayela elihoshiwe;
- ithayela lepulasitiki lobumba elicindezelwe, elifaka ithayela eligobile, eligobile neligobile.
1. Isakhiwo, ukubukeka kwangaphandle kanye nobukhulu
Ukwenza amathayela ophahleni kudinga ubumba lwezitini olulungiswe kahle. Isakhiwo sokuphuka kufanele silingane futhi sibe nezimbotshana ezincane, futhi indawo engaphezulu kufanele ibe bushelelezi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukugcinwa kolwele futhi kube lula ukuphuma kwamanzi.
Ngenxa yokubukeka, indawo engaphezulu yethayela kwesinye isikhathi imbozwa ngomugqa wobumba onemibala — i-engobe — okufanele iboshwe unaphakade kuthayela.
Amathayela kufanele abe nesimo esifanele kanye nobukhulu ukuze uphahla luvaleke ngokwanele emajoyini. Embhalweni wokuqala, kushiwo ukuthi ukulingana kwe-hermetic akudingekile, kodwa ukuthi izikhala kufanele zivumele ukungena komoya kwe-attic kanye nokuhwamuka kwamanzi ajikisiwe. Yingakho imisele emide noma izimbambo kushiwo ku-biber-crepa.
2. Amandla kathayela ophahleni
Ngenxa yengcindezi ngesikhathi sokuthutha, ophahleni naphakathi nokuhlanganisa, umbhalo ucacisa ukuhlolwa komthwalo phakathi nebanga lokusekela elingu-25 cm. Ku-pepper crepe, inani elincane lomthwalo 50 kg licaciswa izingcezu ezinhlanu ezihloliwe.
3. Ukungena kwamanzi
Kumbandela womlando kuyadingeka ukuthi amathayela angaphansi kwekholomu yamanzi 5 cm ukuvuza kwehle ngokwesilinganiso ngemva 90 mamantongomane ngokushesha. Umbhalo uphawula ukuthi ukungena kwamathayela amaningi kuncipha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
4. Ukumelana nesimo sezulu
Amathayela kufanele amelane nokuhlolwa okuqandayo. Ngaphezu kokubanda okuphindaphindiwe kwama-tile ophahleni olumanzi, umonakalo ungabangelwa ukucwebezela kukasawoti oncibilikayo owethulwa ngamanzi emvula. Ukuze kuvinjwe umonakalo, umbhalo uphakamisa ukukhawulela usawoti oncibilikayo kanye nokubumba nokubeka amathayili ngendlela yokugwema ukubekwa kwezinto. Kuphinde kushiwo ukuthi amathayela ethambekeni elincane angonakaliswa ngokushesha kunakwenkulu.
Umsebenzi ophahleni: imibandela yomlando ayithathi indawo yesimemezelo somkhiqizi, i-design slope, isakhiwo esingaphansi, ukuqiniswa, ukungena komoya, imininingwane yokungena kanye nokuqinisekiswa komthwalo. Uphahla luyindawo engozini yokuwa nokubola; ungahambi phezu kwamathayela noma wenze umsebenzi ngaphandle kwepulani lokufinyelela, ukuvikelwa kokuwa okuhlangene kanye nosonkontileka oqeqeshiwe.
I-Clinker yamatshe amatshe
Ekugandayweni kwemigwaqo yomphakathi, izindlela zokuhamba kanye nephansi ezimbonini zamakhemikhali, umbhalo womlando uchaza izitini ezibasiwe ezinamandla amakhulu okucindezelwa nokugoba, ukumelana nokuguga, ubukhulu obujwayelekile futhi akukho mifantu emahholo eyakheka ngesikhathi sokudubula. Ukuchezuka kusukela kubukhulu obuvamile kukhawulelwe ukuze amalunga alingane futhi abe mncane, futhi umgwaqo ogandayiwe uyisicaba.
Ukugandaya: ukukhetha kweclinker ne-substrate kumele kubandakanye umthwalo olindelekile, isithwathwa, amanzi kanye ne-drainage, ukumelana nokuguga nokushelela, ukucaba nokufinyeleleka. Ezitezi ezilayishwe ngamakhemikhali, ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kokuhambisana kwesistimu ephelele kuyadingeka.