Inothi elibalulekile lengcweti: Lona umbhalo wokufundisa wenqolobane, hhayi incazelo yamanje, izinga lokuhlola, iphrojekthi yokonga noma inkomba yokukhethwa kwamatshe, ukufakwa nokuvikelwa. Uhlobo lwetshe, amanzi, usawoti, isithwathwa, i-substrate, udaka, indlela yokucubungula kanye nokunameka kokuvikela kufanele kuhlolwe into ethile ngokuvumelana nemithethonqubo esebenzayo, imibhalo yomkhiqizi kanye nezeluleko zochwepheshe abafanelekile.
Amatshe emvelo, okokunamathisela kanye nemisebenzi yokongiwa kwemvelo akuyona ingxenye yomnikelo wamanje womphakathi we-Savo Kusić. Ukukhiqiza kwanamuhla kugxile amafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso.
Imigomo Ejwayelekile
Kuyindaba yonjiniyela nabadwebi bezakhiwo ukukhetha itshe elifaneleka kakhulu ngezinjongo ezifanele; lapho ukhetha itshe lezinto zokwakha ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi, akumelwe kukhohlakale ukuthi ukuhlola impahla, ngokubambisana nezazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba kanye nama-mineralogists, kunikeza usizo olubalulekile.
Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba zihlukanisa amadwala abe amaqembu alandelayo: amadwala avuthayo, noma amanye amadwala aqhumayo, anamaqembu amancane amadwala ashisayo ajulile (isb. igwala, i-diorite, i-gabbro, i-porphyry, i-diabase, i-basalt), bese ekugcineni i-sedimentary noma i-layered rocksstones, i-limestone rocks, i-limegrags, i-limestone rocks. amatshe e-metamorphic noma aguquliwe (isb. i-gneiss, i-schist). I-mineralogist ihlola ukwakheka kwamadwala (uhlobo nokuma kwama-crystallites, ubukhulu nokuguqulwa okufanayo, ukusha, uhlobo lwe-binder, njll.). Unjiniyela uhlola ngokuya ngombala, ukusatshalaliswa kombala, isakhiwo, indlela yokuthola, ukusebenza, ukumelana nesimo sezulu namandla.
Isakhiwo kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwetshe
Isakhiwo nokwakheka kwetshe kufanele kucatshangelwe uma impahla kufanele imelane nesimo sezulu noma uma itshe likhethelwe izinjongo ezikhethekile, njengesib. embonini yamakhemikhali. Amakristalu aminyene futhi achazwe kahle anosayizi omaphakathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, isici segwadle elihle; ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-granite ene-scaly mica eningi kanye ne-feldspar ebolile kancane ayifanele izinto zokwakha ezibalulekile. Amatshe esihlabathi ezinhlamvu ze-quartz ezinobukhulu obulinganayo, ane-voids equkethe inani elincane lokuhlanganisa, avumela ukufinyelela emanzini ngaphezu kwedwala elinesakhiwo esihlangene (okungukuthi, isakhiwo esinama-voids amancane noma angenawo) noma idwala elinesakhiwo esihlanganiswe ngosizo lwe-binder. Ukwakheka kwe-binder kuma-sandstones kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana kwayo namathonya amakhemikhali okufanele alindelwe endaweni lapho itshe lizofakwa khona.
Ukuqina kwetshe
Esigabeni samagama okwakha nokuhlola, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamandla: amandla acindezelayo, amandla aqinile, amandla okugunda, amandla okuguquguquka, njll. Ngenhloso yokuhlola amandla etshe, umthwalo ocindezelayo (wetshe lokwakha), umthwalo oqinile ongavamile (okungukuthi amandla aqinile), umthwalo ogobayo, umthwalo womthelela (wetshe le-cobble), futhi ekugcineni ugqoke ukuhlolwa (futhi nge-cobbles slabs), amatshe ezitebhisi kwenziwe.
1. Amandla Acindezelayo
Ukuze uthole amandla acindezelayo etshe - anqunywa kumakhyubhu anobude bonqenqema okungenani obungu-4 cm - ku-Research Institute for Civil Engineering e-Technical University of Stuttgart, amanani alandelayo atholwe ukwakha amasampula amatshe:
Ithebula elingezansi libonisa amanani ayinkomba okukhethwa nokuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zamatshe emvelo. Amazinga adinga, emisebenzini eyahlukene yokwakha, amanani amancane ngokuphathelene namanani okubhekisela; ngokwesibonelo ngaphambilini, ngetshe lokugandaya kwemigwaqo kazwelonke, amandla okucindezela bekumele okungenani abe engxenyeni engaphezulu yamanani ereferensi futhi bekumele okungenani abe ngu-2000 kg/cm2. Ukwakha, njengomthetho, asikho isidingo sokunciphisa amandla etshe. Amandla acindezelayo etshe ehla kakhulu lapho itshe lishiywe emanzini.
2. Amandla e-Flexural
Ihlolwe kumaprism etshe asikwe ngesaha (ukuhlolwa esikhungweni esifanayo namandla okucindezela); kwanqunywa ukuthi amandla okuguquguquka yilawa:
Kunconywa ukuthi kukhonkolo okufanele kufinyelele amandla aphezulu okugobeka, yitshe kuphela elinamandla okugoba okungenani angu-100 kg/cm2 okufanele kusetshenziswe. Kokunye, bheka ithebula lenani lomhlahlandlela ukuze kukhethwe nokuhlolwa kwetshe lemvelo (ngenhla).
3. Amandla omthelela
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kumakhyubhu obude bonqenqema 4 cm. Umsebenzi odingekayo ukubhubhisa i-cube eyodwa yamatshe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile uyalinganiswa. E-Stuttgart, phakathi kokunye, amanani alandelayo ayasungulwa:
4. Ukumelana nokugqoka
Ihlolwa ngokugaya; amanani alandelayo asungulwa e-Stuttgart:
Kufanele kuphawulwe lapha ukuthi amandla okucindezelayo nokumelana nokugqoka akumi kunoma yikuphi ubudlelwano obujwayelekile; umuntu akakwazi ngaphandle kokulindela okwengeziwe ukuthi itshe elinamandla okucindezela okuhle libonisa ukumelana okuhle kokugqoka. Amatshe emigwaqo kakhonkolo ayadingeka, ngokwemiyalelo yokwakhiwa kwezithiyo zomgwaqo zikakhonkolo, ukuthi agqoke kakhulu0,2 cm(10 cm3) ku50 cm2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukugqokwa kwetshe elimanzi elimanziswe ngamanzi, kanye netshe lemigwaqo ekhonkolo, ngoba kukhona umehluko omkhulu ekugqokeni. Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonise ukuthi ezimweni ezingokoqobo ukuhlolwa okungcono kufinyelelwa ngale ndlela kunokuhlola okuvamile kwetshe elomile.
Ukumelana netshe esimweni sezulu
Ukuze itshe elizochayeka esimweni sezulu, ukumelana kwalo nesithwathwa (iqhwa) kufanele lihlolwe, okungukuthi lihlala lingenawo umonakalo obonakalayo njengoba ligcwele amanzi.25iqandiswe izikhathi eziningana futhi inkomo futhi. Uma itshe eliqukethe umswakama wemvelo lifakiwe, khona-ke kufanele kuqashelwe; uma kunjalo, kuyadingeka ukuhlola itshe ngomswakama wemvelo, hhayi esimweni esigcwele amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ematsheni ezindongeni zangaphandle, izikhumbuzo, njll. Kudingeka ukuthi itshe libonise ukumelana okwanele kwesimo sezulu, okungukuthi, lingakwazi ukubekezelela isikhathi eside ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okwengeziwe okuvela ekukhanyeni kwelanga, izinguquko ezibangelwa ukumanzisa nokomisa, ngenxa yokubeka umoya, isimo sezulu esivela emoyeni, njll. Lapho ukhetha itshe, kufanele uthole iseluleko sochwepheshe abanolwazi.
Lapho ubumba itshe lokwakha, kuyadingeka ukunaka ukuvumela amanzi emvula, ngisho namanzi aphuma ekuchaphazeni, ukuthi ageleze ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze abe nethuba elincane ngangokunokwenzeka lokungena emalungeni amatshe nodonga. Amatshe anemisele, kanye namatshe aqoshiwe, adala amathuba okugcina umule, iqhwa, amanzi, njll. okwandisa imiphumela eyingozi kakhulu kunasendaweni ebushelelezi. Izindawo ezipholishiwe yizona ezichayeka kancane ekugcinweni kothuli nensile, kanye nokuhlala kwezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokucubungula ithinta ukuqina kwetshe elivezwe esimweni sezulu.
Itshe elendlalekile kufanele licutshungulwe ngokwezendlalelo, okungukuthi izendlalelo kufanele zipakishwe ngokuvundlile, ngaphandle kwalokho amanzi, nezinto ezinolaka ngawo, zizongena ezendlalelo ezibuthaka nezingamahlikihliki; umonakalo ungalindeleka ngokushesha kunokuba itshe liphathwe ngobungcweti.
Amanzi angaphansi angakhuphuka ngenxa yamandla e-capillary kanye nokusabalalisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, usawoti othile ungahlasela amatshe nodaka. Endaweni yokuhwamuka kwamanzi akhuphukayo, usawoti uyacwebezela futhi udale izingcindezi zangaphakathi eziholela ekubhujisweni. Nalapha futhi, kumayelana nokuvimbela amanzi ukuthi angangeni etsheni, kulokhu okufezwa ngokwenza ukugqumisa emhlabathini.
Mayelana nokuqina kwezindonga, kunezingxoxo eziningi mayelana nokukhethwa kodaka lokwakhiwa kwezindonga zamatshe zemvelo. Uma udonga lungeke luvezwe esimweni sezulu futhi luhlala lomile, khona-ke ukukhethwa kodaka kungenziwa kuphela ngokuvumelana nokusebenza kwawo, amandla nokubukeka kwawo. Ngokuqondene nezindonga zangaphandle, kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi amanzi emvula angena odongeni athatha izithako zodaka, futhi lapho udonga loma, luwaletha phezulu futhi luwabeke lapho. Isibonelo, uma udonga lwe-sandstone olunezimbotshana luhlukaniswa ngamajoyinti angangeneli, amanzi anqwabelanisa usawoti ngaphezu kwamalunga okuholela ekwenyukeni kwengcindezi etsheni.
Itshe, njengazo zonke ezinye izinto, lishintsha ivolumu enkulu noma encane ngenxa yezinguquko kuzinga lokushisa, isibonelo, ku-limestone, ngaphansi kakhulu kunetshe le-quartzite. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, lezi zinguquko zevolumu zibalulekile okwesibili uma zicatshangelwa lapho kusetshenziswa itshe. Izinkinga zingavela kuma-cornices ngaphansi kophahla, kuma-slabs abhekene namabhuloho ama-masonry, njll. Ezicini zokwakha ezivezwe emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu, kunconywa ukukhetha itshe elibonisa ukunwetshwa okuncane futhi kancane kancane ekushiseni kwe-500-1000oC, njengesibonelo. i-slag enezigaxa noma ubumba olubilisiwe.
Ukuvimbela ukulimala kwamatshe
Namuhla, kunezinto ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela (ama-varnishes, ama-coatings) avikela itshe, kokubili elipholishiwe neliqinile, esimweni sezulu kanye namanye amathonya. Izembatho zisekelwe ku-silicone, i-wax noma ezinye izinhlobo zezinto ezidala umgoqo phakathi kwetshe nemvelo. Ukuhlanza njalo kwetshe kuvimbela ukuqoqwa kothuli nokungcola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okungase futhi kuthinte kabi itshe ngokwalo. Ukubeka izindawo zamatshe endaweni emboziwe kunciphisa amathuba okuthi amanzi afinyelele kuyo. Ngokuyisisekelo, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuxhumana nochwepheshe bese ukhetha itshe elifanele ukuze ugweme noma yimuphi umonakalo ngokuphumelelayo.
Inothi lohlelo lokusebenza: Amanani omlando, izinqubo zokuhlola nezincomo zokumboza azithathi indawo yamazinga amanje, ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri, indawo yokuhlola, ukuhlola ukuhambisana kwezinto kanye nohlelo lokunakekela indawo.