Umxholo wengcali yooVimba: inqaku ligcina ixabiso lembali, ukuhlelwa, ukulingana kunye neendlela zokuvavanya izitena kunye neethayile. Ukuchazwa kwemveliso, ukubala okumileyo okanye komlilo, uhlalutyo lwamandla, iinkcukacha zephahla okanye imiyalelo yokwenziwa ayisebenzi. Iprojekthi isebenzisa iimveliso ezichaziweyo, imigangatho yangoku, idatha yomenzi kunye nokubalwa kweengcali ezigunyazisiweyo.
Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala liyi-archive yobugcisa kwaye alimeleli ukunikezelwa kwezitena, i-tile, i-masonry okanye umsebenzi wokuphahla.
Izitena zobumba, imibhobho, izitya kunye nezinye izinto zenziwe ngodongwe kunye nobuninzi bodongwe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ngokufudumeza ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokuphola ngokuthe ngcembe, iifom ezivela kwimathiriyeli ekrwada zidlulela kwimizimba eyomeleleyo engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi. Ngenxa yobuninzi beediphozithi zodongwe, izitena ezibhakiweyo zingenziwa kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo.
Izitena eludongeni (izitena ezibhakiweyo)
1. Ubume, inkangeleko yangaphandle kunye nemilinganiselo
Ukuze ufumane izitena ezineentanda ezimbalwa kunye nemilinganiselo echanekileyo ngokunokwenzeka, isanti, iitshiphu zezitena kunye nomgubo wodongwe owomileyo ngamanye amaxesha zongezwa kubunzima obuluhlaza. Udongwe olusuka kwezinye iindawo lunekalika kumagaqa amakhulu. Nangona ubuninzi bayo bukhulu, i-lime kufuneka isasazwe ngokwaneleyo kwaye ichithwe, kuba emva kokudubula inokucima phantsi kwefuthe lamanzi angena kwisitena. Ukunyuswa komthamo kunokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni ukuba igaqa lekalika lishiywe lilikhulu kakhulu.
Ukubonakala kwangaphandle kwezitena zodonga kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekubunjweni kodongwe kunye nokudubula. Ukuphambuka okuncinci ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yegama kubalulekile kuba ubukhulu obungalinganiyo kunye nobubanzi bamalungu bunokuchaphazela kakhulu amandla odonga. Ubungakanani beklasi yesitena sodonga oluqinileyo kumbhalo wokuqala250×120×65[mm], iikota ezintathu185×120×65, kunye neesiqingatha120×120×65 mm. Ukutenxa okuvunyelweyo kwimilinganiselo ekujoliswe kuyo kuchazwe njengobuninzi obuyi-±4%.
2. Ukomelela kwezitena zodonga
Uvavanyo lwamandla kwisicatshulwa lwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngomthwalo ocinezelayo, kuba izitena zodonga zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukwakha izinto ezifumana uxinzelelo. Isitena sibekwe phakathi kweendawo ezimbini zetsimbi kwaye zilayishwe de ziphule. Uvavanyo lokugoba lukwakhankanywa ukukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwezitena ezingenazintanda.
Itheyibhile yembali ibonisa 15 iintlobo zezitena zodonga ezahlulwe zibe ngamaqela amathathu ngokobunzima bomthamo. Ukumakishwa kwexesha, umda ophezulu wobunzima bomthamo, amandla amancinci kunye neemeko zokuzinza kwiqhwa nazo zibonisiwe.
Uvavanyo lwaselebhu: Ukophuka kwezitena phantsi komatshini wokushicilela kunokulahla amaqhekeza abukhali. Isixhobo, ucingo olukhuselayo, indlela yokubeka isampuli, ukulinganisa, ukukhuselwa komntu kunye neziphumo zeziphumo kufuneka zihambelane nenkqubo esebenzayo kwaye ibe phantsi kweliso labasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo.
3. Amandla acinezelayo kwiindonga zezitena
Xa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezitena zisetyenziswe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, amandla okuxinzelela eludongeni olwakhiwe kwizitena ezinamandla aphezulu. Njengoko ubukhulu bamalungu bukhula, ukuchasana nodonga kunciphisa. Amalungu angalingani anganciphisa kakhulu amandla oxinzelelo, yingakho imilo echanekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo yezitena ibalulekile. Umbhalo uphinde uthi amandla oxinzelelo ayancipha ngokunyuka kwecandelo lodonga.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezitena, udaka kunye namandla okwakhiwa kweemasonry nkqu namalungu kunye nebhondi elungileyo ye-masonry iboniswa yimbali yenxaki kunye netheyibhile. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamandla odonga kunye nomthwalo ovumelekileyo kwisicatshulwa 2,7 ukuya ku-4,8. I-coefficient kufuneka ibandakanye uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo ngenxa yemithwalo ye-eccentric kunye neziphene ekusebenzeni okungaqwalaselwanga. Ubungakanani e = 10 kg/cm2 inikwe udonga olwenziwe kakuhle; kudonga oluneziphene ekusebenzeni, okubhaliweyo kuqikelele ngaphantsi, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, ixabiso elibi.
Asiloxabiso lokubala: ulungelelwaniso lwembali, iiyunithi kunye neenxaki mazisetyenziswe ukulinganisa udonga okanye ukuvavanya isakhiwo esele sikhona. Umthamo wokuthwala uxhomekeke kwiipropati ezibhengeziweyo zezinto kunye nodaka, ijometri, ukudibanisa, ukuthoba, umthwalo, isiseko, i-seismicity, umswakama kunye nomgangatho wokubulawa, kunye nokubala okusebenzayo yinjineli egunyazisiweyo.
4. I-Elasticity yezitena kunye nodonga phantsi koxinzelelo
I-elasticity yezitena zodonga ezibhakiweyo zihamba ngokubanzi. Umbhalo wokuqala uxela imodyuli ye-elasticity enomda osezantsi we-E = 100 000 kg/cm2, engu-1 GPa, kwizitena ezinamandla ocinezelo ngeenxa zonke 300 kg/cm2, eyi 3 MPa; kwezinye izitena ubuphantsi kakhulu. E ukuya kuthi ga ku-4,5 i-GPa icacisiwe kwi-clinker.
Ukuguquguquka kodaka kubalulekile kwi-elasticity eludongeni; Udaka lwekalika lubhetyebhetye kakhulu kunodaka lwesamente. Isiqulatho esingakumbi soovimba unokufumaneka kwinqaku kwi-samente yokudibanisa kunye nokugcinwa.
Imodyuli elastiki yodonga ngokweemvavanyo zangaphambili e-Stuttgart yehle ukuya ku-E = 40 MPa ngodaka lwekalika kwaye yenyuka yaya phantse ku-1600 MPa ngodaka lwesamente. Loo maxabiso aye amiselwa kwikhonkrithi kunye neendonga zezitena, ezinobunzima obudibeneyo 10-12 mm.
5. Ukucutheka kunye nokudumba kwezitena zodonga
Ukucutheka kunye nokuvuvukala kwezitena zodonga kunokuba mkhulu kune ilitye lendalo. Njengomzekelo, kwizitena zodonga zamandla aphantsi, ukudumba ukuya kuthi ga ku-0,19 mm/m kuchaziwe.
6. Ukwandiswa kweThermal kunye ne-conductivity
Xa kuthelekiswa nolunye uhlobo lwamatye endalo, umzekelo igranite, izitena ezibaswe kakuhle zibonisa ukwanda okuncinci kunye nokucothayo phantsi kweempembelelo zobushushu, ngokwesicatshulwa.
I-Thermal conductivity ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesitena. I-clinkers yodongwe eshinyeneyo, enobunzima obunobunzima buqhuba ubushushu ngokukhawuleza kunezitena eziqhekezayo, ezikhaphukhaphu, ngoko ke kuphononongo lwembali, izitena zihlelwa ngobuninzi. Itheyibhile ibonisa ubungqingqwa bodonga kwiindawo ezintathu zokugqunywa kwe-thermal ngelo xesha.
Iimpawu ze-Thermal: ubukhulu obubonisiweyo ayibobungqina bale mihla bokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla. I-coefficients echaziweyo yazo zonke iileyile zodonga, iibhulorho ezisombululweyo ze-thermal, ukufuma kunye nokunciphisa, kunye nokubala ngokwemigaqo yangoku iyafuneka.
7. Ukhuseleko eludongeni lomlilo
Ukuba udonga lubonakaliswe kumaqondo aphezulu aphezulu, isicatshulwa sichaza ukuba amandla ehla kakhulu kumaqondo okushisa angaphezu kwe-300 °C. Ukulimala kwenzeka ngokukodwa ngexesha lokucima kunye nokupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwezitena ezishushu. Udonga olunodaka olujongene nalo luchazwa njengoluxhathisayo, kuba umaleko we-plaster unciphisa ukufudumeza kunye nokupholisa. Ukwenzela le njongo, isicatshulwa sembali sikhankanya udaka lwekalika 10% gypsum kunye nokucoca amalungu ngokukhuhla phambi kokutyatyekwa.
Ukhuseleko lomlilo: ubushushu bembali kunye nokwakhiwa kodaka abukho ubungqina bokwahlulwa kokumelana nomlilo. Ukuchasana kwendibano kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo ebhengeziweyo, ubukhulu, i-cavities, umthwalo, amajoyina, ukungena kunye nendlela yokubulawa. Udonga oluvezwe emlilweni okanye luphole ngesiquphe kufuneka luhlolwe yingcaphephe egunyazisiweyo phambi kokuba lusetyenziswe kwakhona.
8. Ukuziphatha malunga neempembelelo zekhemikhali
Isitena esibaswe kakuhle, ngakumbi isitena se-facade kunye ne-clinker, sichazwe kwisicatshulwa sokuqala njengesixhathisa inkunkuma kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Ikwakhankanya ukusetyenziswa kwembali yeendonga zezitena ezibhakiweyo ukukhusela izakhiwo zekhonkrithi kumanzi anobundlongondlongo. Ukuqina kolu khuselo lubekwe kwizitena ngaphandle kokuqhekeka kunye nokunganyanzeki okwaneleyo, udaka olufanelekileyo kunye nokudibanisa okutywiniweyo.
**Indawo enobundlobongela: ** ukhetho lokukhusela alusekelwe kuphela kwigama lezinto eziphathekayo. Uhlalutyo lwamanzi okanye lomhlaba, ukugxila okwaziwayo kunye nobushushu, ukuhambelana kwezitena, udaka kunye namalungu, iinkcukacha zokungena kunye nokugcinwa, kunye neprojekthi yokuvezwa kwekhonkrithi iyafuneka.
ithayile yophahla
Umbhalo wahlula iindlela ezininzi zokwenza iithayile:
- i-tile ezotyiweyo ukusuka kumgca wodongwe olusicaba, njengethayile yophahla olusicaba kunye nempumlo - i-pepper-tile okanye i-shingle - kunye ne-tile edibeneyo;
- ithayile yeplastiki yodongwe ecinezelweyo, kubandakanywa i-tile ye-grooved, grooved kunye ne-grooved.
1. Ubume, inkangeleko yangaphandle kunye nemilinganiselo
Ukwenza iithayile zophahla kufuna udongwe olulungiswe ngononophelo. Isakhiwo sokuqhekeka kufuneka silingane kwaye sibenemingxuma enqabileyo, kwaye umphezulu kufuneka ube mpuluswa kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukugcinwa kobulembu kunye nokuququzelela ukukhutshwa kwamanzi.
Ngenxa yembonakalo, umgangatho ophezulu we-tile ngamanye amaxesha ugqunywe ngomgca wodongwe onemibala - i-engobe - ekufuneka idibaniswe ngokusisigxina kwi-tile.
Iithayile kufuneka zibe yimilo echanekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo ukuze uphahla luvaleke ngokwaneleyo kwiindawo ezidibeneyo. Kumbhalo wokuqala, kuchaziwe ukuba ukulingana kwe-hermetic akuyomfuneko, kodwa ukuba izithuba kufuneka zivumele umoya we-attic kunye nokunyuka kwamanzi adibeneyo. Yiyo loo nto imisele emide okanye iimbambo zikhankanywa kwi-biber-crepa.
2. Amandla ethayile yophahla
Ngenxa yoxinzelelo ngexesha lokuthutha, eluphahleni nangexesha lokuhlanganisana, isicatshulwa sichaza uvavanyo lomthwalo phakathi kumgama wokuxhasa 25 cm. Kwi-pepper crepe, ubuncinci bomthwalo we-50 kg ucacisiwe kwiziqwenga ezintlanu ezivavanyiweyo.
3. Ukungena kwamanzi
Kwikhrayitheriya yembali kufuneka ukuba iithayile phantsi koluhlu lwamanzi lwe-5 cm ukuvuza kwehle ngokomndilili emva kwe-90 minuts kwangoko. Umbhalo uphawula ukuba ukungeneka kweethayile ezininzi kuncipha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha.
4. Ukumelana nemozulu
Iithayile kufuneka zimelane novavanyo lomkhenkce. Ukongeza kwiqhwa eliphindaphindiweyo leethayile zophahla ezimanzi, umonakalo unokubangelwa yi-crystallization yeetyuwa ezinyibilikayo eziziswa ngamanzi emvula. Ukuze kuthintelwe umonakalo, isicatshulwa sicebisa ukunciphisa iityuwa ezinyibilikayo kunye nokubumba kunye nokubeka iithayile ngendlela yokuphepha ukubekwa kwezinto. Kukwaxeliwe ukuba iithayile ezikwithambeka elincinane zingonakala ngokukhawuleza kunokwenkulu.
Umsebenzi wophahla: iikhrayitheriya zembali aziyithathi indawo yesibhengezo somenzi, ithambeka loyilo, isakhiwo esisezantsi, ukuqinisa, ukungena komoya, iinkcukacha zokungena kunye nokuqinisekiswa komthwalo. Uphahla luyindawo yomngcipheko wokuwa kunye nokubola; ungahambi kwiithayile okanye wenze umsebenzi ngaphandle kwesicwangciso sofikelelo, ukhuseleko oludityanelweyo lokuwa kunye nekontraka yobungcali.
IClinker yamatye ecobblestones
Ukulungiselela iindlela zikawonkewonke, iindlela zokuhamba kunye nemigangatho kwiifektri zamachiza, isicatshulwa sembali sichaza izitena ezitshisiweyo ezinobunzima obuphezulu kunye nokugoba, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo kwaye akukho zintanda ezinqabileyo ezenziwe ngexesha lokudubula. Ukunxaxha ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yesiqhelo kuthintelwe ukuze iindawo ezidibeneyo zilingane kwaye zicuthe, kwaye indlela yabahambi ngeenyawo ibe mcaba.
Ipaving: ukhetho lwe-clinker kunye ne-substrate kufuneka ibandakanye umthwalo olindelekileyo, iqabaka, amanzi kunye ne-drainage, ukuguga kunye nokumelana nokutyibilika, ukuvuleka kunye nokufikeleleka. Kwimigangatho elayishwe ngokwekhemikhali, kufuneka kujongwe ukuhambelana okukhethekileyo kwenkqubo epheleleyo.