** Archive nyanzvi yezvinyorwa: ** chinyorwa chinochengetedza hunhu hwenhoroondo, kupatsanura, equation uye nzira dzekuyedza zvidhinha nematairi. Mamiriro echigadzirwa, static kana moto kuverenga, kuongorora simba, ruzivo rwepadenga kana mirairo yekuuraya haina basa. Iyo purojekiti inoshandisa zvigadzirwa zvakaziviswa, zviyero zvazvino, data yemugadziri uye kuverenga nenyanzvi dzakatenderwa.
Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chehunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza uye hachimiriri kupihwa kwezvidhinha, mataira, masonry kana basa redenga.
Zvidhinha zvemasonry, mapaipi, midziyo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva kuvhu nevhu kubva kare kare. Nekupisa zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kune tembiricha yakakwira uye kutonhora zvishoma nezvishoma, mafomu kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvinopfuura mumiviri yakasimba kana kushoma. Pamusana pezvakasiyana-siyana zvevhu, zvidhinha zvakabikwa zvinogona kuitwa mumhando dzakasiyana.
Zvidhinha zvepamadziro (zvidhinha zvakabikwa)
1. Chimiro, chitarisiko chekunze uye zviyero
Kuti uwane zvidhinha zvine mashoma akatsemuka sezvinobvira uye nechiyero chakarurama sezvinobvira, jecha, zvidhinha machipisi uye upfu hwakaoma hwevhu dzimwe nguva zvinowedzerwa kune mbishi. Ivhu rinobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo rine lime mumapundu makuru. Kunyange kana huwandu hwayo husina hukuru, lime inofanira kugoverwa zvakakwana uye yakapwanyika, nokuti mushure mokupisa inogona kudzima pasi pesimba remvura inopinda muchidhinha. Kuwedzera kwevhoriyamu kunozokonzera kupetuka kana bundu reraimu rikasiiwa rakakura.
Kuonekwa kwekunze kwezvidhinha zvemadziro kunonyanya kuenderana nekuumbwa kwevhu uye kupfura. Kutsauka kudiki kubva pazviyero zvezita kwakakosha nekuti ukobvu husina kuenzana uye upamhi hwemajoini zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kusimba kwemadziro. The classic dimension yechidhinha chakasimba chemudhuri mumagwaro ekutanga ndeiyi250×120×65[mm], zvikamu zvitatu185×120×65, uye hafu120×120×65 mm. Kutsauka kunotenderwa kubva pazviyero zvakatemerwa kunotaurwa sehupamhi hwe ±4%.
2. Kusimba kwezvidhinha zvemadziro
Kuedza kwesimba mumagwaro kunoitwa kunyanya nekumanikidza mutoro, nokuti zvidhinha zvemadziro zvinonyanya kushandiswa pakuvaka zvinhu zvinogamuchira kumanikidzwa. Chidhinha chinoiswa pakati pemarata maviri uye chinotakurwa kusvika chaputsika. Kuyedzwa kwekupeta kunonzi zvakare kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwezvidhinha zvisina kuputika.
Tafura yenhoroondo inoratidza 15 mhando dzezvidhinha zvemadziro zvakakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu zvichienderana nehuremu hwehuremu. Zviratidzo zvenguva, muganho wepamusoro wehuremu hwevolumetric, simba shoma uye mamiriro ekugadzikana muchando anoratidzwa zvakare.
Kuyedzwa kwerabhoritari: Kupwanya kwezvidhinha pasi pemuchina kunogona kukanda zvidimbu zvakapinza. Midziyo, fenzi yekudzivirira, nzira yekuisa sampuli, kuyerwa, dziviriro yemunhu uye maitiro emhedzisiro inofanirwa kuenderana nemaitiro anoshanda uye kuve pasi pekutariswa kwevashandi vakadzidziswa.
3. Inodzvinyirira simba remadziro ezvidhinha
Apo marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvidhinha akashandiswa pasi pemamiriro akafanana, simba rekumanikidza remadziro rakavakwa kubva kune zvidhinha zvakasimba rakanga rakakwirira. Sezvo kuwanda kwemajoini kunowedzera, kushorwa kwemadziro kunoderera. Majoini asina kuenzana anogona kuderedza zvakanyanya simba rekumanikidza, ndicho chikonzero chimiro chakakodzera uye zviyero zvezvidhinha zvakakosha. Chinyorwa chinotaurawo kuti simba rekumanikidza rinoderera nekuwedzera kwechikamu chemadziro.
Ukama huri pakati pezvidhinha, dhaka uye simba rekuvakwa kune kunyange majoini uye yakanaka masonry bond inoratidzwa nenhoroondo equation uye tafura. Hukama huri pakati pesimba remadziro uye mutoro unobvumidzwa mune zvinyorwa ndewe 2,7 ku 4,8. Iyo coefficient inofanira kusanganisira kuwedzera kushushikana nekuda kwe eccentric mitoro uye kukanganisa mukuita izvo zvisina kuverengerwa. Saizi e = 10 kg/cm2 inopiwa kumadziro akagadzirwa zvakanaka; kumadziro ane hurema mukuita, zvinyorwa zvinofanotaura zvakaderera, uye kana zvichidikanwa, kukosha kwakashata.
Haisi kukosha kwechiverengero: chekare reshiyo, mayunitsi uye equation haifanire kushandiswa kuyera madziro kana kuongorora chimiro chiripo. Kutakura simba kunoenderana neakaziviswa zvivakwa zvezvinhu uye dhaka, geometry, zvinongedzo, kutetepa, mutoro, hwaro, seismicity, hunyoro uye mhando yekuuraya, ine calculation inoshanda neinjiniya ane mvumo.
4. Elasticity yezvidhinha uye madziro pasi pekumanikidzwa
Iyo elasticity yeakabikwa emadziro zvidhinha inosiyana zvakanyanya. Chinyorwa chepakutanga chinoti modulus ye elasticity ine muganho wakaderera weE = 100 000 kg/cm2, inova 1 GPa, yezvidhinha zvine simba rekumanikidza kutenderedza 300 kg/cm2, inova 3 MPa; kune zvimwe zvidhinha zvakanga zvakaderera zvikuru. E kusvika 4,5 GPa inotsanangurwa kuclinker.
Kushanduka kwedhaka kwakakosha kune elasticity yemadziro; lime mortar inonyanya kuchinjika kupfuura simende dhaka. Zvimwe zviri mudura zvinogona kuwanikwa muchinyorwa chesimende bhondi nekuchengetedza.
Iyo elastic modulus yemudhuri zvinoenderana nemiedzo yekutanga muStuttgart yakadzika kuenda kuE = 40 MPa ine lime mortar uye yakakwira kusvika 1600 MPa nedhaka resimende. Hukoshi ihwohwo hwakatemerwa pamadziro ekongiri nezvidhina, aine ukobvu hwemajoini 10-12 mm.
5. Kudonha uye kuzvimba kwezvidhinha zvemadziro
Kudonha nekuzvimba kwezvidhinha zvemudhuri kunogona kuve kwakakura kupfuura dombo rechisikigo. Semuenzaniso, kune zvidhinha zvemadziro zvesimba rakaderera, kuzvimba kusvika 0,19 mm/m kunotaurwa.
6. Kuwedzera kupisa uye conductivity
Kuenzaniswa nemamwe marudzi ematombo echisikigo, semuenzaniso giraniti, zvidhinha zvakanyatsopiswa zvinoratidza kuwedzera kudiki uye zvishoma nezvishoma pasi pesimba rekupisa, zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa.
Thermal conductivity inoenderana nerudzi rwezvidhinha. Iyo yakaomeswa, inorema sintered ivhu clinkers inoita kupisa nekukurumidza kupfuura iyo ine porous, isina kuremerwa zvidhinha, saka mukuongorora kwenhoroondo, zvidhinha zvinokamurwa nekuwanda kwehuwandu. Tafura inoratidza ukobvu hwemadziro enzvimbo nhatu dzekupisa kwemafuta panguva iyoyo.
Thermal properties: iwo makubvu anoratidzwa haasi humbowo hwazvino hwekusangana nezvinodiwa zvesimba. Declared coefficients yezvikamu zvose zvemadziro, akagadziriswa mabhiriji ekupisa, unyoro uye condensation, pamwe chete nekuverenga maererano nemirairo yazvino inodiwa.
7. Dziviriro yemadziro emoto
Kana madziro akaiswa kune tembiricha yakakwira, chinyorwa chinotaura kuti simba rinodonha zvakanyanya pakudziya kwepamusoro 300 °C. Kukuvadza kunoitika kunyanya panguva yekudzima uye kamwe kamwe kutonhora kwezvidhinha zvinopisa. Rusvingo rune purasita yakatarisana inotsanangurwa seyakanyanya kushingirira, nekuti iyo plaster layer inononoka kudziyisa uye kutonhora. Nechinangwa ichi, zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvinotaura lime plaster ine 10% gypsum uye kuchenesa majoini nekukwenya usati wapurasita.
Kuchengetedzeka pamoto: tembiricha yezvakaitika kare uye kuumbwa kwedhaka hazvisi humbowo hwekumisa moto. Kupokana kwegungano kunoenderana neyakaziviswa sisitimu, ukobvu, cavities, mutoro, majoini, kupinda uye nzira yekuuraya. Mudhuri wakavhenekerwa nemoto kana kutonhora kamwe kamwe unofanira kuongororwa nana mazvikokota ane mvumo usati washandiswa zvakare.
8. Maitiro akatarisana nemakemikari pesvedzero
Zvidhinha zvinonyatsopiswa, kunyanya zvidhinha zvefacade uye clinker, zvinotsanangurwa mumagwaro ekutanga sezvisingaenderane nemarara uye pasi pevhu. Inotaurawo nezvekushandiswa kwekare kwemadziro ezvidhina zvakabikwa kuchengetedza zvivakwa zvekongiri kubva kumvura ine hutsinye. Kugara kwekudzivirira kwakadaro kunogadziriswa nezvidhinha pasina kuputika uye kusapindira kwakakwana, dhaka rakakodzera uye majoini akavharwa.
** Nzvimbo ine hutsinye: ** sarudzo yekudzivirira haina kungobva pazita rezvinhu. Kuongorora kwemvura kana ivhu, kutarisisa kunozivikanwa uye tembiricha, kugarisana kwezvidhinha, dhaka nemajoini, ruzivo rwekupinda nekugadzirisa, pamwe chete nepurojekiti yekuratidzira kongiri zvinodiwa.
mataira edenga
Mavara anosiyanisa nzira dzakati wandei dzekugadzira mataira:
- mataira anodhonzwa kubva padanda revhu rakati sandarara, senge thairi redenga rakati sandara rine mhino - tirairi repiri kana shingle - uye tirairi yakadhirowewa;
- mataira epurasitiki evhu akatsikirirwa, anosanganisira matairi akaroverwa, akaroverwa uye akaroverwa.
1. Chimiro, chitarisiko chekunze uye zviyero
Kugadzira mataira edenga kunoda ivhu rezvidhinha rakanyatsogadzirwa. Chimiro chekutyoka chinofanirwa kuenzana uye chine porous, uye pamusoro pacho panofanira kutsetseka sezvinobvira kuderedza kuchengetwa kwe moss uye kuita kuti mvura ibude.
Nekuda kwechitarisiko, pamusoro petairi dzimwe nguva yakaputirwa nevhu rine ruvara - engobe - iyo inofanirwa kusungirirwa zvachose kune tile.
Mataira anofanirwa kunge ari echimiro chakakodzera uye zviyero kuitira kuti denga rivharwe zvakakwana pamajoini. Muzvinyorwa zvepakutanga, zvinonzi hermetic fit haikodzeri, asi kuti mapeji anofanirwa kubvumira kufefetedza kwedenga remba uye kubuda kwemvura yakapfupikiswa. Ndosaka miforo yakareba kana mbabvu ichitaurwa mubiber-crepa.
2. Simba rematairi edenga
Nekuda kwekunetsekana panguva yekufambisa, padenga uye panguva yekuungana, chinyorwa chinotsanangura kuyedzwa kwemutoro pakati pechinhambwe chekutsigira che 25 cm. Pamhiripiri crepe, huremu hushoma hwe 50 kg hunotsanangurwa pazvidimbu zvishanu zvakaedzwa.
3. Kupinda kwemvura
Pamuitiro wenhoroondo panodiwa kuti matiles ari pasi pechikamu chemvura che 5 cm adonhe paavhareji mushure 90 mmainuts kare. Chinyorwa chinoti kupinza kwematiles mazhinji kunodzikira zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva.
4. Kuramba kwemamiriro ekunze
Mataira anofanirwa kumira nechando bvunzo. Pamusoro pekuomesa nechando kakawanda kwematairi edenga akanyorova, kukuvadzwa kunogona kukonzerwa nekristalllization yemunyu unonyungudika unounzwa nemvura inonaya. Kuti udzivise kukuvadzwa, zvinyorwa zvinokurudzira kudzikisira munyu unonyungudika uye kuumba uye kuisa matiles nenzira yekudzivirira kuisa zvinhu. Zvinonziwo matiles ari pamateru madiki anogona kukuvara nekukurumidza kupfuura pane hombe.
Basa repadenga: maitiro ezvakaitika kare haatsive chiziviso chemugadziri, dhizaini yakatsetseka, substructure, kusungirira, kufefetedza, kupinza uye kuongorora mutoro. Denga inzvimbo ine njodzi yekudonha nekuora; usafambe pamusoro pemataira kana kuita basa usina hurongwa hwekusvika, mubatanidzwa wekudzivirira kudonha uye mushandi wekondirakiti.
Clinker yematombo akakora
Pakugadzira migwagwa yeruzhinji, nzira dzekufamba uye pasi mumafekitori emakemikari, chinyorwa chenhoroondo chinotsanangura zvidhinha zvakapfurwa zvine simba rekumanikidza uye rekukotama, kuramba kupfeka, zviyero zvenguva dzose uye pasina kuputika kwakakasharara kwakagadzirwa panguva yekupfura. Kutsauka kubva pazvimiro zvezita kunogumira kuitira kuti majoini aenzane uye akatetepa, uye nzira yemugwagwa yakati sandara.
Paving: kusarudzwa kwe clinker uye substrate kunofanira kusanganisira mutoro unotarisirwa, chando, mvura uye mvura, kupfeka uye kuputika kwekudzivirira, flatness uye kusvikika. Pauriri hwakaremerwa nekemikari, panodiwa cheki yekuenderana yegadziriro yakazara.