Ikhwalithi yokhuni inqunywa ukuba khona noma ukungabi khona kweziphambeko, ezimweni eziningi ezinciphisa amandla alo noma zibe zimbi kakhulu ukubonakala kwazo kwangaphandle.
Nodes
Okhunini olusikiwe, umuntu uhlangabezana namafindo anempilo ahlanganiswe nokhuni, anempilo, ahlanganiswe kancane nokhuni, nalawo angakahlangani nalo — amanodi avulekile, angenalutho aphuma kalula (isithombe 4). Amafindo ayiphutha eliyisisekelo elinquma ikhwalithi yezinhlobo zezinkuni nemikhiqizo, njengoba ephazamisa ukufana kokhuni, enze kube nzima ukucubungula nokunciphisa amandla alo.
Uma kukhona amafindo okhunini, ukuncishiswa kwamandla alo kuncike esigabeni sokubola kwefindo, ubukhulu balo kanye nendawo lapho litholakala khona. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, amafindo atholakala endaweni yokungezwani nasemaphethelweni emishayo yesilingi athinta kakhulu umthamo wawo wokuthwala. Akumele kube namanodi anobubanzi obukhulu kuno-10 mm.
Okhunini olusahwe, izinkuni ziba buthaka kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona amafindo - amafindo afile namakhulu ahlanganisiwe. Amafindo ahlanganiswe kancane, futhi ikakhulukazi lawo angahlanganiswanga nhlobo, aphazamisa ubuqotho bezakhi futhi ehlise ikhwalithi yokhuni ngisho nangaphezu kwamafindo anempilo, ahlanganisiwe.
*Isithombe4: Ama-Nodes - a) enempilo, eqinile, ehlanganisiwe; b) okungahlanganisiwe noma okuhlanganiswe kancane; c) ukuyeka; d) ezinezimpondo; e) ukusonta; f) ifindo - ukuminca.
Imibala engavamile nokubola
Imibala engavamile kanye nokubola kuhlukaniswe ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Upende wangaphakathi nokubola
Imibala yangaphakathi nokubola (isithombe 5) kuvela phakathi nenkathi yokuphila kwesihlahla phakathi kwesihlahla esivuthiwe noma engxenyeni ephakathi yesihlahla. Njengomthetho, zibangelwa isikhunta esibhubhisa izinkuni. Izinhlamvu zesikhunta zifika phakathi kwesihlahla ngamagatsha aphukile kanye nokulimala esihlahleni nasemithanjeni.
Isithombe 5: Rot on pine.
Umsebenzi wokuphila wesikhunta uyama okhunini olusikiwe lwezinhlobo ze-coniferous ne-broadleaf. Okhunini lwezinhlobo ezivuthulukayo (ngaphandle komgogodla), ukukhula kwesikhunta kungaqhubeka ngisho nasokhunini olusikiwe.
Ubomvu bangaphakathi, ukubona kanye nengqikithi engamanga ayinawo umthelela omkhulu ekushintsheni kwamandla ezinkuni. Ukubola kwangaphakathi, okubangelwa isikhunta, kucekela phansi ukhuni futhi kulwenze lungafaneleki ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni.
Upende wangaphandle nokubola
Imibala yangaphandle nokubola kuvela okhunini olusikiwe kuyilapho kunomswakama owanele kulo. Phakathi nokumiswa kokwenziwa, zonke izinhlamvu zokukhunta ezibanga imibala yangaphandle nokubola ziyafa.
Imibala yangaphandle nokubola ihlanganisa ukubola okuphuzi, ukugqwala, ama-blue-black streaks, amabala amnyama, imihuzuko nokukhunta. Benza ukubukeka kwangaphandle, kodwa banciphise kancane izakhiwo zemishini yezinkuni. I-Sapwood rot, i-pox rot kanye ne-peripheral soft bola ibhubhisa izinkuni. Okunye ukukhubazeka kokhuni kuboniswa esithombeni 6.
Ukhuni olungenwe ukhunta lwendabuko lulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwalo futhi, njengomthombo wokutheleleka ngokhuni olunempilo ezindaweni zokugcina impahla nasezindaweni zokwakha, kufanele zishiswe.
Umfanekiso 6: Ukubola kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokhuni okubangelwa isikhunta esicekela phansi izinkuni - a) isikhunta; b) ukulimala; c) ubulukhuni; d) ukubola kwe-sapwood.
Imifantu
Ngokwesikhathi lapho zivele khona kanye nemvelo yokulimala, imifantu ihlukaniswa yaba imifantu yokhuni olukhulayo, okuhlanganisa ukuvutha, ukuzungeza kanye nokuqhekeka okuvela kuqhwa, nokuqhekeka ngenxa yengcindezi, okubangelwa ukomiswa kwezinkuni. Imifantu ilimaza ubuqotho bokhuni (isithombe 7).
Umfanekiso 7: Imifantu yemvelaphi yomshini — a) ukuvutha; b) ubungane bemvelo; c) imifantu ngenxa yokomiswa kanye nesisindo esiqeshini esiyindilinga; d) ukuqhekeka ngenxa yesisindo samabhodi.
Amaphutha esimeni nesakhiwo sesihlahla
Amaphutha omumo wesihlahla
Amaphutha esimeni sesihlahla ahlanganisa ukugoba, ukugoba, ukusonteka kanye nenhliziyo eqondile. Lolu hlobo lwephutha lunciphisa amaphesenti okusetshenziswa kwezinto.
Amaphutha esakhiwo sesihlahla
Ukukhubazeka esakhiweni sokhuni - i-strand twist, i-fiber flow irregularity, i-gray line irregularity, i-internal double sapwood, inhliziyo ekabili, nenhliziyo engamanga - kuhlobene nesakhiwo sesiqu sesihlahla esingavamile.
Ukusonteka, ukungahambi kahle kokugeleza kwefayibha kanye nokungahambi kahle komugqa wokusanhlamvu kunciphisa izici zomshini zokhuni.
Isisindo sevolumu, isisindo kanye nobulukhuni bokhuni olusontiwe kuphezulu kunokhuni olunempilo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izinkuni ezinephesenti elincane lokusonteka okuyingxenye azibonisi izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezicini zomzimba uma kuqhathaniswa nokhuni oluvamile, kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni ngemikhawulo ethile. Ukusonta okuphezulu kwehlisa ikhwalithi yezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu. I-sapwood ephindwe kabili ye-oki esakhiweni esijwayelekile nayo yehlisa ikhwalithi.
Inhliziyo Yesihlahla
Inhliziyo yokhuni idala ukuchaphazeka kwezingodo ezisaha ngesikhathi somiswa futhi zonakalise ikhwalithi yalo. Ngokwakhiwa okuyindilinga, indawo yenhliziyo ayibhekwa njengephutha. Inhliziyo embaxambili ilimaza ikhwalithi yesakhiwo esiyindilinga. Inhliziyo e-eccentric ivamise ukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo izici zemishini zokhuni, okuthi kulezo zimo zifaneleke ezigabeni eziphansi, zize zibe yizinkuni zokubasa.
Amanxeba, izibazi nokukhubazeka
Amanxeba iqoqo lezici ezihlanganisa ukulimala kwemishini, izibazi, ukomiswa kancane kanye nokukhubazeka kwezilonda. Ukulimala kwemishini kunganciphisa inani lokhuni futhi kube nomthelela ekutheni ukhuni lutheleleke ngesikhunta ngesikhathi lukhula, kanye nokuthelela ukhuni oluyindilinga ngesikhathi sokugcinwa.
Izibazi nokomisa ingxenye kulimaza ikhwalithi, kulimaze ubuqotho bokhuni futhi kubangele ukungqubuzana kwezingqimba zonyaka.
Ukonakala okuvela kumdlavuza kuthi kube kubi kakhulu ukusebenza kwemishini futhi kwehlise ikhwalithi yokhuni.
Imfihlo engavamile
Izikhwama zetiyela nezinhlaka zilimaza ikhwalithi yokhuni.
Ukukhethwa kokhuni lwamafasitela nezicabha
Ukuhlolwa okufanele kwezinto zokwakha kungenye yezihloko ezihlobene nokwenza amafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye nomnyango. Ngephrojekthi ethile nobukhulu obudingekayo, thumela isicelo sekhotheshini.