Inqaku loKhuseleko oluBalulekileyo: Esi sisicatshulwa semfundo esikwi-akhayid evela2017. unyaka, kwaye kungekhona iprojekthi okanye imiyalelo yanamhlanje yokufakelwa ngokuzimeleyo kwee-gutters. Uphahla kunye nomsebenzi weleli, ukusika, ukugrumba, i-riveting, i-solder, amadangatye avulekileyo kunye ne-solvents zithwala imingcipheko yokuwa, umlilo, ukwenzakala kunye nokuvezwa okuyingozi. Izinto ezikhankanyiweyo zembali kunye neengubo akufanele zisetyenziswe ngaphandle kokujonga imimiselo yanamhlanje kunye nemiyalelo yomenzi. Ubungakanani kunye nemisebenzi kufuneka inikezelwe kubayili abaqeqeshiweyo kunye neekontraka. Iifoto kunye nemizobo ziyimifanekiso kwaye ayimeli iiprojekthi eziqinisekisiweyo zeSavo Kusić.
Iigatha kunye nemisebenzi yokufulela ayiyonxalenye yesibonelelo esitsha senkampani. Ujoliso lwangoku lwemveliso lubandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neminyango yesiko. Kwifestile ethile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sekowuti.
Kutheni iigatha zibalulekile
Iigatha ziphakathi kwezinto zokugqibela eziza kufakwa kwisakhiwo. Xa imali yokwakha isetyenzisiwe, ezi zinto zibonakala zingabalulekanga kangako ngamanye amaxesha azithengwa kwaye zifakwe ngokukhawuleza.
Isakhiwo sinokubonakala sigqityiwe ngaphandle kweegatha, kodwa amanzi avela eluphahleni awela kanye ecaleni kweendonga, amanzise umhlaba aze afikelele kwiindonga ezisisiseko zokuthwala umthwalo. Inxalenye yamanzi ibhukuqa emhlabeni, imanzise udonga kunye nodaka olungaphezulu kwesigqubuthelo, ukuze kubonakale iimpawu zokufuma, udaka luyawa kwaye nangaphakathi ibe manzi.
Umonakalo kunye nemingxuma kwi-gutter ingabangela ukuvuza kwiindawo ezijikelezileyo, isilingi kunye neendonga zangaphandle, kunye neempawu zepeyinti kunye nomhlwa. Umbhalo wantlandlolo uchaza umonakalo onjalo njengento ekulula ukuyilungisa kunokufuma kwiindonga zesiseko.
Izinto zeGutter kunye nokulinganisa
Njengezinto zokwenza iigatha, iishiti lentsimbi elinobunzima obuyi 0,5 mm, kunqabile ukuba ibe yitin okanye ialuminiyam sheet enobunzima 0,7 mm, kunye nemathiriyeli yeplastiki.
Ubalo lwentsusa lusekwe kumlinganiselo ngokwendawo apho icandelo legroove 1 cm² lifuneka ukuze kukhutshwe amanzi omgangatho wophahla 1 m². Izinto zomjelo zigotywe ukusuka kumakhasi acaba.
Imigca yokuqalisa iyasikwa ukwenzela ukuba kungabikho nkunkuma edalwe kwibhodi 1.000 × 2.000 mm ibhodi. Ububanzi bomcu wegroove ophuhlisiwe zidweliswe njenge 250, 333, 400 kunye 500 mm. Amanqaku e-gutter ahambelana nobubanzi obuchazwe ngeesentimitha: 25, 33, 40 kunye 50.
Ububanzi obufunekayo be-groove bunqunywe ngokuhambelana nethambeka kunye neprojekthi ethe tyaba yendawo yophahla, usebenzisa itafile kwinqaku lokuqala.
*Itshathi yoLondolozo lweeNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo-Ubuncinci buBuninzi obucetyisiweyo.
Amadolo angathengwa njengezinto esele zenziwe. Kwimeko yophahla olulodwa kunye nophahla oluphindwe kabini, iziphelo zemibhobho zihlala zifuna ukuvalwa. Iphepha lokugqibela le-tin okanye i-galvanized steel sheet linqunywe, ligobile, ligoqwe emphethweni kwaye lihlanganiswe ngokudibanisa okanye ukudibanisa i-soldering kunye ne-riveting.
Itheyibhile evela kumthombo inika inani lee-rivets zokudibanisa izinto zeethegi25,33,40kwaye50: ngokulandelelanayo6,7,9kwaye13iyaqaqamba.
Itheyibhile egciniweyo — inani elifunekayo leerivethi.
Gcina umzobo — iziqalelo zenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi eluphahleni.
Uqhagamshelo, ukuthambeka kunye nokujonga igutter ethe tye
Emva kokufakela, i-gutter kufuneka ihlolwe ngamanzi. Ngokukodwa, kufuneka kugqitywe ukuba ngaba kukho ukudakumba okugcina amanzi, kuba amanzi ashiyekileyo angonakalisa ngokukhawuleza i-sheet metal.
Umbhalo wokuqala uchaza umzobo wonyaka wazo zonke iigatha kunye neehuku, ngaphandle kwamalungu enziwe ngetanki. Izinto zidityaniswa ngokujikeleza, ukugoqa kunye nokutywinwa. Ukusonga umphetho ongaphezulu wangaphandle kususa umngcipheko obukhali kwaye wenze lukhuni izinto ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-2 m.
Ubuncinci 3–4 cm ukuxinana kuxeliwe xa ureveting. Isici esisondeleyo kumbhobho wokukhupha ibekwe ukusuka ezantsi. Ngaphambi kokuba i-riveting, ngokwesicatshulwa sokuqala, iindawo zoqhagamshelwano ziboshwe ngomxube we-putty kunye ne-minium; esi sixhobo sembali kufuneka sivavanywe ngokwemithetho yanamhlanje yokhuseleko.
Igatha kufuneka ibe nethambeka elincinane ukuya kumbhobho wokuhambisa amanzi 2–3 mm ngemitha ende. Ukuthambekela kufezekiswa kwindawo echanekileyo ye-hip kwaye ihlolwe kunye nomlawuli omude kunye nenqanaba lomoya. I-slet ibonisa ihuku enokuthi iphakanyiswe okanye ihlisiwe.
Amagwegwe kufuneka abe neearcs ezilinganayo. Umphetho wangaphakathi womjelo, ojonge eludongeni, ubekwe phezulu kancinci ukukhusela udonga ekuchaphazeni. Iigwegwe zincanyathiselwe ngeerivethi okanye izikrufu zokhuni kumaphethelo aphezulu eplanga.
Amaphiko esinyithi kwincam engaphandle yekhonkco lokugoba phezu kwegophe lomsele. Kufuneka bayibambe nkqi kwicala elinqamlezayo, kodwa bavumele ukutyibilika kwe-longitudinal ngenxa yokwandiswa kwe-thermal.
Imibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi ethe nkqo
Amanzi asuka kumjelo othe tye xa ewa ngakwindawo yokuphuma ayakhutshwa ngemibhobho ethe nkqo ukuya kumbhobho oqokelelayo okanye emhlabeni. Umbhobho othe nkqo uqhagamshela kwindawo eshiyeke ngokukodwa kwindawo ethe tye.
Ngokwenqaku lokuqala, ububanzi bombhobho othe nkqo bulingana nesiqingatha okanye iikota ezintathu zobubanzi bendawo ethe tye. Imibhobho yobude 2–3 m ihlanganiswe ngokufaka umbhobho ophezulu 4–8 cm kwindawo esezantsi. Zincanyathiselwe eludongeni ngeeclamps, kwaye izixhaso zithengiswa ngaphezulu kweeclamps ukuthintela ukutyibilika.
Amadolo enziwe ngeziqwenga ezininzi. Ukwaphuka phakathi kweendawo ezisicaba akufuneki kudlule 30°. Ukuze ugweme ukucuthwa kwecandelo, isiqwenga sokudibanisa esandisiweyo sibekwe kwi-fracture.
I-downspout kufuneka ikhuphe amanzi kude nodonga kwaye inciphise isantya samanzi awayo. Umthombo uchaza izinto zekhonkrithi zombhobho njengexabiso eliphantsi, elilungelelanisiweyo kwaye kulula ukulicoca.
Ii-gutters zesikwere kunye nemibhobho inokungena ngcono kwimbonakalo yesakhiwo samanje kwaye ifakwe ukuze kuphela icala langaphambili libonakale. Ububi babo kukuba umonakalo ngamanye amaxesha ubonwa kuphela xa udonga lusiba manzi.
Iingcingo ezikhuselayo kwikhephu kunye nobutyobo nazo zinokuba zezenkqubo. Izibiyeli ezinokwakheka kuka-L zibekwe eluphahleni rhoqo 2–3 m, kunye neentonga zentsimbi ezinobubanzi obuyi-5–8 mm zincanyathiselwe kuzo kwimiqolo emithathu okanye emine. Indima yabo kukuthintela amagqabi kunye namasetyana ukuba angafikeleli kumjelo wamanzi kunye nokutyibilika kwekhephu ngesiquphe elinokukrazula igata.
Ukucoca kunye nokulungiswa kweendawo ezonakalisiweyo
Owona monakalo uxhaphakileyo kumthombo wokubhaliweyo unxulunyaniswa nokugcinwa okungaqhelekanga. Ngexesha lokuwa kweqabunga, i-gutters kufuneka ihlambuluke rhoqo, kuba amaqabunga awileyo angonakalisa ipeyinti kunye neetayile ze-tin. Isixhobo esincedisayo sokucoca sinokubunjwa ngokwecandelo elinqamlezileyo le-gutter.
Umzekeliso — amagqabi aqokelelweyo angaphazamisana nokuphuma kwamanzi.
Iigatha ezenziwe ngentsimbi engabhalwanga zicetyiswa ukuba zipeyintwe ngexesha elishushu lasehlotyeni. Emva kokuba ipeyinti yomile, inkqubo izaliswe ngamanzi acocekileyo ukujonga ukugijima. Ukuba amanzi ahlala kwi-depressions, amagwegwe angaphantsi kwawo ayaphakanyiswa ukubuyisela i-gutter kwindawo yayo efanelekileyo.
Amalungu aphinde afakwe okanye athengiswa njengoko kufuneka. Imibhobho emi nkqo ichazwa njengokucoca ngocingo olugobileyo.
Umthombo uvala okwethutyana imingxuma emincinci ngeputty, kwaye uthengisa umcu weshiti elitotiweyo phezu kwemingxunya emikhulu ngaphandle. Iindawo ezinkulu ezonakalisiweyo ziyasikwa kwaye zivaliwe ngeepatches ezivela ngaphandle. Ipetshi igqunywe, ihonjiswe kwaye ineentsimbi 1,5 cm macala onke. I-epoxy okanye i-automotive putty iyakhankanywa.
Xa kufuneka ukutshintshwa kwenxalenye epheleleyo, iintloko ze-rivet zisuswe kumacala omabini, inxalenye eyonakalisiweyo ikhutshwe ngasecaleni, kwaye imingxuma kwindawo entsha iphawulwe ngokweendawo ezikufutshane. Emva koko inxalenye igrunjwe, itywinwe, ihlanjululwe kwaye ifakwe kwi-solder.
Xa utshintshe inxalenye yombhobho othe nkqo, iindawo ezingaphezulu komonakalo kufuneka zilungiswe ukuze zingatyi. Amalungu e-aluminiyam achazwa njenganokulungiseka ngokuriveyithwa, kunye neenxalenye zeplastiki ngokuncamathisela kunye nokuwelda.
Udibaniso lomsele
Ngaphambi kokuhlanganisana, iigwegwe zigotywe ngendlela efunekayo. Umthombo uxela umgama ofanayo ukusuka80-100 cmkunye nokubethelela ngezikhonkwane ezibini80okanye ngezikrufu ezimbini zokhuni5×50 mmngentloko ethotyiweyo, emaphethelweni aphezulu eempondo.
*Itheyibhile egciniweyo — izinto zenkqubo kunye nemilinganiselo yazo.
*Gcina umzobo — indawo ethe tyaba nethe nkqo.
Xa iikhonkco zifakwe, i-slope encinci ilungiswa ngokugoba2-3‰, yiyo i2-3 mmiwela kwimitha efunekayo ngokubhekiselele kumbhobho wokukhupha amanzi. Umda wangaphandle we-gutter ubizwa ngokuba5 mmungaphantsi kunowo ongaphakathi, kwaye umahluko phakathi komphetho wangaphakathi womjelo kunye nomphetho wophahla ngowona mncinci.25 mm.
Ngaphambi kokudibanisa izinto, i-tape yokutywina yePVC yefektri ihlolwe. Umthombo uchaza ukucoca, ukuhlamba ngepetroli kunye nokuphinda udibanise i-tape ekhululekile. Ngenxa yomngcipheko womlilo, ukutshaya kunye nomlilo ovulekileyo akuvumelekanga ngexesha lomsebenzi onjalo; umsebenzi wanamhlanje kufuneka ulandele imiyalelo yomenzi wangoku kunye nemithetho yezinyibilikisi ezinokutsha.
Izinto zidibaniswe ngamakhola: isiphelo esingandiswanga somnye singena kwisiphelo esandisiweyo somnye, kwicala lokuphuma kwamanzi. Umqala kunye nedolo ukusuka90° qhagamshela kunye nesiphelo esingandiswanga okanye ukuvalwa kwangaphakathi. I-fastener yangaphandle isetyenziswe kwisiphelo esingavuthwanga.
*Umzobo ogciniweyo — amalungu, iingqiniba kunye nokulungelelanisa ubude bezinto.
Iingcezu ezimfutshane zinqunywe ngesarha ezivela kwizinto ezongeziweyo kwelinye okanye kumacala omabini, kwaye indawo yentsimbi yomqala yenziwe ngefayile. Ngokombhalo wentsusa, imida engezantsi yokuvuleka okucwangcisiweyo kufuneka ibekwe 240 mm ecaleni kwe-arc ye-gutter, enokuthi ihlolwe ngetape yephepha.
Imibhobho yokukhupha amanzi eyenziwe ngemathiriyeli yeplastiki
Umthombo uchaza imibhobho yokuhambisa i-PVC kwimilinganiselo emibini. Umbhobho 90 mm uthelekiswe nombhobho wetoti wophawu 33, kunye nombhobho 110 mm onombhobho wetoti wophawu 50.
Ubunzima bokukhanya, ukuchasana nokubola kunye nokungabikho kwesidingo sokupenda kunye nokugcinwa kuchazwe njengezibonelelo. Ibango lokuba akukho siqinisekiso sikhethekileyo sifunekayo kufakelo akufuneki litolikwe njengento ethatha indawo yovavanyo lokhuseleko nezakhono.
Ubalo lusekwe kwingqikelelo ethe tyaba yophahla. Ngokwedatha yoqobo, umbhobho we-90 mm unokukhupha indawo ye60–65 m², kunye nombhobho 110 mm indawo ye110–130 m². Inani lemibhobho limiselwa ngokusekelwe kwindawo epheleleyo.
Ufakelo lwemibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi yeplastiki
Imibhobho yokukhupha inokuba ne “swan neck” okanye ingabi nayo. Iingqiniba ezimbini ze-45° zichazwe kwintamo ye-swan. Kwaezingqiniba zinye zisetyenziselwa indawo yokuphuma esezantsi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezongeziweyo kunye nedolo liququzelelwa yindandatho yerubha. Iziphelo ngaphandle kwemiphetho ebukhali kwaye iringi igqunywe ngamanzi anesepha. Amalungu adityanisiwe, emva koko ahlukaniswe ukuze 5–8 mm ihlale phakathi kwabo ngenxa yokwandiswa kwe-thermal. I-oyile ayisetyenziswanga kuba, ngokwesicatshulwa, iyonakalisa irabha.
Emva kokusika, imiphetho ebukhali iyasuswa okanye inqunyulwe kwi-angle ye-30° kubude be-5 mm, ukwenzela ukuba isiphelo sombhobho singatyhaleli ngaphandle kweringi yerubha.
Umbhobho we-drainage unamathele eludongeni kwinqanaba eliphezulu 2 m umgama kunye nezikhonkwane ezikhethekileyo, i-clamps kunye nezikrufu. Umgama omncinci phakathi kodonga kunye nombhobho uchazwe njenge 15 mm. Indawo esezantsi yokuphuma nayo ikhuselwe ngesibambiso, ngelixa ilitye lekhonkrithi elimilise ngokukodwa linciphisa amandla amanzi aphumayo.
Ukhuseleko lofakelo
Inqaku lokuqala likhankanya ukufakelwa kweegridi ezichasene nekhephu ngokunxuseneyo nokufakelwa kweegatha kwigayibhile kunye nophahla lwentente. Ikhephu elimanzi elithi ngequbuliso lityibilike ukusuka eluphahleni linokubangela ukwenzakala okumandundu kunye nomonakalo kumjelo wamanzi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba imilinganiselo yembali kunye neenkqubo kwisicatshulwa, ukufikelela eluphahleni, ukukhuselwa kokuwa, ukulayishwa kwesakhiwo, ukusebenza kunye nezixhobo kunye ne-solvents kunye nokukhuselwa kwendawo phantsi kwemisebenzi kufuneka kucwangciswe ngokwemigaqo esebenzayo kunye neemeko zesakhiwo esithile.