Ib tsob ntoo muaj cov hlab, qia, ceg thiab nplooj. Lub cev sawv cev rau qhov loj ntawm tsob ntoo thiab ua rau 50–90 % ntawm nws qhov cubature; cov leeg thiab cov ceg ua rau 10–50 % ntoo pawg.
Lub hauv paus ntawm tsob ntoo
Muaj cov hauv qab no hauv ib tsob ntoo: lub plawv, pith, cambium thiab tawv ntoo. Cov tawv ntoo yog sab nraud ntawm tsob ntoo, uas txawv ntawm lub siab. Nruab nrab ntawm cov tawv ntoo thiab lub pith muaj ib lub nplhaib nyias, uas tsis pom qhov muag liab qab thiab hu ua cambium. Cov hlwb ntawm cambium, los ntawm kev faib, txhua xyoo cais cov hlwb hauv lub cev ntawm tsob ntoo, thiab cov tawv ntoo ntawm sab nraud ntawm tsob ntoo. Txij li thaum lub cambium muab ntau lub plawv hlwb ntau dua li cov tawv ntoo, muaj ntau lub siab tshaj tawv tawv.
Lub plawv yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tsob ntoo; nws nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub plawv thiab cov tawv ntoo. Lub plawv nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm tsob ntoo. Nws muaj cov mos mos, ntxeem tau cov ntaub so ntswg, uas muaj zog heev mechanical zog. Thaum muaj lub siab nyob hauv cov laug cam, laths lossis kab teeb, cov khoom siv no tau tawg thaum lub sijhawm. Yog li, rau ntau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, tsis pub muaj lub plawv hauv cov khoom siv.
Peb lub ntsiab ntoo txiav
Qhov tseeb sawv cev ntawm ntoo tuaj yeem tau txais thaum nws pom nyob rau hauv peb ntu: transverse, radial thiab tangential.
Transverse section yog tus coj mus rau axis ntawm tsob ntoo, radial seem mus raws tsob ntoo, hla lub plawv, thiab tangential yog tus uas mus raws tsob ntoo sab nraum lub plawv (daim duab. 1).
Fig. 1. Peb lub ntsiab txiav ntoo: 1 - tangential; 2 — radial; 3 — transverse.
Xyoo, ntxov thiab lig ntoo
Ntawm qhov hla ntawm tsob ntoo, cov voj voog tuaj yeem pom, uas nce los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw, thiab uas yog hu ua rings txhua xyoo (xyoo). Txhua lub nplhaib txhua xyoo muaj ib txheej sab hauv thiab txheej txheej. Cov txheej sab hauv hu ua early wood, thiab txheej txheej late wood. Thaum ntxov ntoo yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thiab lig - nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov. Cov ntoo thaum ntxov yog ntxeem tau, nws muaj cov ntaub so ntswg hollow, dej dhau los ntawm nws nrog cov ntxhia ntxhia yaj, uas tsim nyog rau kev noj haus ntawm tsob ntoo. Cov ntoo lig muaj cov hlwb nrog cov phab ntsa tuab uas yog cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
Fig. 2. Core rays ntawm transverse, radial thiab tangential seem: 1 - tawv tawv; 2 — tus cwj pwm; 3 - xyoo; 4 — lub plawv; 5 thiab 6 — dav core rays.
Ntawm qhov radial seem, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg txhua xyoo tau pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab ncaj nraim, ntawm cov tangential seem - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab nkhaus nkhaus.
Core Rays
Ntawm qhov hla, radial thiab tangential, nyob ib sab ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg txhua xyoo, koj tuaj yeem pom core rays (Fig. 2). Nyob rau hauv lub cross section, lawv muaj daim ntawv nqaim strips, nyob rau hauv lub tangential seem - tsaus kab nrog nqaim kawg. Core rays yog siv los ua dej thiab huab cua los ntawm lub cev ntawm tsob ntoo nyob rau hauv txoj kev transverse, nrog rau khaws cia cov as-ham. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov rays nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntoo yog txawv thiab ntau npaum li cas txog 3000 rau 1 cm2 hauv ntoo thuv, thiab 143000 hauv spruce. Nyob rau hauv coniferous hom, rays cores nyob 3 - 10 %, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntoo deciduous 9 - 36% ntawm cov ntoo loj ntim.
Cov rays tseem ceeb muaj cov hlwb, uas muaj cov tshuab tsis tshua muaj zog, vim lawv ua rau cov ntoo tawg.
Core stains thiab faib ntawm hom ntoo
Hauv qee hom ntoo, piv txwv li. Cov xim dawb lossis xim av tuaj yeem pom ntawm ntu ntu ntawm alder, birch, yew, chub, thiab hornbeam. Cov pob no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kab los yog Frost ua rau cambium, thiab hu ua core spots. Cov tub ntxhais stains no txo cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog ntawm cov ntoo. Txhua hom ntoo tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg:
- Dawb hom (oak, walnut, dawb acacia, ntoo thuv, cedar, larch, thiab lwm yam);
- Species nrog mature heartwood (beech, linden, spruce, fir, zoo tib yam Siberian thiab Caucasian fir, thiab lwm yam);
- Species nrog core thiab mature heartwood (dawb tshauv, elm, thiab lwm yam);
- Bulky species (birch, aspen, dub thiab dawb alder, hornbeam, maple, qus txiv ntseej, maple, thiab lwm yam).
Core, sapwood thiab vuas
Nyob rau hauv hom softwood, cov xim tsaus nti hauv nruab nrab yog hu ua core, thiab cov xim sib dua yog hu ua stem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hom ntoo nrog ib tug paub tab heartwood, lub hauv paus ntawm seem yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tsawg npaum li cas ntawm noo noo tshaj lub peripheral ib feem. Nyob rau hauv ib tsob ntoo loj hlob, sapwood pab ua dej thiab khaws cov as-ham. Hauv qee hom ntoo, ob lub sapwood tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntu ntu. Qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis thawj theem ntawm cov ntoo rot tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntoo tshwj xeeb-ua kom puas fungi.
Lub zog txhua yam ntawm sapwood tsis txawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais, tab sis nws tsis muaj zog tiv taus rotting. Nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm tsob ntoo, sapwood maj txav mus rau hauv lub plawv ntoo. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm qhov kev hloov no, nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha ntawm nplooj nplooj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub trachea ntawm conifers, tshwj xeeb outgrowths, hu ua tiles, tshwm sim, thiab cov kab noj hniav thiab lub hnab ntawv ntawm cov cell yog sau nrog cellular thiab extractive cov ntaub ntawv.
Pobzeb sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub plawv, ua rau nws tsis zoo permeable rau cov kua. Yog li ntawd, srcica yog siv los ua cov thoob, ntoo tso tsheb hlau luam, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub plawv uas muaj cov vuas yog heev nyuaj rau impregnate nrog antiseptics. Qhov no kuj tseem siv tau rau tsob ntoo beech, uas muaj lub hauv paus tsis tseeb, tsim los ntawm cov ntoo uas muaj kab mob fungi uas ua rau nws tawg thaum nws loj hlob.
Txhawm rau txuas ntxiv lub ntsiab lus, saib cov lus ntawm ntoo ya raws thiab natural wood drying. Yog hais tias koj tab tom npaj tshiab joinery, mus saib kev cai ntoo qhov rais los yog xa ib tug thov rau quote.