Muti une midziyo, dzinde, mapazi uye mashizha. Hunde inomiririra huremu hwemuti uye inoita 50–90 % yecubature yawo; tsinga nemapazi zvinogadzira 10–50 % huni zhinji.

Zvikamu zvakakosha zvemuti

Kune zvinotevera zvikamu zvakakosha mumuti: moyo, pith, cambium nemakwati. Bark ndiyo chikamu chekunze chemuti, icho chakasiyana zvakasiyana nemoyo. Pakati pegwati nepith pane mhete yakatetepa, isingaonekwe nemeso uye inonzi cambium. Masero ecambium, kuburikidza nekupatsanurwa, gore rega rega anoparadzanisa masero emwoyo mukati mehunde yemuti, uye masero emakwati ari kunze kwemuti. Sezvo cambium ichipa masero emwoyo akawanda kupfuura bark cells, kune mwoyo yakawanda kupfuura makwati.

Mwoyo ndicho chikamu chakakosha chemuti; iri pakati pemoyo nemakwati. Mwoyo uri pakati pemuti. Iyo inoumbwa neakapfava, ane porous tishu, iyo ine isina kusimba ma mechanical properties. Kana paine mwoyo mumapuranga, laths kana matanda, ipapo chinhu ichi chinotsemuka nekufamba kwenguva. Naizvozvo, kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvakakosha, kuvapo kwemoyo muzvinhu hakubvumidzwe.

Mitemo mikuru mitatu yehuni

Mamiriro chaiwo ehuni anogona kuwanikwa kana aonekwa muzvikamu zvitatu: transverse, radial uye tangential.

Transverse section ndiyo yakanangidzirwa kuakisi yemuti, radial section inofamba nemuti, ichipfuura nepakati pemoyo, uye tangential ndiyo inofamba nemuti kunze kwemoyo (fig. 1).

Zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvehuni: tangential, radial uye transverse

Fig. 1. Matatu makuru ekucheka kwehuni: 1 - tangential; 2 - radial; 3 - transverse.

Makore, kutanga uye kunonoka huni

Pachikamu chemuchinjikwa wemuti, madenderedzwa anogona kuonekwa, ayo anowedzera kubva pakati kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo, uye anonzi zvindori zvegore negore (makore). Mhete yegore yega yega ine yemukati uye yekunze layer. Rutivi rwemukati runonzi early wood, uye kunze late wood. Matanda ekutanga anoumbwa muchirimo, uye kunonoka - muzhizha. Huni hwekutanga hune porous, hunosanganisira huturu husina, mvura inopfuura nayo neyakanyungudutswa mineral substances, iyo inokosha pakudya kwemuti. Huni hwanonoka hunosanganisira maseru ane madziro akakora anotakura zvinhu zvemuchina.

Mwaranzi yakakosha pane zvakachinjika, radial uye tangential zvikamu zvehuni

Fig. 2. Core rays pane transverse, radial uye tangential zvikamu: 1 - bark; 2 - hunhu; 3 ​​- makore; 4 - mwoyo; 5 uye 6 — mwaranzi yakakura yepakati.

Pachikamu cheradial, mitsara yegore negore inoonekwa nenzira yemitsara yakareba yakareba, pachikamu chetangential - nenzira yemitsara yakakomberedzwa.

Core Rays

Pachikamu chakachinjika, cheradial uye tangential, padivi pezvikamu zvepagore, unogonawo kuona core rays (Fig. 2). Pachikamu chemuchinjikwa, vane chimiro chemitsetse yakamanikana, pachikamu chetangential - mitsetse yakasviba ine migumo yakamanikana. Mwaranzi yepakati inoshandiswa kuitisa mvura nemhepo kuburikidza nehunde yemuti munzira yakachinjika, pamwe nekuchengetedza kuchengetedza chikafu. Huwandu hwemaranzi epakati mumhando dzakasiyana dzehuni dzakasiyana uye hunosvika 3000 kusvika 1 cm2 mupine, uye 143000 muspruce. Mumarudzi econiferous, core rays anogara 3 — 10 %, uye mumiti inodonha 9 - 36% yehuremu hwehuni.

Maranzi epakati anosanganisira maseru, ane simba rakaderera remuchina, nekudaro anowedzera kupatsanuka kwehuni.

Mavara makuru uye kupatsanurwa kwemhando dzehuni

Mune mamwe marudzi ehuni, semuenzaniso. mavara machena kana mashava anogona kuonekwa pamuchinjikwa-chikamu chealder, birch, yew, chub, uye hornbeam. Makwapa aya anokonzerwa netumbuyu kana chando chinokuvadza cambium, uye anonzi core spots. Aya mavara epakati anoderedza simba remagetsi ehuni. Mhando dzese dzehuni dzinogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka mana:

  1. Mhuka dzinoyera (muoki, walnut, muakasia muchena, mupaini, musidhari, larch, nezvimwewo);
  2. Mhuka dzine heartwood dzakakura (beech, linden, spruce, fir, zvakajairika Siberian neCaucasian fir, zvichingodaro);
  3. Mhuka dzine core uye dzakakura heartwood (plain ash, elm, etc.);
  4. Mhuka dzakakura (birch, aspen, alder nhema nechena, hornbeam, mepu, chestnut yemusango, mepu, zvichingodaro).

Core, sapwood nematiles

Mumhando dzakapfava, chikamu chepakati cheruvara chakasvibirira chinonzi core, uye chikamu chine ruvara chakareruka chinonzi stem. Panyaya yemhando dzehuni dzine moyo wakakura, chikamu chepakati chechikamu chinoratidzwa nehuwandu hwehunyoro kupfuura chikamu cheperipheral. Mumuti uri kukura, sapwood inoshanda kuitisa mvura uye kuunganidza zvinovaka muviri. Mune mamwe marudzi ehuni, sapwood kaviri inogona kuonekwa mumuchinjikwa-chikamu. Ichi hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwedanho rekutanga rekuora kwehuni kunokonzerwa nehuku hunoparadza huni.

Iyo mechanical simba yesapwood haina kusiyana nepakati, asi haina kusimba nekuora. Nekukura kwemuti, sapwood zvishoma nezvishoma inofamba ichienda mukati memwoyo. Mukati mekuchinja uku, mumidziyo yemarudzi ane mashizha, uye mutrachea yemakoniferi, mabukira akakosha anonzi tiles, anooneka, uye mapako nemahamvuropu emasero anozadzwa nemaserura uye ekuwedzera zvinhu.

Mataira anozadza zvinhu zvemoyo, zvichiita kuti isapinde muzvinwiwa. Nokudaro, srcica inoshandiswa kugadzira mbiya, matangi emapuranga, etc. Panguva imwecheteyo, mwoyo une matiles wakaoma zvikuru kuisa pamuviri ne antiseptics. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune muti webeech, une nheyo yenhema, yakagadzirwa semugumisiro wemuti unotapukirwa nefungi inoparadza panguva yekukura kwayo.

Kuenderera mberi nemusoro wenyaya, ona zvinyorwa zvehuni hunyoro uye kuomesa huni. Kana uri kuronga majoini matsva, tarisa mahwindo emapuranga etsika kana kutumira chikumbiro chekotesheni.