Isisindo sokhuni
Isisindo sokhuni sincike ekumineni kwalo kanye nenani lomswakama eliwuqukethe. Kukhona amandla adonsela phansi athile okhuni kanye nesisindo sokhuni.
Isisindo sokhuni esithile asincikile ohlotsheni lokhuni. Iveza isisindo sempahla yokhuni oluhlangene ngevolumu yeyunithi, ngaphandle komswakama nomoya, futhi ingu-1,5.
Ezifundweni, kusetshenziswa isisindo sevolumu yesisindo sokhuni, okungukuthi, isisindo 1 cm³ sesisindo sokhuni esivezwa ngamagremu. Ngokusekelwe kwesisindo somthamo, isisindo sokhuni kanye nezakhiwo zalo zobuchwepheshe kulinganiselwa. Ngomswakama okhulayo, isisindo se-volumetric sokhuni siyanda. Ukuphakama kokuminyana, ukhuni luminyene futhi lube nezimbotshana ezincane.
Umswakama wezinkuni
Izinhlobo zamanzi okhunini
Amanzi esihlahleni ahlukene:
- i-capillary (mahhala) - igcwalisa izimbotshana zamaseli;
- hygroscopic — etholakala ezindongeni zamaseli;
- ikhemikhali — ingena ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali ezinto ezakha ukhuni.
Inani lamanzi okhuni, elivezwe ngesilinganiso sesisindo, libizwa ngokuthi ** umswakama wokhuni **. Kukhona umswakama ophelele futhi ohlobene.
Umswakama ohlobene futhi ngokuphelele
Uma isisindo sokhuni esimweni saso sasekuqaleni simakwe ngohlamvu A, isisindo sokhuni olome ngokuphelele olunohlamvu A₁, umswakama ohlobene ngamaphesenti anohlamvu B, kanye nomswakama ophelele ngamaphesenti anohlamvu B₁, umswakama ohlobene unganqunywa ngokuvumelana nefomula elandelayo:
Ifomu lomswakama ohlobene wokhuni.
Umswakama ophelele unqunywa ngokuya ngefomula elandelayo:
Ifomu lokuswakama kokhuni okuphelele.
Ukunqunywa kokuswakama kwezinkuni
I-prism isikwa phakathi nebhodi futhi ikalwa esikalini ngokunemba okungu-0,01 g. Inani eliwumphumela limelela usayizi othi A. Iprism, isisindo sayo akufanele sibe ngaphansi kuka-20 g, bese yomiswa ezingeni lokushisa elingu-105° ize ifinyelele isisindo esingashintshi A₁.
Isisindo esiqhubekayo sibhekwa njengesizuzwe uma umehluko phakathi kwezilinganiso ezimbili ezilandelanayo ungemkhulu kunesisindo esingu-0,3% esomile. Ngokufaka amanani A kanye ne-A₁, atholwe ngesilinganiso, ngamafomu ashiwo, umswakama ohlobene noma ophelele wokhuni uyanqunywa.
Uma isisindo sangempela se-prism esisikwe maphakathi nebhodi sasingu-240 g, nesisindo sokhuni omisiwe 160 g, umswakama ophelele wesampula elihloliwe ngu:
Isibonelo sokubala ukuswakama okuphelele kwesampula elihloliwe.
Umswakama otholwe ngale ndlela uthathwa njengokuswakama kwenqwaba yezinkuni.
Fiber saturation point
Uma womisa izinkuni, amanzi amahhala ayahwamuka kuqala. Isikhathi lapho wonke amanzi amahhala ehwamuka sibizwa ngokuthi i-hygroscopic limit noma iphoyinti lokugcwala kwe-fiber. Ngalesi sikhathi sokoma, izilinganiso zokhuni ezomiswayo azishintshi.
Umswakama ohambisana nomkhawulo we-hygroscopic wezinhlobo ezahlukene zokhuni usohlwini lwethebula elilandelayo:
| Uhlobo lwezinkuni | Umswakamo |
|---|---|
| Iphayini evamile | 29% |
| Weymouth pine | 25% |
| Isihlahla | 29% |
| Lala | 30% |
| Isihlahla | 30% |
| Ibhishi | 31% |
| Lipha | 29% |
| Asho | 23% |
| I-Chestnut | 25% |
Umthelela womswakamo ekucutshungulweni nasekuqineni kokhuni
Ukhuni olunomswakama owengeziwe luyikhondatha enhle yokushisa, lucutshungulwa kabi kakhulu yimishini, alunamatheli kahle, alupendiwe, luvanishiwe futhi lupholishiwe. Upende nevanishi kuhlakazeka ngokushesha phezu kokhuni olupendiwe olumanzi. Ukhuni olumanzi lubangela ukugqwala kwezinzipho nezikulufu.
Ubukhulu bemikhiqizo yokwakha yokubaza eyenziwe ngokhuni olungaphekiwe - izicabha, amafasitela, amapulangwe aphansi, i-parquet neminye imikhiqizo - incipha ngesikhathi somiswa. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvela imifantu futhi ukuqina kokuxhumana phakathi kwezakhi kuyalahleka.
Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi yokhuni ekwakhiweni, ukuqina nokumelana nokubola kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko umswakama walo, bese kuba uhlobo lokhuni kanye nezimo zokuxhashazwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokuxhashazwa, izinkuni ezomile zingasebenza ezakhiweni iminyaka eminingi.
Isisindo sokhuni ngesikhathi somiswa
Ngesikhathi sokumiswa, izinkuni zishintsha ubukhulu bawo: ku-longitudinal direction for0,10%, ku-radial ye3-6%, futhi ku-tangential for6-12%. Lolu shintsho lubizwa ngesisindo.
Isisindo siqala lapho umswakama ufinyelela iphuzu lokugcwala kwemicu, ukusuka23%ku31%. Izakhi ze-anatomical ezakha izinkuni ohlelweni lokumisa ziyancipha ngokungalingani, ngakho-ke isisindo sokhuni sihlukile ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Izinkuni ezinomthamo omkhulu, njenge-oki, zinesisindo esingaphezu kokhuni olunomthamo ophansi, njenge-linden. Ezinhlotsheni ze-conifer, usayizi wokulinganisa nawo uncike ekubambeni iqhaza kokhuni sekwephuzile. Ngokukhula kwephesenti lezinkuni eziphuzile kuphayini, isisindo siyakhula, ngoba izinkuni eziphuzile zezinhlobo ze-coniferous zinesisindo esikhulu kakhulu lapho zomile kunezinkuni zakuqala.
Isisindo sokhuni lwakuqala nolwedlule lwezinhlobo ze-coniferous
| VRSTA DRVETA | Ingxenye Yesihlahla | WEIGHT % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ngasendleleni e-tangent | Ngasendleleni ye-radial | Ngokwevolumu | ||
| Yidla | Ngaphambili | 5.68 | 2.89 | 8.77 |
| Sekwephuzile | 10.92 | 9.85 | 19.97 | |
| Bor | Ngaphambili | 8.05 | 2.91 | 10.86 |
| Sekwephuzile | 11.26 | 8.22 | 10.87 | |
| I-Larch | Ngaphambili | 7.11 | 3.23 | 10.34 |
| Sekwephuzile | 12.25 | 10.19 | 20.96 | |
Ukukala izinhlobo ezahlukene zokhuni
| VRSTA DRVETA | WEIGHT % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngasendleleni ye-radial | Ngasendleleni e-tangent | Ngokwevolumu | |
| Bor | 3.4 | 8.1 | 12.5 |
| Ispruce | 4.1 | 9.3 | 14.1 |
| Larch | 5.3 | 10.4 | 15.1 |
| Jasen | 4.8 | 8.2 | 13.5 |
| Oak | 4.7 | 8.4 | 12.7 |
| Bukva | 4.8 | 10.8 | 15.3 |
Isimo sezulu nokuqhekeka
Ukushintsha okungalingani kobukhulu enqubweni yokukala ngenxa yokomisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemibuso yokumisa engafanele, kubangela ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi nangaphandle okhunini. Ziholela esimweni sezulu kanye nokubonakala kokuqhekeka kwangaphandle futhi kwesinye isikhathi kwangaphakathi.
Amabhodi asikwe ngendlela eqinile athambekele ekubeni nesimo sezulu kunamabhodi asikwe ngokukhanya. Lapho besondela eduze nendawo ezungezile, kulapho kugunda khona umoya.
Isithombe 3. Ukusonga amabhodi ngokwendawo kulogi.
Ukuqhekeka kwangaphandle kubangelwa ukomiswa okungalingani kwezingxenye zangaphandle nezingaphakathi zokhuni. Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu phakathi komswakamo wazo, izingcindezi eziqinile zivela phezu kokhuni, okuholela ekuqhekekeni kwangaphandle.
Ukuze ugweme ukubonakala kwemifantu yangaphandle, inqubo yokomisa kufanele yenziwe kancane futhi ngokulinganayo. Khona-ke ukuguqulwa kobukhulu kwenzeka kancane kancane, ngakho amandla abangela ukuqhuma mancane.
Izinkuni zoma ngokushesha ukusuka ngaphambili, yingakho izinhlangothi zamabhodi, amabhilidi namapulangwe ayisiyingi ziqhekeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunezinye izindawo. Ukuze ugweme ukuqhekeka, amabunzi kufanele avikelwe emiphumeleni ehlala njalo yemisebe yelanga ngokuyigcoba ngezinto ezivikelayo noma ngokuyibeka emthunzini.
Ukuvuvukala kwesihlahla
Ukuvuvuka kokhuni kuyinqubo ehlehlayo yokomisa nokukala. Izinkuni ezomile ziyakwazi ukumunca umswakama futhi zandise ubukhulu bawo. Lesi sici sisetshenziselwa ukumanzisa imiphongolo eyomile, amapayipi okhuni, amathange nezinye izinto, okubangela ukuthi ikhukhumale.