Ubunzima bokhuni
Ubunzima bomthi buxhomekeke kubuninzi bawo kunye nobungakanani bokufuma obukuyo. Kukho ubunzima obuthile bomthi kunye nobunzima bomthamo womthi.
Ubunzima obuthile bomthi abuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomthi. Ivakalisa ubunzima bempahla eyenziwe ngomthi egayiweyo kumthamo weyunithi, ngaphandle kokufuma nomoya, kwaye yi 1,5.
Eziqhelaniseni, ubunzima bevolumetric bobunzima bomthi busetyenziswa, oko kukuthi, ubunzima 1 cm³ bobunzima bomthi obubonakaliswe ngeegram. Ngokusekelwe kubunzima bomthamo, ubunzima bomthi kunye neempawu zayo zobugcisa ziqikelelwa. Ngokunyuka kwe-humidity, ubunzima be-volumetric bokhuni nabo buyanda. Ukuphakama koxinaniso, ukuxineneka kunye nokungabinamingxuma kwemithi.
Ukufuma kweenkuni
Iintlobo zamanzi enkuni
Amanzi emthini ahlulwe abe:
- i-capillary (isimahla) - igcwalisa iingcingo zeeseli;
- hygroscopic - ifunyenwe kwiindonga zeeseli;
- ikhemikhali — ingena kwimichiza yezinto ezenza umthi.
Ubungakanani bamanzi emthini, obubonakaliswe kwipesenti yobunzima, bubizwa ngokuba yi-wood humidity. Kukho ukufuma okupheleleyo kunye nokuhambelana.
Isihlobo kunye nokufuma ngokupheleleyo
Ukuba ubunzima bomthi obukwimo yawo yangaphambili buphawulwe ngonobumba othi A, ubunzima bomthi owomileyo ngokupheleleyo unobumba A₁, ukufuma okunxulumene nepesenti enobumba B, kunye nokufuma okupheleleyo ngokwepesenti enobumba B₁, ukufuma okunxulumeneyo kunokumiselwa ngokwefomula ilandelayo:
Ifomu yokufuma okunxulumene nokhuni.
Absolute humidity imiselwa ngokwefomula ilandelayo:
Ifomu yokufuma kwamaplanga ngokupheleleyo.
Ukumiselwa kokufuma kweenkuni
I-prism inqunywe phakathi kwebhodi kwaye ilinganiswe kwisikali ngokuchaneka kwe-0,01 g. Ixabiso elinesiphumo limele ubungakanani be A. Iprism, ubunzima bayo bungabi ngaphantsi kwe 20 g, yomiswa kwiqondo lobushushu le-105° de ifikelele kubunzima obungaguqukiyo A₁.
Ubunzima obuhlala bubonwa ukuba buphunyeziwe ukuba umahluko phakathi kwemilinganiselo emibini elandelelanayo awukho mkhulu kune-0,3% ubunzima obomileyo. Ngokufaka amaxabiso A kunye ne-A₁, afunyenwe ngomlinganiselo, kwiifom ezichaziweyo, umswakama ohambelanayo okanye opheleleyo wokhuni unqunywe.
Ukuba ubunzima boqobo beprism esikiwe phakathi kwebhodi babu 240 g, kunye nobunzima bomthi owomileyo 160 g, ukufuma okupheleleyo kwesampulu evavanyiweyo ngu:
Umzekelo wokubala ukufuma okupheleleyo kwesampulu evavanyiweyo.
Ukufuma okufunyenwe ngolu hlobo kugqalwa njengokufuma kwayo yonke into eyenziwe ngamaplanga.
Indawo yokugcwalisa iFayibha
Xa womisa iinkuni, amanzi asimahla aba ngumphunga kuqala. Umzuzu xa onke amanzi asimahla eba ngumphunga ubizwa ngokuba ngumda wehygroscopic okanye indawo yokugcwalisa ifayibha. Ngeli xesha lokoma, imilinganiselo yomthi owomisiweyo ayitshintshi.
Ukufuma okuhambelana nomda wehygroscopic weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkuni zidweliswe kolu luhlu lulandelayo:
| Uhlobo lomthi | Ukufuma |
|---|---|
| Iphayini eqhelekileyo | 29% |
| Weymouth pine | 25% |
| Ispruce | 29% |
| Larch | 30% |
| Ispruce | 30% |
| Beech | 31% |
| Lipha | 29% |
| Ash | 23% |
| I-Chestnut | 25% |
Impembelelo yokufuma ekusebenzeni nasekuqineni komthi
Ukhuni olunokufuma okongeziweyo luyi-conductor elungileyo yobushushu, lulungiswa kakubi ngoomatshini, aluncamathelisi kakuhle, lupeyintwe, luvanishiwe kwaye lupolishiwe. Ipeyinti kunye nevanishi ngokukhawuleza zichithakala kumphezulu womthi wepeyinti omanzi. Umthi omanzi ubangela ukuba izikhonkwane nezikrufu zibe nomhlwa.
Imilinganiselo yeemveliso zokuchwela ezenziwe ngamaplanga akrwada - iingcango, iifestile, imigangatho yeplanga, i-parquet kunye nezinye iimveliso - ziyacutheka ngexesha lokomisa. Ngenxa yoku, iintanda ziyavela kwaye ukuqina koqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezinto kulahleka.
Ke ngoko, umgangatho wokhuni ekwakhiweni, ukuqina kwayo kunye nokuchasana nokubola kunqunywe ngokuyinhloko ngokufuma kwayo, kwaye ngoko luhlobo lomthi kunye neemeko zokuxhaphazwa. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zoxhatshazo, iinkuni ezomileyo zingasebenza kwizakhiwo iminyaka emininzi.
Ubunzima bomthi ngexesha lokomisa
Ngexesha lokumisa, iinkuni zitshintsha imilinganiselo yazo: kwi-longitudinal direction for0,10%, kwiradial ye3-6%, kwaye kwi tangential ye6-12%. Olu tshintsho lubizwa ngokuba yi-weighting.
Ubunzima buqala xa ukufuma kufikelela kwindawo yokuhluthwa kwemicu, ukusuka23%ukuya31%. Izinto ze-anatomical ezenza ukhuni kwinkqubo yokumisa ziyancipha ngokungalingani, ngoko ubunzima bomthi buhluke kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.
Ukhuni olunobuninzi obuphezulu, obufana ne-oki, bubunzima ngaphezu kweenkuni ezinobunzima obuphantsi, njenge-linden. Kwiintlobo ze-conifer, ubungakanani bobunzima buxhomekeke ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwemithi kade. Ngokunyuka kwepesenti yomthi osemva kwexesha kwipineyini, ubunzima buyanda, kuba iinkuni ezisekupheleni kweentlobo ze-coniferous zinzima kakhulu xa zomisa kunomthi wokuqala.
Ubunzima bomthi wokuqala kunye nasemva kwexesha leentlobo ze-coniferous
| VRSTA DRVETA | Inxalenye yoMthi | WIGHT % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwicala le-tangent | Kwindlela ye-radial | Ngokwevolumu | ||
| Yitya | Kwangoko | 5.68 | 2.89 | 8.77 |
| Kade | 10.92 | 9.85 | 19.97 | |
| Bor | Kwangoko | 8.05 | 2.91 | 10.86 |
| Kade | 11.26 | 8.22 | 10.87 | |
| ILarch | Kwangoko | 7.11 | 3.23 | 10.34 |
| Kade | 12.25 | 10.19 | 20.96 | |
Umlinganiselo weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomthi
| VRSTA DRVETA | WIGHT % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwindlela ye-radial | Kwicala le-tangent | Ngokwevolumu | |
| Bor | 3.4 | 8.1 | 12.5 |
| Ispruce | 4.1 | 9.3 | 14.1 |
| Larch | 5.3 | 10.4 | 15.1 |
| Jasen | 4.8 | 8.2 | 13.5 |
| Oak | 4.7 | 8.4 | 12.7 |
| Bukva | 4.8 | 10.8 | 15.3 |
Imozulu kunye neentanda
Ukutshintsha okungafaniyo kwemilinganiselo kwinkqubo yokulinganisa ngenxa yokomisa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokumisa ezingafanelekanga, kubangela uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwimithi. Zikhokelela kwimozulu kunye nokubonakala kweentanda zangaphandle kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zangaphakathi.
Iibhodi ezisikwe ngetangentially zithandwa kakhulu kwimozulu kuneebhodi ezisikwe ngeradially. Okukhona bekufutshane kumda wecala, kokukhona besiya kuba mkhulu ukucheba umoya.
Umfanekiso 3. Ukuvala iibhodi ngokwendawo kwilog.
Iintanda zangaphandle zibangelwa ukomisa okungalinganiyo kweeleya zangaphandle kunye nangaphakathi zokhuni. Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu phakathi kokufuma kwazo, uxinzelelo luvela kumphezulu womthi, olukhokelela kwiintanda zangaphandle.
Ukuze ugweme ukubonakala kokuqhekeka kwangaphandle, inkqubo yokumisa kufuneka iqhutywe ngokukhawuleza nangokulinganayo. Emva koko utshintsho lwemilinganiselo lwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe, ngoko ke amandla abangela ukutshiza amancinci.
Ukhuni loma ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ngaphambili, yiyo loo nto imiphambili yeebhodi, iibhilithi kunye namaplanga angqukuva aqhekeka kwangethuba kuneminye imiphezulu. Ukuze ugweme ukuqhekeka, ibunzi kufuneka likhuselwe kwimiphumo esisigxina yemitha yelanga ngokuyigquma ngezinto ezikhuselayo okanye ngokuyibeka emthunzini.
Ukudumba komthi
Ukudumba komthi yinkqubo ebuyela umva yokomisa kunye nokulinganisa. Imithi eyomileyo iyakwazi ukufunxa umswakama kwaye yandise imilinganiselo yayo. Olu phawu lusetyenziselwa ukunyakamisa imiphanda eyomileyo, imibhobho yeplanga, iitanki kunye nezinye izinto ezibangela ukuba zidumbe.