Isaziso esibalulekile sezempilo, ukuphepha kanye nomthetho: Lona umbhalo wokufundisa ovela ku-2017. unyaka, hhayi iphrojekthi, indinganiso yobuchwepheshe esebenzayo noma umyalelo wokwakhiwa kokuphakelwa kwamanzi, ipayipi lendle, isistimu ye-septic noma indawo kagesi. Zonke izilinganiso zangempela, ukugeleza, ububanzi, amaconsi, izinto zokwakha, amabanga, izindlela zokuxhuma kanye nezimangalo kudluliselwa ngaphandle kokuhlola ngokuvumelana nemithetho yanamuhla. Ungayisebenzisi imiyalelo yokubeka phansi yomlando phezu kwamapayipi amanzi, amapayipi esimende we-asbestos, umthofu, i-DDT, i-minium, ukulungiswa kwesikhashana, noma ukuncibilika kwamapayipi. Ukusebenza nge-asbestos nezinye izinto eziyingozi kungochwepheshe abagunyaziwe kuphela; I-DDT angeke isetshenziswe ngaphansi kwalo mbhalo. Amanzi okuphuza, amanzi angcolile kanye nokuvikela ngokumelene nokushaqeka kukagesi kufanele kuklanywe, kugunyazwe futhi kwenziwe isevisi yezinsiza ezinekhono kanye nochwepheshe abagunyaziwe bamapayipi, ukuhlanzeka, i-geotechnical kanye nogesi, ngokuya ngento ethile nendawo.
Ukufakwa kwamanzi, indle neseptic akuyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha womphakathi we-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kwamanje amafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso. Ngewindi elithile noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhwothi.
Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi asekhaya kanye nendle
Uma isiqeshana somhlaba kuthiwa sixazululwe ngokuhlanganyela, kusho imigwaqo kuqala, bese kufakwa ugesi, bese kuba ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi futhi ekugcineni, ukuthuthwa kwendle kanye nethuba lokuxhunywa ku-central heat.
Umnikazi wendawo akukho angakwenza ukuthuthukisa imigwaqo, futhi ukufakwa kukagesi kuzoxoxwa ngesinye isikhathi. Yingakho manje sizonikeza kuphela ulwazi mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kanye nendle, kanye nezibaluleke kakhulu.
Njengoba siqedele izindonga nophahla lwesakhiwo sokuhlala noma indlu yangempelasonto, kusafanele sisebenzise ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kanye nokuthuthwa kwendle, okungasibangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Singakwazi ukuxazulula ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kalula uma kuqhathaniswa futhi ngeshibhile uma kukhona inethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi emgwaqeni. Nokho, kufanele sixazulule ukufakwa okuphelele kwamapayipi emhlabeni wethu nasendlini ngokwethu.
Imitha yamanzi nenethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi
Umthethonqubo ojwayelekile udinga ukuthi umgodi wemitha yamanzi wenziwe ebangeni 0,5 m ukusuka emaphethelweni omngcele wezwe. Lo mgodi kufanele ube indawo ephansi kakhulu yohlelo lwamanzi asekhaya ngoba ngesikhathi sokulungiswa amanzi ehliselwa kuwo futhi aqoqwe kuwo. Ubukhulu be-shaft yilezi: ububanzi 80 x 100 cm, nokujula 130 cm (fig. 1). Isembozo somgodi womgodi akufanele sinyakaze noma sivuze amanzi, futhi uma kungenzeka, ukufakwa kwawo okushisayo kufanele kuhlinzekwe. Kumelwe kufakwe izitebhisi ukuze kufinyelele imitha yamanzi, futhi ompompi abavuzayo kufanele bafakwe ngaphambili nangemuva kwemitha yamanzi. Kudingekile “ukubhula” izimpompi eziqediwe ngocingo lwethusi oludayisiwe, ngoba ngokuvamile inethiwekhi yamanzi isetshenziselwa ukugawula izinto zikagesi, futhi izoba ephelele kuphela uma singabandakanyi amathuba okuba ne-oxidation.
Isitatimende sangaphambilini esimayelana nokusuka phansi ngokusebenzisa amapayipi amanzi sidluliswa njengokuqukethwe komlando futhi akufanele sisetshenziswe. Isisekelo sokuzivikela kufanele senziwe uchwepheshe kagesi ogunyaziwe ngokwemithetho yamanje.
Isithombe 1
Ipayipi lamanzi endaweni ekhululekile kufanele libekwe okungenani 1,20 m ngaphansi komhlabathi, okusho ukuthi ngaphansi kwendawo yokuqandisa, futhi ngaphandle, odongeni, njalo 2 m kufanele lilungiswe ngezinsimbi. Ibanga phakathi kwepayipi lamanzi ashisayo nepayipi lamanzi abandayo kumele okungenani libe ngu-16 cm. Ipayipi lamanzi ashisayo livela ohlangothini olungenhla, futhi ukufakwa okuvundlile kusuka ngaphandle (isithombe 2).
Namuhla, amapayipi ensimbi asetshenziswa kakhulu ngezinhloso zokufaka amapayipi, futhi ukufakwa kwensimbi ngendlela ye-T, V, Y, L no-U kusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa nokushintsha izinkomba (isithombe.2).
Isithombe2
Amapayipi kufanele asikwe ngobude obufunayo ngesaha futhi ngosizo lwentambo (i-valve yentambo) intambo inqunywe emaphethelweni awo, elawulwa ngokusebenzisa izingxenye ezibunjiwe. Bese uwavala nge-strand of tow ecwiliswe ku-tallow, uwahlanganise, hlanza i-joint kusuka ekudonseni okweqile, sebenzisa i-minium futhi uyibophe ngentambo ezwayo.
Idatha yomthombo ngenani lamanzi namadayamitha wamapayipi
Ezakhiweni zomndeni kanye nama-cottages, ngokuvamile kwanele ukukhipha amanzi kumitha yamanzi usebenzisa ipayipi ye-intshi eyodwa. I-cross-section yezinye izingxenye zenethiwekhi inqunywa ngokusekelwe ekudingeni kwamanzi emapayipini okukhipha.
Isithombe3
Isidingo sansuku zonke samanzi ekhanda ngalinye yilezi: ukuphuza3-5, ukupheka4-5, okokugeza8-12, okokugeza10-15, okokugeza40-50, ezokugeza150-250, ukugeza indlu yangasese8-10 ilitha (isib.3). Ukunisela kuyadingeka2amalitha ngemitha yesikwele. Kumpompi odongeni, i-standout ibalulekile7amalitha amanzi ngomzuzu kanye nobubanzi bepayipi3/8”, kanye nosinki 12amalitha kanye neshubhu le1/2”, kubhavu20amalitha kanye neshubhu le1/2”, yokunisela engadini50amalitha kanye neshubhu le3/4”.Uma inani lamapayipi akhiphayo1-2, khona-ke ububanzi bepayipi lemitha yamanzi kufanele libe1/2”, uma inani lamapayipi okukhiphayo3-6, ububanzi bepayipi kufanele bube3/4“, futhi uma kunjalo7-25, bese kuba ipayipi lika1“(isib.4).
Isithombe4
Kunconywa ukufaka ompompi bokukhipha amanzi ezindaweni eziningana kunethiwekhi ukuze, uma kunesidingo, kuthululwe okuqondile okukodwa noma yonke inethiwekhi yamanzi asekhaya (isib. 5). Lapho ulungisa amapayipi ensimbi, ingxenye eyonakele kufanele ishintshwe. Okokuqala, ingxenye eyonakele iyathululwa, bese ingxenye yamapayipi noma ingxenye emise yenziwe futhi ishintshwe. Umonakalo omncane ungalungiswa ngale ndlela uma sigcoba umfantu ngebitumen kanye nosimende we-portland nendawo ezwakalayo, irabha noma ipulasitiki kulokhu bese siyiqinisa nge-clamp. Uma ipayipi liba yiqhwa, khona-ke iziphetho kufanele zishiswe ngamanzi ashisayo kuqala, ngoba uma ingxenye ephakathi yepayipi ifudumala kuqala, amanzi ayezophenduka abe isitimu futhi, ngenxa yokuthi imikhawulo ivinjwe yiqhwa, ipayipi izofafaza.
Isithombe5
Ukuxhumana nendle yomphakathi
Induduzo ephelele itholakala kuphela ngokukhipha amanzi angcolile, okungukuthi indle. Lona umsebenzi olula uma kuqhathaniswa uma isakhiwo sakhiwe endaweni lapho indle sekwakhiwe kakade. Kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi amapayipi endle ajwayele ukufakwa phakathi nomgwaqo. Ingxenye esuka epayipini lepayipi lomphakathi ukuya ocingweni lwesakhiwo ibizwa ngokuthi uxhumano lwendlu futhi le ngxenye kufanele yenziwe umnikazi ngokwakhe. Kusukela ocingweni, noma emaphethelweni omngcele wezwe, ipayipi lendle liyaqala. Isitamukoko sasendlini noxhumano lwendlu kufanele kube nokwehla1-2idigri kumgudu womphakathi wendle, ukuze kuvuleke uxhumano lwendlu kanye nepayipi lokuqoqa lendle yomphakathi1/3ukuphakama kwepayipi lokuqoqa (isib.6).
Isithombe6
Iziqephu ezilandelayo zikhuluma ngamapayipi kasimende we-asbestos, umthofu nezinye izinto zomlando. Izitatimende zigcinelwa ukugcinwa okuthembekile, kodwa azizona izinto ezikhethiwe noma iziyalezo zomsebenzi. Ungasiki, ungabholi, ungaphuli, ungakhiphi noma usebenzise kabusha izinto eziqukethe noma ezingaqukatha i-asbestos.
Amapayipi endle asekhaya kufanele abe nobubanzi bangaphakathi okungenani obungu-30 cm. Ngenxa yalezi zinhloso, amapayipi e-asbestos-samente asetshenziswa kakhulu, angasikwa kalula ngesaha futhi, ngenxa yokuma okunwetshiwe kokuphela, kulula ukujoyina. Izigqoko zokugcina zivalwa nge-tow futhi ngemva kokujoyina, zigcotshwa kabili ngebitumen futhi zimbozwe ngosimende webitumen. Amapayipi e-asbestos-samente (eternite) okuxhumana, afana namapayipi ensimbi okuphakelwa kwamanzi, ayenziwe ngezinto ezibunjiwe, izimfoloko, ukuxhuma nezinye izakhi. Ubude bepayipi busuka kokuthi 0,5-4 m, ububanzi bangaphakathi busuka kokuthi 0,05–0,5 m, futhi ukujiya kodonga ngokulingana nobubanzi busuka kokuthi 6-13 mm. Ipayipi lokuxhuma, eliholela epayipini elikhulu lokuqoqa, libekwe ekujuleni okungu-1,2-1,5 m ukugwema ubungozi bokuqandisa. Kuyinzuzo uma ipayipi le-asbestos-samente lingafakwanga ngokuqondile emhlabathini, kodwa esiteshini sezitini, esimise u-U, lapho isihlabathi esomile sigcwaliswa ngaphambi kokubeka ipayipi.
Isimiso sokukhuculula indle kufanele sibe nobukhulu kuye ngenani elilindelekile lamanzi angcolile. Ompompi abavamile odongeni bakhipha amanzi1/3amalitha amanzi angcolile ngomzuzwana, osinki2/3ilitha, usinki1/6amalitha, amabhavu avamile2/3litre, kanye ne-WC1-2ilitha. Amapayipi okukhipha amanzi ahambisanayo angaphakathi kwamadayamitha ahlelwe ngokulandelana kwawo50,50,40,50futhi100 mm(bheka isig.4kwesokudla). Izingxenye zenethiwekhi ye-sewer kusukela ekuphumeni kuya epayipini elikhulu lokuthuthwa kwendle limelela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inethiwekhi enezingqimba, kanye nezingxenye eziqondile - imigqa eqondile. I-main evundlile kufanele futhi yakhiwe ngomthambeka omnene oya kulayini oqondile.
Eminye imigqa eqondile yelulelwe endaweni ephahleni ngamapayipi okungenisa umoya. Ngaphezu kokungenisa umoya, amapayipi okungenisa umoya aphinde anikeze inani elidingekayo lomoya kunethiwekhi futhi avimbele ukwakhiwa kwe-vacuum namapulaki amanzi avimbela ukuphuma kwamanzi.
Uphawu lwamanzi (i-siphon) kufanele lufakwe ngaphansi kwe-sink ngayinye ukuze kuqedwe iphunga elibi. Ama-Siphon enziwe ngomthofu, insimbi eyinsimbi, i-eternite nepulasitiki (isib.7).
Isithombe7
Amapayipi emigqa evundlile neqondile enziwe nge-asbestos usimende (eternite), umthofu, insimbi ekhonjiwe noma ipulasitiki. Ipayipi yepulasitiki ingasetshenziswa kuphela lapho kungekho khona amanzi ashisayo, ngoba ipulasitiki ikhubazekile ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa. Amapayipi epulasitiki ahlanganiswa nge-welding noma i-gluing. Inzuzo yamapayipi epulasitiki yukuthi angakwazi ukugoba kahle ngemva kokushisa.
Incazelo engokomlando yama-precipitators nezihlanzi
Incazelo elandelayo ayiyona iphrojekthi yesistimu ye-septic noma ubufakazi bokuhlanzeka kwamanzi angcolile aphephile. Indawo, ukungangeni kwamanzi, umthamo, ukuchithwa, ukungena komoya kanye nokuvikelwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kumele kunqunywe iziphathimandla ezinekhono kanye nochwepheshe abagunyaziwe.
Endaweni lapho indle yomphakathi ingakaxazululwa, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuxazulula ukuthuthwa kwamanzi angcolile kwezakhiwo zemindeni nezindlu zangezimpelaviki. Kungcono ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ahlanzekile” amanzi angcolile (amanzi avela kusinki kanye nobhavu) kanye namanzi aphuma endlini yangasese futhi acwiliswe emathangeni akhethekile okuthungatha, noma izinto zokuhlanza. Isichazi samanzi angcolile esihlanzekile singaba nemithombo emibili ebekwe eduze komunye nomunye, eyakhiwe ngamasongo omthombo. Kowokuqala sethula amanzi angcolile aphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi 10 cm aphansi, sibeka ipayipi lokukhipha lapho sethula amanzi angcolile emthonjeni wesibili. Emthonjeni wesibili, ofana nowokuqala, ku-10 cm ngezansi, sibeka ipayipi lokukhipha esikhipha ngalo amanzi asehlanziwe manje engadini, amapayipi okukhipha amanzi afakiwe futhi abhobhiwe. (isithombe 8). Okuqinile kwamanzi angcolile kuhlala emithonjeni, okuthi, uma kugcwalisiwe, kuthululwe ngokususa isivalo. Ama-precipitators kufanele abekwe okungenani 20 m emithonjeni yamanzi okuphuza futhi abheke ohlangothini lokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba (fig. 9, ingxenye engaphezulu). Amanzi angcolile avela ekhishini angaxazululwa okungenani ngezicacisi ezintathu.
Isithombe 8
Kungcono kakhulu ukwakha indlu yangasese ehlukile endaweni engenawo indle yomphakathi. Sizoyakha kalula kusuka ezintweni ezijwayelekile - izindandatho zemithombo nakumakhava ajwayelekile.
Ngaphansi kwendandatho ephansi kakhulu, ungqimba lobumba olunogqinsi oluthi 15 cm kufanele lubekwe, olungavumeli amanzi ukuthi adlule. Ingaphakathi lamasongo lifakwe udaka lokuvikela amanzi, futhi ipayipi lokungenisa umoya liphuma endaweni engaphansi kwesihlalo liye ophahleni. Indlu yangasese ingahlanzwa ngaphandle ngesivalo. Indlu yangasese kufanele ipendwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ifuthwe ngesibulali magciwane esiqukethe i-DDT (Umfanekiso 9, ingxenye engezansi).
Izinsolo zangaphambilini mayelana ne-DDT zingokomlando futhi akumele zisetshenziswe.
Isithombe 9
Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwamanzi asekhaya kanye nendle yasekhaya, kuyadingeka ukuthi uthole imvume yokwakha efanele kwabasemagunyeni abanekhono. Kulesi senzakalo, ulwazi lungaphinda lutholakale mayelana nemithetho yendawo mayelana nokufakwa nokwakhiwa kwemithombo, izicacisi, njll.