Isaziso esibalulekileyo sezempilo, ukhuseleko kunye nolawulo: Esi sisicatshulwa semfundo yoovimba esivela 2017. unyaka, ingeyiyo iprojekthi, umgangatho wobugcisa osebenzayo okanye umyalelo wokwakhiwa konikezelo lwamanzi, ugutyulo, inkqubo ye-septic okanye ukubekwa kombane. Yonke imilinganiselo yokuqala, ukuhamba, i-diameters, amaconsi, izinto eziphathekayo, imigama, iindlela zokudibanisa kunye namabango adluliselwa ngaphandle kokukhangela ngokwemimiselo yanamhlanje. Musa ukusebenzisa imiyalelo yembali yokumisa phezu kwemibhobho yamanzi, imibhobho ye-asbestos-samente, ilothe, i-DDT, i-minium, ukulungiswa kwethutyana, okanye ukunyibilikiswa kwemibhobho. Ukusebenza nge-asbestos kunye nezinye izinto ezinobungozi zezodwa iingcali ezigunyazisiweyo; I-DDT ayinakusetyenziswa phantsi kwalo mbhalo. Amanzi okusela, amanzi amdaka kunye nokukhuselwa kumothuko wombane kufuneka kuyilwe, kuvunywe kwaye kuqhutywe yinkonzo esebenzayo esebenzayo kunye nemibhobho egunyazisiweyo, ucoceko, i-geotechnical kunye neengcali zombane, ngokwento ethile kunye nendawo.
Amanzi, ugutyulo kunye nofakelo lwe-septic aluyonxalenye yonikezelo olutsha lukawonke-wonke lwe-Savo Kusić. Ugxininiso lwangoku zezi iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neengcango zesiko. Ngefestile ethile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sesicatshulwa.
Unikezelo lwamanzi asekhaya kunye nogutyulo
Xa isiqwenga somhlaba kusithiwa sihlaliswe ngokuhlangeneyo, oko kuthetha iindlela kuqala, emva koko ukufakelwa kombane, emva koko ubonelelo lwamanzi kwaye okokugqibela, ugutyulo kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokudibanisa kubushushu obuphakathi.
Umnini-mhlaba akukho nto anokuyenza ukuphucula iindlela, kwaye ukufakelwa kombane kuya kuxoxwa ngelinye ixesha. Yiyo loo nto ngoku siza kunika kuphela ulwazi malunga nokubonelela ngamanzi kunye nogutyulo, kunye nezona zibalulekileyo.
Njengoko sigqibile iindonga kunye nophahla lwesakhiwo sokuhlala okanye indlu yempelaveki, kusafuneka siphumeze unikezelo lwamanzi kunye nogutyulo, nto leyo inokusibangela amaxhala amaninzi. Singasombulula unikezelo lwamanzi ngokulula nangexabiso eliphantsi ukuba kukho uthungelwano lonikezelo lwamanzi esitratweni. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka sisombulule ukufakelo olupheleleyo lwemibhobho yomhlaba kumhlaba wethu nakwindlu ngokwethu.
imitha yamanzi kunye nothungelwano lonikezelo lwamanzi
Ummiselo jikelele ufuna ukuba umngxuma wemitha yamanzi wenziwe kumgama 0,5 m ukusuka kumda womda womhlaba. Lo mngxuma kufuneka ube yeyona ndawo iphantsi kwenkqubo yamanzi asekhaya kuba ngexesha lokulungiswa kwamanzi athotywa kuwo kwaye aqokelelwe kuwo. Imilinganiselo ye-shaft yile: ububanzi 80 x 100 cm, kunye nobunzulu 130 cm (umkhiwane 1). Isigqubuthelo somngxuma kufuneka singahexa okanye sivuze amanzi, kwaye ukuba kuyenzeka, kufuneka kubonelelwe nge-thermal insulation. Kufuneka kufakwe izitebhisi ukufikelela kwimitha yamanzi, kwaye iimpompo ezivuzayo kufuneka zifakwe ngaphambili nangasemva kwemitha yamanzi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba “ibhulorho” iimpompo ezigqityiweyo ngocingo lobhedu oluthengiswayo, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo uthungelwano lwamanzi lusetyenziselwa phantsi izixhobo zombane, kwaye luya kufezeka kuphela xa singabandakanyi amathuba okuba ne-oxidation.
Ingxelo yangaphambili malunga nokubekwa phantsi kombhobho wamanzi ugqithiswa njengomxholo wembali kwaye kufuneka ungasetyenziswa. Isiseko sokukhusela kufuneka senziwe yingcali yombane egunyazisiweyo ngokwemigaqo yangoku.
Umfanekiso 1
Umbhobho wamanzi kwindawo ekhululekile kufuneka ibekwe ubuncinane 1,20 m ngaphantsi komhlaba, oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphantsi kwendawo yokukhenkceza, kwaye ngaphandle, eludongeni, kuzo zonke 2 m kufuneka zilungiswe ngeeclamps. Umgama phakathi kombhobho wamanzi ashushu kunye nombhobho wamanzi abandayo kufuneka ube ubuncinane 16 cm. Umbhobho wamanzi ashushu uvela kwicala eliphezulu, kunye nokufakelwa okuthe tye ukusuka ngaphandle (umfanekiso 2)
Namhlanje, imibhobho yentsimbi isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinjongo zemibhobho, kunye nokufakelwa kwentsimbi ngendlela ye-T, V, Y, L kunye ne-U isetyenziselwa i-branching kunye nokutshintsha izikhokelo (umfanekiso.2).
Umfanekiso2
Imibhobho kufuneka inqunyulwe ubude obufunwayo ngesarha kwaye ngoncedo lwentambo (i-valve ye-thread) intambo inqunywe kwiiphelo zabo, ezilawulwa ngeendlela ezibunjiweyo. Emva koko batywine nge-strand of tow efakwe kwi-tallow, udibanise nabo, ucoce i-joint kwi-tow engaphezulu, sebenzisa i-minium kwaye uyibophe ngentambo eveziweyo.
Umthombo wedatha malunga nobuninzi bamanzi kunye needayamitha zemibhobho
Kwizakhiwo zentsapho kunye nezindlu zokuhlala, ngokuqhelekileyo kwanele ukukhupha amanzi kwimitha yamanzi usebenzisa umbhobho we-intshi enye. I-cross-section yezinye iindawo zothungelwano zichongwa ngokusekelwe kwimfuno yamanzi kwimibhobho yokukhupha.
Umfanekiso3
Imfuno yemihla ngemihla yamanzi ngentloko yile: ukusela3-5, ukupheka4-5, yokuhlamba8-12, yokuhlamba10-15, yokuhlamba40-50, zokuhlamba150-250, yokugungxula indlu yangasese8-10 ilitha (umkhiwane.3). Ukunkcenkceshela kuyimfuneko2iilitha nganye square meter. Kwitephu eludongeni, i-standout ibala7iilitha zamanzi ngomzuzu kunye nedayamitha yombhobho we3/8”, nakwisinki 12iilitha kunye ityhubhu ye1/2”, eyebhafu20iilitha kunye ityhubhu ye1/2”, yokunkcenkceshela egadini50iilitha kunye ityhubhu ye3/4”.Ukuba inani lemibhobho yokukhupha1-2, ngoko ububanzi bombhobho wemitha yamanzi kufuneka bube1/2”, ukuba inani lemibhobho yokukhupha3-6, i-diameter yombhobho kufuneka ibe3/4“, kwaye ukuba kunjalo7-25, emva koko umbhobho we1“(ikhiwane.4).
Umfanekiso4
Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kufakwe iimpompo zombhobho kwiindawo ezininzi kuthungelwano ukuze, xa kukho imfuneko, ukuthe nkqo komntu okanye uthungelwano lwamanzi asekhaya luphela lunokuthululwa (umkhiwane. 5). Xa kulungiswa imibhobho yensimbi, inxalenye eyonakalisiweyo kufuneka itshintshwe. Okokuqala, inxalenye eyonakalisiweyo ikhutshwe, ngoko inxalenye yemibhobho okanye inxalenye eqingqiweyo yenziwe kwaye ithathelwe indawo. Umonakalo omncinci ungalungiswa ngolu hlobo ukuba siqabe i-crack ngebhitumene kunye nesamente ye-portland kunye nendawo eveziweyo, irabha okanye iplastiki kule nto kwaye siyiqinise nge-clamp. Ukuba umbhobho uba ngumkhenkce, ngoko iziphelo kufuneka zifudunyezwe ngamanzi ashushu kuqala, kuba ukuba inxalenye ephakathi yombhobho ifudunyezwe kuqala, amanzi aya kujika abe ngumphunga kwaye, ngenxa yokuba iziphelo zivaliwe ngomkhenkce, umbhobho uya kutshiza.
Umfanekiso5
Uqhagamshelo kumanzi amdaka oluntu
Intuthuzelo epheleleyo ifumaneka kuphela ngokukhupha amanzi amdaka, oko kukuthi ugutyulo. Lo ngumsebenzi olula ngokwentelekiso ukuba isakhiwo sakhiwe kwindawo esele yakhiwe imijelo ehambisa amanzi amdaka. Kufuneka kwaziwe ukuba imibhobho yogutyulo lwelindle idla ngokufakelwa embindini wendlela. Inxalenye esuka kumbhobho kawonke-wonke wogutyulo ukuya elucingweni lwesakhiwo kuthiwa ludibaniso lwendlu kwaye le nxalenye kufuneka yenziwe ngumnini ngokwakhe. Ukusuka elucingweni, okanye kwimida yomhlaba, ugutyulo lwelindle luyaqala. Umjelo welindle wendlu kunye noqhagamshelo lwendlu kufuneka lube nethontsi1-2iqondo kumjelo ophantsi komhlaba ohambisa amanzi amdaka, ukuze kudityaniswe uqhagamshelo lwendlu kunye nombhobho wokuqokelelwa kombhobho kawonke-wonke ohambisa amanzi amdaka1/3umphakamo wombhobho wokuqokelela (umkhiwane.6).
Umfanekiso6
Ezi ndinyana zilandelayo zikhankanya imibhobho ye-asbestos yesamente, ilothe kunye nezinye izinto zembali. Iingxelo zigcinelwe ukugcinwa ngokuthembekileyo, kodwa azilukhetho lwezixhobo okanye imiyalelo yomsebenzi. Sukusika, ugrumbe, uqhekeze, ususe okanye usebenzise kwakhona izinto eziqulathe okanye eziqulathe iasbestos.
Imibhobho yogutyulo lwasekhaya kufuneka ibe nedayamitha yangaphakathi ubuncinane 30 cm. Ngenxa yezi njongo, iibhobho ze-asbestos-samente zisetyenziswa kakhulu, ezinokunqunyulwa ngokulula ngesarha kwaye, ngenxa yokwandiswa kwemilo yeziphelo, kulula ukujoyina. Iingqungquthela zokugqibela zitywinwe nge-tow kwaye emva kokujoyina, zigcotywe kabini nge-bitumen kwaye zigqunywe nge-bitumen cement. Imibhobho ye-asbestos-samente (eternite) yokudibanisa, efana neepayipi zensimbi zokubonelela ngamanzi, zenziwe ngezinto ezibunjiweyo, iifolokhwe, ukudibanisa kunye nezinye izinto. Ubude bombhobho buvela ku-0,5-4 m, i-diameter yangaphakathi ukusuka ku-0,05–0,5 m, kunye nobukhulu bodonga ngokulingana nobubanzi buvela ku-6-13 mm. Umbhobho wokudibanisa, okhokelela kumbhobho oyintloko wokuqokelela, ubekwe kubunzulu be-1,2-1,5 m ukuphepha umngcipheko wokukhenkceza. Kuyinzuzo ukuba umbhobho we-asbestos-samente awufakwanga ngokuthe ngqo emhlabathini, kodwa kumjelo wezitena, u-U-shaped, apho isanti eyomileyo izaliswe ngaphambi kokubeka umbhobho.
Inkqubo yogutyulo lwelindle kufuneka ilinganiswe ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani obulindelekileyo bamanzi amdaka. Iimpompo zodonga eziqhelekileyo zikhupha amanzi1/3iilitha zamanzi amdaka ngesekhondi, iisinki2/3ilitha, iitshonki1/6iilitha, iibhafu eziqhelekileyo2/3ilitha, kunye neWC1-2ilitha. Umbhobho wokuhambisa ohambelanayo ngaphakathi kweedayamitha zikwindlela edwelisiweyo50,50,40,50kwaye100 mm(bona umkhiwane.4icala Elilungile). Amacandelo othungelwano lombhobho ophuma kwi-outlet ukuya kumbhobho oyintloko wogutyulo amele into ebizwa ngokuba yinethiwekhi ethe tye, kunye neendawo ezithe nkqo - imigca ethe nkqo. Undoqo othe tyaba kufuneka kwakhona wakhiwe ngethambeka elithambileyo ukuya kumgca othe nkqo.
Eminye imigca ethe nkqo yandiselwa kwi-attic kunye nemibhobho yokungenisa umoya. Ukongeza kwi-ventilation, iipayipi ze-ventilation nazo zibonelela ngexabiso elifunekayo lomoya kwinethiwekhi kunye nokuthintela ukudalwa kwe-vacuum kunye neeplagi zamanzi ezithintela ukukhupha amanzi.
Isitywina samanzi (i-siphon) kufuneka sifakwe phantsi kwesitya ngasinye ukuphelisa ukuvumba okungathandekiyo. I-Siphons zenziwe ngelothe, intsimbi, i-iternite kunye neplastiki (umkhiwane.7).
Umfanekiso7
Imibhobho yemigca ethe tye kunye nethe nkqo yenziwe ngesamente ye-asbestos (eternite), ilothe, intsimbi ekhatywayo okanye iplastiki. Umbhobho weplastiki ungasetyenziselwa kuphela apho kungekho manzi ashushu, kuba iplastiki ikhubaza phantsi kwefuthe lobushushu. Imibhobho yeplastiki idityaniswe nge-welding okanye i-gluing. Inzuzo yeepayipi zeplastiki kukuba inokugoba kakuhle emva kokufudumeza.
Inkcazo yembali ye-precipitators kunye nezicoci
Le nkcazo ilandelayo ayiyoprojekthi yenkqubo ye-septic okanye ubungqina bokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka akhuselekileyo. Indawo, ukungangeni kwamanzi, umthamo, ukukhutshelwa, ukungena komoya kunye nokhuseleko lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kufuneka kumiselwe ngabasemagunyeni abanobuchule kunye neengcali ezigunyazisiweyo.
Kwindawo apho ilindle likawonke-wonke lingekasonjululwa, kunzima kakhulu ukusombulula imibhobho yamanzi amdaka kwizakhiwo zeentsapho kunye nezindlu zempelaveki. Kungcono ukuba oko kubizwa ngokuba “kucocekile” amanzi amdaka (amanzi avela kwisitya kunye nebhafu) kunye namanzi aphuma kwindlu yangasese kwaye atshone kwiitanki ezikhethekileyo zentlenga, okanye izicoci. Isicacisi samanzi amdaka acocekileyo sinokuqulatha amaqula amabini abekwe ecaleni komnye, akhiwe ngamakhonkco omthombo. Kwiyokuqala sazisa amanzi amdaka aphakamileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala 10 cm ephantsi, sibeka umbhobho wokukhupha apho singenisa amanzi amdaka kwiqula lesibini. Kwiqula lesibini, elifana nelokuqala, 10 cm ngezantsi, sibeka umbhobho wokukhupha apho sikhupha amanzi ahlambulukileyo ngoku egadini, efakwe kunye ne-drilled drainage pipes. (umfanekiso 8). Amanzi amdaka ahlala emaquleni, apho, ukuba azaliswe, anokukhutshwa ngokususa isiciko. Iiprecipitators kufuneka zibekwe ubuncinane 20 m ukusuka kwiqula lamanzi okusela kwaye kwelinye icala ukuya kwicala lokuhamba kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba (umkhiwane 9, inxalenye ephezulu). Amanzi amdaka asuka ekhitshini anokuhlaliswa ubuncinane ngezinto ezintathu zokucacisa.
Umfanekiso 8
Kungcono ukwakha indlu yangasese eyahlukileyo kwindawo engenalindle likawonke-wonke. Siza kuyakha ngokulula ukusuka kwizinto eziqhelekileyo - amakhonkco amaqula kunye nezigqubuthelo eziqhelekileyo.
Ngaphantsi kwendandatho ephantsi, uluhlu lodongwe olunobunzima be-15 cm kufuneka lubekwe, olungavumeli amanzi ukuba adlule. Ingaphakathi lamakhonkco lifakwe ngodaka lokuthintela amanzi, kwaye umbhobho wokungenisa umoya ukhokelela kwisithuba esiphantsi kwesitulo ukuya eluphahleni. Indlu yangasese inokucocwa ukusuka ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa isiciko. Indlu yangasese kufuneka ipeyintwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwaye ngamaxesha athile itshizwe ngesibulali-ntsholongwane esine-DDT (umzobo 9, indawo esezantsi).
Isityholo sangaphambili malunga neDDT yimbali kwaye akufunekanga sisetyenziswe.
Umfanekiso 9
Phambi kokwakhiwa konikezelo lwamanzi asekhaya kunye nogutyulo lwasekhaya, kuyimfuneko ukufumana imvume yokwakha efanelekileyo kugunyaziwe ofanelekileyo. Ngesi sihlandlo, ulwazi lunokufumaneka malunga nemimiselo yendawo malunga nokufakelwa kunye nokwakhiwa kwamaqula, abacacisi, njl.