Inqaku lengcaphephe elibalulekileyo: Lo ngumbhalo wemfundo kavimba, hayi ingcaciso yangoku, umgangatho wovavanyo, iprojekthi yolondolozo okanye isikhokelo sokukhethwa kwamatye, ukufakwa nokhuseleko. Uhlobo lwelitye, amanzi, ityuwa, iqabaka, i-substrate, udaka, indlela yokucubungula kunye nokugquma okukhuselekileyo kufuneka kuhlolwe into ethile ngokwemigaqo esebenzayo, amaxwebhu omenzi kunye neengcebiso zeengcali ezifanelekileyo.
Ilitye lendalo, iingubo kunye nemisebenzi yolondolozo ayiyonxalenye yokunikezelwa koluntu lwangoku lwe-Savo Kusić. Imveliso yanamhlanje ibandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neminyango yesiko.
Imigaqo gabalala
Ngumcimbi weenjineli kunye nabakhi bezakhiwo ukukhetha elona litye lifanelekileyo ngeenjongo ezifanelekileyo; xa ukhetha ilitye kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwakha, akufanele ilibaleke ukuba uvavanyo lwezinto eziphathekayo, ngokubambisana neengcali ze-geologists kunye neemineralogists, lunika uncedo oluxabisekileyo.
Izazi zeGeologists zohlula amatye ngokwala maqela alandelayo: amatye anomlilo, okanye amanye amatye agqabhukileyo, anamacandelwana elitye elitshisayo elinzulu kunye namanzi aphumayo (umzekelo, igranite, i-diorite, i-gabbro, i-porphyry, i-diabase, i-basalt), emva koko i-sedimentary okanye i-layer rocks, i-limegrate rocks, kunye ne-limegraeed rocks amatye e-metamorphic okanye aguqulweyo (umz. gneiss, schist). I-mineralogist ihlola isakhiwo samatye (uhlobo kunye nokumila kweekristale, ubungakanani kunye nokuguqulwa okufanayo, ukutsha, uhlobo lwe-binder, njl.). Injineli ivavanya ngokombala, ukwabiwa kombala, ubume, indlela yokufumana, ukusebenza, ukuxhathisa kwimozulu kunye namandla.
Isakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zamatye
Isakhiwo kunye nokubunjwa kwelitye kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba izinto eziphathekayo kufuneka zichasane nemozulu okanye ukuba ilitye likhethwe ngenjongo ekhethekileyo, umz. kwishishini lemichiza. Iikristale ezixineneyo kunye nezicaciswe kakuhle zobukhulu obuphakathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, luphawu lwegranite elungileyo; kwelinye icala, i-granite ene-scaly mica eninzi kunye ne-feldspar ebolileyo ngokuyinxenye ayifanelekanga kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwakha. Amatye e-Sandstones yeenkozo ze-quartz ezilinganayo, kunye ne-voids equkethe i-binder encinci, ivumela ukufikelela kumanzi ngaphezu kwelitye elinokwakheka okuhlangeneyo (oko kukuthi, isakhiwo esine-voids encinci okanye engekho) okanye ilitye elinesakhiwo esidityanisiweyo ngoncedo lwe-binder. Ukubunjwa kwe-binder kwi-sandstones kubaluleke kakhulu ukuchasana kwayo neempembelelo zeekhemikhali ekufuneka zilindeleke kwindawo apho ilitye liya kufakwa khona.
Ukuqina kwelitye
Kkwisigama sokwakha kunye novavanyo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamandla: amandla acinezelayo, amandla okuqina, amandla okucheba, amandla aguquguqukayo, njl.njl. Ngenjongo yovavanyo lwamandla amatye, umthwalo ocinezelayo (kwilitye lokwakha), umthwalo onqabileyo we-tensile (okt amandla okuqina), ukugoba umthwalo, umthwalo wempembelelo (kwilitye le-cobble), kwaye ekugqibeleni unxibe uvavanyo (kwakhona kwi-cobble slabs) ilitye le-cobble, izitepsi yenziwe.
1. Amandla acinezelayo
Amandla oxinzelelo lwelitye - anqunywe kwiityhubhu ezinobude obuncinci obuncinci 4 cm - kwiZiko loPhando lobuNjineli boLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseStuttgart, amaxabiso alandelayo afunyenwe kwiisampuli zamatye:
Itheyibhile engezantsi ibonisa amaxabiso abonisayo ekukhethweni nasekuvavanyeni iipropati zendalo zamatye. Imigangatho ifuna, kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokwakha, amaxabiso aphantsi ngokubhekiselele kumaxabiso ereferensi; umzekelo ngaphambili, kwilitye le-pavement yeendlela zelizwe, amandla oxinzelelo kufuneka abe ubuncinane kwisiqingatha esiphezulu semilinganiselo yereferensi kwaye kufuneka ubuncinane 2000 kg/cm2. Ukwakha, njengomthetho, akukho mfuneko yokunciphisa amandla elitye. Amandla oxinzelelo lwelitye ayancipha kakhulu xa ilitye lishiywe emanzini.
2. Amandla e-Flexural
Ivavanywe kwiiprism zamatye ezisikwe ngesarha (uvavanyo kwiZiko elifanayo njengamandla oxinzelelo); kwaqinisekiswa ukuba amandla okuguquguquka kukuba:
Kucetyiswa ukuba kwikhonkrithi ekufuneka ifezekise amandla aphezulu okuguquguquka, ilitye kuphela elinamandla okuguqula ubuncinci 100 kg/cm2 kufuneka isetyenziswe. Ukuphumla, jonga itafile yexabiso lesikhokelo sokhetho kunye novavanyo lwelitye lendalo (ngasentla).
3. Amandla empembelelo
Uvavanyo lwenziwa kwiityhubhu zobude bomphetho 4 cm. Umsebenzi ofunekayo ukutshabalalisa i-cube enye yamatye phantsi kweemeko ezithile ulinganiswa. E-Stuttgart, phakathi kwezinye, kumiselwa la maxabiso alandelayo:
4. Ukunganxibi
Ivavanywa ngokusila; la maxabiso alandelayo asekiwe eStuttgart:
Kufuneka kucaciswe apha ukuba amandla oxinzelelo kunye nokuchasana nokugqoka akumi nakuphi na ubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo; umntu akanako ngaphandle kokulindela ngakumbi ukuba ilitye elinamandla acinezelayo abonisa ukuchasana kakuhle kokugqoka. Ilitye leendlela zekhonkrithi liyafuneka, ngokwemiyalelo yokwakhiwa kwemiqobo yendlela yekhonkrithi, ukunxiba kakhulu0,2 cm(10 cm3) kwi50 cm2. Ukongezelela, kuyimfuneko ukugqiba ukunxiba kwelitye elimanzi elimanziswe ngamanzi, kunye nelitye leendlela zekhonkrithi, kuba kukho ukungafani okukhulu kwimpahla. Amava abonise ukuba kwiimeko eziphathekayo uvavanyo olungcono lufezekiswa ngolu hlobo kuneemvavanyo eziqhelekileyo zelitye elomileyo.
Ukumelana nelitye kwimozulu
Kwilitye eliya kubonakaliswa kwimozulu, ukuchasana kwayo neqabaka (iqhwa) kufuneka kuhlolwe, oko kukuthi, ihlala ingenamonakalo obonakalayo kuba igcwele amanzi.25ekhenkceni izihlandlo ezininzi kwaye cowed kwakhona. Ukuba ilitye eliqukethe umswakama wendalo lifakwe, ngoko kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo; kuloo meko, kuyimfuneko ukuvavanya ilitye ngomswakama wendalo, kwaye kungekhona kwindawo egcwele amanzi. Ukongezelela, ukusuka kwilitye kwiindonga zangaphandle, izikhumbuzo, njl njl. Kufuneka ukuba ilitye libonise ukuchasana okwaneleyo kwimozulu, oko kukuthi, inokunyamezela ixesha elide phantsi koxinzelelo olongezelelweyo oluvela ekukhanyeni kwelanga, utshintsho olubangelwa ukumanzisa kunye nokomisa, ngenxa yokuchithwa komoya, imozulu evela emoyeni, njl. Xa ukhetha ilitye, kufuneka ufumane iingcebiso zeengcali ezinamava.
Xa ubumba ilitye lokwakha, kuyimfuneko ukubeka ingqalelo ukuvumela amanzi emvula, kwanamanzi asuka ekutshizeni, ukuba ahambe ngokukhawuleza ukuze kube nethuba elincinci lokungena kwilitye kunye nodonga. Ilitye elinemibhobho, kunye nelitye eliqingqwe ngokurhabaxa, lidala ukubakho kokugcina umsizi, ikhephu, amanzi, njl. Imiphezulu ekhazimlisiweyo yeyona incinci ibonakaliswe ekugcinweni kothuli kunye ne-soot, kunye nokuhlaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zezityalo. Ngoko ke, indlela yokucubungula ichaphazela ukuqina kwelitye elibonakaliswe kwimozulu.
Ilitye elicwangcisiweyo kufuneka licutshungulwe ngokwemigangatho, oko kukuthi iileya kufuneka zipakishwe ngokuthe tye, kungenjalo amanzi, kunye nezinto ezinobundlobongela kunye nazo, ziya kungena kwiileya ezibuthathaka kunye neziqhekezayo; umonakalo unokulindelwa kwakamsinyane kunokuba ilitye liphathwe ngobungcali.
Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba anokunyuka ngenxa yamandla e-capillary kunye nokusasazwa. Ngexesha elifanayo, iityuwa ezithile zinokuhlasela ilitye kunye nodaka. Kwindawo yokuphuphuma kwamanzi anyukayo, iityuwa ziyaqaqamba kwaye zidale uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni. Apha, kwakhona, imalunga nokuthintela amanzi ukuba angangeni elityeni, nto leyo kule meko iphunyezwa ngokwenza ukugquma komhlaba.
Ngokumalunga nokuqina kweendonga, kukho iingxoxo ezininzi malunga nokukhethwa komdaka wokwakhiwa kweendonga zendalo zamatye. Ukuba udonga aluyi kubonakaliswa kwimozulu kwaye luhlala lomile, ngoko ukhetho lomdaka lunokwenziwa kuphela ngokusebenza kwayo, amandla kunye nokubonakala kwayo. Ngokuphathelele iindonga zangaphandle, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba amanzi emvula angena eludongeni athatha izithako zodaka, kwaye xa udonga lomile, luzisa phezulu kwaye lubeke apho. Umzekelo, ukuba udonga lwelitye lentlabathi elinobukroti lwahlulwe ngamajoyinti angenamanzi, amanzi aqokelela ityuwa ngaphezu kwamalungu akhokelela kuxinzelelo olwandileyo kwilitye.
Ilitye, njengazo zonke ezinye izinto, litshintsha umthamo omkhulu okanye omncinci ngenxa yokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa, umzekelo, kwi-limestone, ngaphantsi kwelitye le-quartzite. Ngaphantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, olu tshintsho lwevolumu lubaluleke kakhulu xa luqwalaselwa xa kusetyenziswa ilitye. Iingxaki zinokuvela kwii-cornices phantsi kophahla, kwii-slabs ezijongene neebhulorho ze-masonry, njl. Kwizinto zokwakha ezivezwe kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, kucetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ilitye elibonisa ukwanda okuncinci kunye nokuncinci kwiqondo lokushisa 500-1000oC, umz. i-slag eneqhuma okanye udongwe oluxutyiweyo.
Ukuthintelwa komonakalo wamatye
Namhlanje, kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela (i-varnishes, i-coatings) ezikhusela ilitye, zombini eziphuculweyo kunye nezibi, kwimozulu kunye nezinye iimpembelelo. Iingubo zisekelwe kwi-silicone, i-wax okanye ezinye iintlobo zezinto ezenza umqobo phakathi kwelitye kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukucocwa rhoqo kwelitye kuthintela ukuqokelela uthuli kunye nokungcola ngexesha, elinokuthi lichaphazele kakubi ilitye ngokwalo. Ukubeka iindawo zamatye kwindawo egqunyiweyo kunciphisa amathuba okuba amanzi afikelele kuyo. Ngokwenene, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukubonisana neengcali kwaye ukhethe ilitye elifanelekileyo ukuze uthintele nawuphi na umonakalo ngokufanelekileyo.
Inqaku lesicelo: Amaxabiso embali, iinkqubo zovavanyo kunye nezindululo zokwaleka azithatheli indawo imigangatho yangoku, uvavanyo lwaselabhoratri, umgangatho wovavanyo, ukukhangela ukuhambelana kwezinto kunye nesicwangciso sogcino lwesibonelelo.