I roto i te mīkanika oneone e toru ngā momo oneone matua ka wāwehea: kore__noho, herea me ngā oneone nō te takenga pararopi. I tua atu, kei reira anō ngā toka, engari kāore e rangahautia ēnei i roto i te mīkanika oneone, engari i roto i te marautanga pūtaiao mīkanika toka.
Ngā one kore here
_Ko ngā oneone kāore e herea rānei kāore e kōtuituia ko ērā kāore ō rātou wāhanga i herea e tētahi rauemi here. I te āhua maroke, ina kāore e pāngia e te haumākū, he tino wātea ngā wāhanga mārō o te oneone kāore e herea i roto i te papatipu oneone, ā, ko te waku anake kei waenganui i a rātou, e kīia nei ko te waku ā-roto. Kei roto i ngā oneone kāore e herea ko:
- Poraka, rahinga kākano 200 – 2000 mm
- Paru kōhatu, rahi o te kākano 60 – 200 mm
- Kirikiri, rahi o ngā kakano 2 – 60 mm
- Onepu, rahi o te kakano 0,02 – 2 mm
- Puehu, rahi o te kākano 0,002 – 0,02 mm.
E kīia ana i ētahi wā ko te hautanga puehu he paru (Ingarihi: silt, Tiamana: Schluff). Heoi, nā te mea i konei ko te paru he momo oneone o te takenga rauropi, ka puta pea he pōhēhē i te whakamahi i tēnei ingoa mō taua hautanga.
Whakaahua 1 - Oneone kirikiri
Ngā oneone here
Ko ngā tāua rānei ngā oneone piri ko ērā e herea ana ō rātou wāhanga mārō e te kohanga tahi. Tērā pea he tino koretake ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā oneone piri, ā, he ngāwari te panoni i raro i te pānga o te wai. Kei roto i ngā oneone piri ko ērā e whai ana i ngā wāhanga mārō he rahi i raro iho i te 0,002 mm. Ko te oneone e nui ana ngā wāhanga o te rahi 0,002 – 0,0002 mm ka kīia ko te glina, ā, ki te rahi ēnei wāhanga 0,0002 – 0,00002 mm, ka kīia ko te koloidna glina.
I te taiao, he uaua te kitea o te uku mā, ā, ko te nuinga he whakaranu ki ētahi atu wāhanga, pērā i te onepu me te puehu, e kīia ana ko ilovača; ko te uku me te pākeho e kīia ana ko te uku mārōpū (lapor), ā, ko te uku me te konupora he uma. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakaaetia, ko te oneone e nui ake i te 50% ngā wāhanga uku ka kīia he uku momona noa iho, he uku rānei, ā, ko te oneone e iti iho i te 50% ngā wāhanga uku ka kīia he oneone uku. Ko te oneone e iti iho i te 5% ngā wāhanga uku ka whakaarotia he āhuatanga nō te oneone kore-kotahi.
Ko te huarahi tere rawa me te māmā rawa ki te aromatawai ki tēhea rōpū e nōhia ai tētahi oneone ko te whakamaroke i te tauira, kātahi ka ngana ki te kuru mā ngā matimati. Ka marara tonu ngā oneone kāore e tūhonohono. Ka kuru ngā oneone uku i raro i ngā matimati ki ngā kongakonga iti ake, ā, ka mārō te uku tata ana ki te kōhatu.
Wh. 2 - Oneone uku
Ngā oneone nō te takenga koiora
Kei roto i ēnei oneone he wāhanga nui o ngā rawa pararopi, arā o ngā rawa tipu, me ngā wāhanga kōkōwai me ētahi atu wāhanga. Nā te nui o ngā wāhanga pararopi, he tino koretake ēnei oneone, ā, he kaha tō rātou mimiti i te wai, nō reira he pūkete kore, kāore e taea te whakamahi hei oneone kawe kawenga, hei rauemi rānei mō te hanga tūāhu oneone. Kei roto i ēnei oneone ko te humus, te paru me te tōrepo.
Ko te humus he oneone whai hua, kei roto i te paparanga mata o te kirinuku o te whenua, ā, he torutoru tekau henimita te matotoru i te nuinga o te wā. E hangaia ana i tētahi ranunga o ngā matū waro me ngā matū kohuke, me te tini o ngā huakita. I te hanga i ngā āniwaniwa oneone, ngā ara rori me ērā atu mahi pērā i runga i te oneone, me te keri hoki i te rua tango rauemi mō te hanga i ngā hanganga oneone, me keri, me tango atu te paparanga humus katoa, ka taea te whakamahi mō te tiaki anake i ngā pari oneone kia kore e horoia e te wai.
Whakaahua 3 - Humus
Ko te parahua he ranunga o ngā matū waro i te āhua o ngā matūriki tino iti me ngā matū kohuke pērā i te uku, te puehu me te onepū. Ka kitea i raro o ngā awa me ngā roto o mua.
Ko te tītara he nui tōna hanganga i ngā rauemi tipu me ngā rauemi waro i te āhua o ngā muka, ā, he iti ake ngā rauemi kohuke.
Te takenga mai o te oneone
If we were to make a cross-section through the earth’s crust, we would find that it most often consists of surface soil – humus of a small layer thickness, then subsurface soil consisting of one or more layers of different composition and various thicknesses, and finally of solid rock. Surface soil has mainly arisen from the decomposition of plant and organic matter, while subsurface soil has arisen from the decomposition of solid rock.
Ko te pirau o te toka mārō ka pā mai i ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi rānei, i te mahi puia rānei. Ka taea ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi te āhua miihini, te āhua matū rānei. Mēnā ko te tukanga pirau o te toka mārō he huinga o ngā kohuke ki te hāora, ko te pirau nā te whakahāoratanga tērā, ā, mēnā he huinga ki te wai, ko te pirau nā te whakamakukutanga. He matū te mahi puia. Nā te nui o te wera ka huri te toka mārō hei pungarehu puia.
Ka taea te tukanga pirau o tētahi toka mārō me tōna huringa hei oneone i te wāhi tonu “in situ” rānei, mā te kawe atu rānei. Ko te kawe i ngā wāhanga kua pirau ka mahia mā te wai, ā, i taua take ka puta ko ngā one alluvial, mā te hau, ka noho ko ngā one eolian, mā te huka rānei, ka hangaia ko ngā one kōpaka. I te wā e kawea ana ngā kōhatu whati me ngā kongakonga o te toka mārō, ka pakupaku haere anō rātou nā te pā, te waku me te horoinga e pāngia ai rātou i te wā o te kawe. Nā taua pānga, ka porotaka ngā tapa o ngā mongamonga whati, ka pakupaku ngā kongakonga hou, ka porotaka anō ō rātou tapa, ā, pēnei tonu kia mutu rā anō te kawe. Ko te rahi me te āhua o ngā wāhanga mārō e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pakaritanga o te toka, te roa o te kawe, te momo kawe me ērā atu. Nā reira he tino rerekē te āhua o ngā matūriki mārō i roto i te oneone: he porowhita, he porotītaha, he tapa koi, he tapa porotaka, he tapatoru hoki, me ērā atu. Ko ngā wāhanga mārō o te rahi 0,02 – 0,002 mm, e kīia ana taua wāhanga i roto i te mīhini oneone ko puehu, he nuinga he porowhita, he porotītaha rānei te āhua. Ko ngā wāhanga pēnei, he iti iho i te 0,002 mm, e kīia ana taua wāhanga ko paru, he āhua matā-mārō, he rite ki te kōataata. Ka taea e ngā matūriki nui ake o te one, te kirikiri me ngā kōhatu ririki te whai āhua rerekē: he tapawhā, he porotaka, he papatahi, me ērā atu. He uaua ake te whakarerekē āhua o ngā matūriki tapawhā, he māmā ake mō ngā matūriki papatahi. Nā reira, ka taea e ngā oneone e noho nui ana ki ngā matūriki papatahi te whakarerekē māmā i tō rātou hanganga.
Ka tohutohutia, ko ētahi oneone, kua oti katoa tō rātou hanga, i ētahi wā ka taupokina anō e ngā putunga hou, kia noho te oneone i hanga kē i mua ki te hōhonutanga, ā, i runga i te putunga hou ka hangaia he oneone kē atu kāore pea he hononga ki te mea o mua. Ko taua oneone i hanga i mua, ā, ka taupokina anō e tētahi putunga hou, e kīia ana he oneone nehu. Ko ēnei te nuinga he whenua ahuwhenua, i mahiā, kātahi ka taupokina e ngā putunga puehu parae mai i te hau, engari ka taea anō he putunga awa. Ka mōhiotia te oneone nehu mā tōna tae pōuri, ā, he maha pea ngā paparanga pēnei mēnā kua tukurua nuitia taua tukanga.
Ngā oneone alluvial
Ka hua mai ngā oneone alluvial i te tōpūtanga o ngā matūriki mārō i te wā e kawea ana e te wai. He maha ngā āhuatanga e whakawhirinaki ai te tōpūtanga, ā, ko ngā tino mea ko te tere o te rere wai, te rahi o ngā wāhanga kawea, me te nui o ētahi atu wāhanga pēnei i te tote, te pākawakawa, me ērā atu. I ngā tere nui o te rere wai, ko ngā wāhanga nunui anake ka tōpū, ā, kāore ngā mea ririki e tōpū, engari ka kawea tonu atu. Nā konei ka tōpū ngā wāhanga mārō nunui ake ki te wāhanga whakarunga o te rere wai, tata atu ki te pūtake, kei reira te tere o te rere wai e nui ana. I te hekenga o te tere o te rere wai ka tōpū ngā wāhanga ka nui haere te ririki. I te wai marino, kāore he rere, ko te tikanga ka tōpū ngā wāhanga mārō tino ririki. Ki hea kē atu ka pōturi te rere wai, ka puta he kohinga nui, pērā i te wā i te wāhi waipuketanga i te rerenga atu o te wai i te awa, ā, i te ngutuawa o ngā awa, i mua i ngā ārai, me ērā atu.
Ka āhei te tānuitanga o ngā matūriki tino iti o te uku koloiti ki te whai wā mutunga kore nā te pānga hiko-matū, e puta ana i waenganui i ngā matūriki iti rahi kei raro iho i te 0,0002 mm i te wā e rukuhia ana rātou ki te wai. I taua take ka mau ngā matūriki mārō i tētahi kawenga hiko o te tohu kotahi (kino), nā reira ka tūtuki, ka neke i roto i te papatipu wai i ngā tere e nui ake ana i te iti ake o rātou. Ko ēnei ngā nekehanga Brown. Nā ēnei nekehanga ka tino pōturi te tānuitanga o ngā matūriki mārō i roto i te wai, ā, ka roa mutunga kore.
Wh. 4 - Oneone alluvial
Ngā oneone eoliana
Ka puta ngā oneone ā-hau nā te waihotanga iho o ngā matūriki mārō e te hau. E rua ngā momo oneone ā-hau: les me dine. Kei roto i te les he matūriki mārō, he kākano tata ki te 0,05 mm te rahi, he iti iho rānei, kua herea ngātahi e te konupūmā waro. Nā reira, i te āhua maroke, he nui tōna pakari. Ka taea ngā tapahanga i te les te pupuri me ngā taha poutū i ngā teitei tino nui. Heoi anō, mēnā ka tino māku rawa te les, ka ngaro tōna pakari, ā, ka ngāwari te neke. E mōhiotia ana ngā take o ngā paparanga les i Bežanijska kosa i te taha o Belgrade, e tū ana me ngā taha poutū i ngā teitei neke atu i te 20m. Heoi, i ngā wāhi i whakatūria ai ngā kāinga tata ki ngā tapa, pēnei i te huarahi Čunarska i Zemun, ka mākū tonutia te taha tonu o te kūrae o te papa les nā te mararatanga o ngā wai kua whakamahia, ka hinga ngā tahataha les, ā, ka mōrearea te pūmautanga o te oneone les i te taha o te tapa.
Ko Dine he pukepuke nekehanga, he onepū wewete i tāpaea e te hau. Ka tere horapa, ka hanga anō hoki ēnei puke i raro i te mahi a te hau, nō reira he mōrearea mō te tanumanga me te turakanga o ngā whare me ngā waka kawe.
Whakaahua 5 - One eoliana
Ngā oneone kōpaka
Ka puta ngā oneone huka mā te kawea atu o ngā matūriki mārō o te oneone e te huka. He rerekē te hanganga o ngā oneone huka i ērā o ngā oneone awa, nā te mea he mea tito i ngā matūriki mārō he ōrite āhua te rahi, arā ko ngā kōhatu porotaka, te kirikiri (morene) rānei, te onepu rānei i mahue i te rewa o te huka. Kei ngā paparanga o ngā roto huka o mua te uku huka.
Whaka. 6 - Te oneone kōpaka