Ma ka mīkini honua, ʻekolu nā ʻano nui o ka lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia: ka lepo paʻa ʻole, ka lepo paʻa, a me nā lepo o ke kumu organika. Ma waho aʻe, aia nō hoʻi nā pōhaku, akā ʻaʻole lākou i aʻo ʻia ma ka mīkini honua, akā ma ka ʻepekema i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mīkini pōhaku.
Nā lepo ʻaʻole i paʻa
ʻAʻole paʻa a i ʻole nā lepo hui ʻole ʻo ia nā lepo nona nā mea i hui ʻole ʻia e kekahi mea hoʻopili. Ma ke ʻano maloʻo, ke kū ʻole i ka pulu, ua kūʻokoʻa loa nā mea paʻa o ka lepo hui ʻole i loko o ka nui lepo, a ma waena o lākou he ʻumi wale nō ka paʻa ʻana o ka hakakā, i kapa ʻia he hakakā kūloko. Aia i loko o nā lepo hui ʻole:
- ʻO nā poloka, ka nui o nā hua 200 – 2000 mm
- ʻĀpana ʻōhā, ka nui o nā hua 60 – 200 mm
- ʻO ka ʻūhini, nui o nā ʻāpana 2 – 60 mm
- One, nui o nā ʻāpana 0,02 – 2 mm
- Pala, ka nui o nā hua 0,002 – 0,02 mm.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia, kapa ʻia ka māhele lepo lepo i kekahi manawa he mulj (engl. silt, nem. Schluff). Eia naʻe, no ka mea ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ka huaʻōlelo mulj e hōʻike ana i kekahi ʻano lepo o ke kumu organik, hiki i kēia inoa no ia māhele ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻomaopopo hewa.
Kiʻi. 1 - Lepo one
Nā lepo paʻa
ʻO nā lepo paʻa a i ʻole lepo koherent nā lepo nona nā māhele paʻa i paʻa pū ʻia e ka kohehesia. Hiki i nā lepo koherent ke loaʻa nā waiwai kino paʻa ʻole loa, a maʻalahi ke loli ma lalo o ka hana a ka wai. Aia i loko o nā lepo paʻa nā mea i loaʻa nā māhele paʻa ma lalo iho o 0,002 mm. ʻO ka lepo i loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā māhele o ka nui 0,002 – 0,0002 mm i kapa ʻia he palolo, a inā he nui 0,0002 – 0,00002 mm kēia mau māhele, kapa ʻia ia he palolo kololaa.
I ke kūlohelohe, loaʻa kakaʻikahi ka pālolo maʻemaʻe, akā ua hui pinepine ʻia me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, e like me ke one a me ka lepo māmā, i kapa ʻia he ilovača; kapa ʻia ka pālolo me ka pōhaku kalika he pālolo māloko (lapor), a ʻo ka pālolo me ka magenesia ʻo ia ka uma. ʻO ka mea maʻamau i ʻae ʻia, ʻo ka lepo i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% o nā ʻāpana pālolo e kapa ʻia he pālolo momona a i ʻole he pālolo wale nō, ʻoiai ka lepo me ka emi iho ma mua o 50% o nā ʻāpana pālolo e kapa ʻia he lepo pālolo. ʻO ka lepo i loaʻa ka emi iho ma mua o 5% o nā ʻāpana pālolo i manaʻo ʻia he mau ʻano ko ka lepo pili ʻole.
ʻO ke ala wikiwiki a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ka pūʻulu o kekahi lepo, ʻo ia ke hoʻomaloʻo i ka laʻana a hoʻāʻo e wīwī iā ia ma waena o nā manamana lima. Hāʻule koke nā lepo ʻaʻole paʻa. Pāpāli nā lepo pālolo ma waena o nā manamana lima i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a lilo ka pālolo i mea paʻakikī kokoke e like me ka pōhaku.
Kiʻi 2 - Kele lepo pālolo
Nā lepo mai ke kumu lāʻau organika
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau lepo i ka hapa nui o nā mea kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā mea kanu, me nā ʻāpana pālolo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o ka nui o nā mea kūlohelohe, he paʻa ʻole loa kēia mau lepo a omo ikaika i ka wai, a no laila ʻaʻole kūpaʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo i lepo kākoʻo, a i ʻole i mea no ka hana ʻana i nā hale lepo. Aia ma kēia pūʻulu ka humus, muʻū a me ka peat.
ʻO Humus ka lepo momona i loaʻa ma ka papa luna o ka ʻili honua, me ka mānoanoa maʻamau he mau decimetera wale nō. Hana ʻia ia i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea organika a me nā mea mineral me ka nui o nā bacteria. I ka hana ʻana i nā pālaha lepo, nā alanui, a me nā hana like ma ka lepo, a pēlā pū i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka wahi loaʻa mea no ka hana ʻana i nā hale lepo, pono e ʻeli a wehe aku i ka papa humus holoʻokoʻa, a hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia ia no ka pale ʻana i nā pali lepo i ka holoi ʻia e ka wai.
Kiʻi 3 - Humus
ʻŌpala lepo he hui ia o nā meaola ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa me nā mea mineral e like me ka pālolo, ka lepo ʻulaʻula, a me ke one. Aia ia ma lalo o nā kahawai kahiko a me nā loko kahiko.
ʻO ka peat he nui ka nui o nā mea kanu a me nā mea olaola ma ke ʻano o nā ʻiliʻili, me ka haʻahaʻa o nā mea minerala.
Ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka lepo
Inā mākou e ʻoki i ka ili honua, e ʻike mākou he nui ka manawa i haku ʻia ʻo ia i ka lepo ʻili – ka humus me ka mānoanoa lahilahi o ka papa, a laila ka lepo ma lalo o ka ʻili i haku ʻia i hoʻokahi a i ʻole nui nā papa o ke ʻano like ʻole a me nā mānoanoa like ʻole, a ma hope loa ka pōhaku paʻa. Ua haku ʻia ka lepo ʻili ma muli o ka popopo ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā mea organika, ʻoiai ua haku ʻia ka lepo ma lalo o ka ʻili ma muli o ka popopo ʻana o ka pōhaku paʻa.
Hiki mai ka wāwahi ʻana o ka pōhaku paʻa ma muli o nā hopena o ke aniau a i ʻole ma muli o ka hana pele. Hiki i nā hopena o ke aniau ke lilo i mechanical a i ʻole kemika. Inā ʻo ke kaʻina o ka wāwahi ʻana o ka pōhaku paʻa he hui ʻana o nā minelala me ka ʻokikene, laila ʻo ia ka wāwahi ʻana ma ka ʻokikene, a inā he hui ʻana me ka wai, laila ʻo ia ka wāwahi ma ka hoʻoulu wai. ʻO ka hana pele he kemika. Ma muli o ka wela nui, lilo ka pōhaku paʻa i lehu pele.
Hiki ke hana ʻia ke kaʻina o ka wāwahi ʻana o ka pōhaku paʻa a me kona hoʻololi ʻana i lepo ma kahi ponoʻī “in situ” a i ʻole me ka lawe ʻana. Hana ʻia ka lawe ʻana o nā ʻāpana i wāwahi ʻia e ka wai, a ma ia hihia e kū mai ai nā lepo ʻaluviala, ka makani, i ka wā e lilo ai lākou i lepo eolia a i ʻole ka hau, i ka wā e hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā lepo hauʻili. I ka wā o ka lawe ʻana o nā ʻāpana i wāwahi ʻia a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka pōhaku paʻa, hana hou ʻia ko lākou liʻiliʻi ʻana ma muli o ka hahau ʻana, ka hakakā ʻana a me ka holoi ʻana, i hōʻike ʻia ai lākou i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana. Ma muli o ia hana, hoʻopuni ʻia nā kihi o nā ʻāpana i wāwahi ʻia, liʻiliʻi aʻe nā ʻāpana hou, hoʻopuni hou ʻia ko lākou mau kihi, a pēlā aku nō a pau ka lōʻihi o ka lawe ʻana. Pili ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā mea paʻa i ka paʻa o ka pōhaku, ka lōʻihi o ka lawe ʻana, ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana, a pēlā aku. No laila, he ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana paʻa i loko o ka lepo: poepoe, ʻolova, me nā kihi ʻoi a i ʻole i hoʻopuni ʻia, huinakolu a pēlā aku. ʻO nā mea paʻa o ka nui 0,02 – 0,002 mm, ka māhele i kapa ʻia ma ka ʻenekinia lepo he lepo lepo liʻiliʻi, he poepoe a ʻolova ka hapa nui. ʻO nā mea pēlā o ka nui ma lalo iho o 0,002 mm, ka māhele i kapa ʻia he ʻele, he ʻano ʻāpana lahilahi ko lākou. Hiki i nā ʻāpana nui aʻe o ke one, ka ʻiliʻili a me nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi ke loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole: huinahā, poepoe, pālahalaha, a pēlā aku. Paʻakikī aʻe ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana huinahā, maʻalahi aʻe nā ʻāpana pālahalaha. No laila, hiki i nā lepo i haku nui ʻia me nā ʻāpana pālahalaha ke hoʻololi maʻalahi i ko lākou haku ʻana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia, aia kekahi mau lepo, ua pau loa ko lākou hana ʻana, a i kekahi manawa ua uhi hou ʻia ma hope e nā waiho hou, no laila, noho ka lepo i hana mua ʻia ma lalo, a ma luna o ka waiho hou ua hana ʻia ai kekahi lepo ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole pono e pili iki i ka mea ma mua. Kapa ʻia kēlā lepo i hana mua ʻia a uhi ʻia ma hope e ka waiho hou, he lepo kanu ʻia. ʻO ka hapanui o ia mau mea he mau ʻāina mahiʻai i mahi ʻia, a ma hope ua uhi ʻia e nā waiho o ka lepo lehu mai ka lewa i lawe ʻia e ka makani, akā hiki nō hoʻi i nā waiho ke lilo i nā waiho muliwai. ʻIke ʻia ka lepo kanu ʻia ma muli o kona kala ʻeleʻele, a hiki ke nui nā papa lepo pēlā inā ua hana hou ʻia kēia hana i nā manawa he nui.
Nā lepo aluviala
Pū mai nā lepo alluvial ma ka waiho ʻana o nā ʻāpana paʻa i ka lawe ʻia ʻana e ka wai. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka waiho ʻana e nā kumu he nui, a ʻo nā mea nui loa ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ke kahe wai, ka nui o nā ʻāpana i lawe ʻia, a me ka nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka paʻakai, ka lime, a pēlā aku. I nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe o ke kahe wai, waiho wale ʻia nā ʻāpana nui, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e waiho ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, akā lawe ʻia aku nō. No laila, waiho ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻa nui aʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kahe wai, kokoke i ke kumu, kahi e kiʻekiʻe ai ka wikiwiki o ke kahe. I ka emi ʻana o ka wikiwiki o ke kahe wai, waiho ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi aʻe. I ka wai mālie, me ke kahe ʻole, waiho mau ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻa liʻiliʻi loa. Ma nā wahi a pau e lohi ai ke kahe wai, nui nā waiho ʻana e kū mai ai, e like me ka mea ma ka ʻāina i kahe ʻia i ka wā e kahe aku ai ka wai mai ke kahawai, a ma ka waha o nā muliwai, ma mua o nā pā wai, a pēlā aku.
Hiki ke hoʻomau ka noho ʻana o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o ka pālolo koloid i ka wā pau ʻole ma muli o ka hana electrochemical, e kū mai ana ma waena o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 0,0002 mm ke hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i loko o ka wai. I ia hihia, lawe nā ʻāpana paʻa i ka ukana uila o ka hōʻailona like (ʻino), no laila lākou e kūʻē ai kekahi i kekahi a neʻe i loko o ka wai me nā wikiwiki e nui aʻe ana ke liʻiliʻi aʻe. ʻO ia nā neʻe Brown. Ma muli o kēlā mau neʻe, ua hoʻōmi nui ʻia ka noho ʻana o nā ʻāpana paʻa i loko o ka wai a hiki ke lōʻihi i ka wā pau ʻole.
Sl. 4 - Lepo alluvial
Nā lepo ʻeolika
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lepo eolika ma o ka lawe ʻana mai i nā ʻāpana paʻa e ka makani. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻelua ʻano o ka lepo eolika: les a me dine. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka les i nā ʻāpana paʻa me ka nui ma kahi o 0,05 mm a i ʻole ʻoi iki aʻe paha, i hoʻopili pū ʻia e ka kalipona karbonata. No laila, ke maloʻo, nui ka ikaika o ka les. Hiki ke kū nā ʻoki i loko o ka les me nā ʻaoʻao kū pololei ma nā kiʻekiʻe nui loa. Eia naʻe, inā e pulu nui ka les, nalowale kona ikaika a neʻe maʻalahi. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hihia o nā waihona les ma Bežanijska kosa kokoke i Belgrade, e kū ana me nā ʻaoʻao kū pololei ma nā kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 20m. Eia naʻe, ma nā ʻāpana i kūkulu ʻia ai nā noho kokoke i nā kihi, e like me ke ʻano o ke alanui Čunarska ma Zemun, kahi e pulu mau ai ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pali ponoʻī o ka pā les ma muli o ka pālahalaha ʻana o nā wai i hoʻohana ʻia, hāʻule nā pali les a pilikia ka paʻa o ka lepo les kokoke i ke kihi.
ʻO Nā dunes he mau puʻu neʻe o ke one ʻāweo ʻole i lawe ʻia mai e ka makani. Hoʻolahalaha koke ʻia kēia mau puʻu e ka makani a kū hou ʻia, no laila he mea hoʻoweliweli lākou i ke kanu ʻia ʻana a me ka hāʻule ʻana o nā hale a me nā kaʻa halihali.
Sl. 5 - Lepo eolika
Nā lepo hauʻakea
Hana ʻia nā lepo hauhau ma o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana paʻa o ka lepo e ka hau. He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā lepo hauhau ma mua o nā lepo alluvial, no ka mea, he mau ʻāpana paʻa lākou me ka nui like ʻaneʻane, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pōhaku poepoe, nā ʻāpana ʻiliʻili (moraines) a i ʻole ke one i koe ma hope o ka hehee ʻana o ka hau. Aia ka pālolo hauhau ma nā papa o nā loko hauhau kahiko.
Sl. 6 - Lepo haukalā