Mu mechanics yevhu panosiyaniswa mhando nhatu huru dzevhu: isina kubatana, rakabatana uye vhu remavambo epanyama. Kunze kweizvozvo panewo matombo, asi haadzidziswi mu mechanics yevhu, asi muchidzidzo chesainzi mechanics yematombo.
Ivhu risina kusungirirwa
Ivhu risina kusungwa kana kuti ivhu risingabatani ndereavo vane zvikamu zvaro zvisina kusungwa nechero chinhu chinosungirira. Panyika pakaoma, kana zvisingakanganiswi nemunyoro, zvikamu zvakasimba zveivhu risina kusungwa zvinenge zvakasununguka chose muhukama hwevhu uye pakati pazvo panongova nekukweshera chete, kunonzi kukweshera kwemukati. Muvhu risina kusungwa munosanganisira:
- Mablock, saizi yezviyo 200 – 2000 mm
- Drobina, saizi yezviyo 60 – 200 mm
- Matombo madiki, saizi yezviyo 2 – 60 mm
- Jecha, saizi yetsanga 0,02 – 2 mm
- Guruva, ukuru hwezviyo 0,002 – 0,02 mm.
Zvinoratidzwa kuti chikamu cheguruva dzimwe nguva chinonzi mulj (engl. silt, nem. Schluff). Zvisinei, sezvo muno mulj richireva rudzi rwevhu rine mavambo ezvipenyu, zita iri rekureva chikamu chataurwa rinogona kukonzera kusanzwisisana.
Sl. 1 - Ivhu rejecha
Ivhu rakasungwa
Akabatana kana coherent soils ndiwo ayo zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa pakati pawo nekubatana kwecohesion. Ivhu rine coherence rinogona kuva nezvinhu zvemuviri zvisina kugadzikana zvikuru, zvinogona kuchinja nyore pasi pekuita kwemvura. Muvhu rakabatana munosanganisirwa iro rine zvinhu zvakasimba zvehukuru huri pasi pe 0,002 mm. Ivhu rine zvikamu zvikuru zvine hukuru hwe 0,002 – 0,0002 mm rinonzi ivhu, uye kana zvikamu izvi zviri nehukuru hwe 0,0002 – 0,00002 mm, rinonzi ivhu recolloid.
Muzvisikwa, ivhu rakachena rinowanikwa kashoma, kazhinji rinenge rakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvikamu, zvakaita sesadza ne guruva, izvo zvinonzi ilovača; ivhu rine matombo eraimestone rinonzi ivhu remarling (marl), uye ivhu rine magnesium ndi uma. Kazhinji zvinogamuchirwa kuti ivhu rine zvinopfuura 50% zvezvikamu zvevhu rinonzi ivhu rakafuta kana kungoti ivhu, nepo ivhu rine pasi pe 50% zvezvikamu zvevhu richinzi ivhu rine ivhu. Ivhu rine pasi pe 5% zvezvikamu zvevhu rinoonekwa seine hunhu hwevhu risina kubatana.
Nzira inokurumidza uye iri nyore kwazvo yekuongorora boka rinoenderana nevhu ndeyekuomesa muenzaniso uye woedza kuupwanyika pakati peminwe. Ivhu risingabatani rinoputsika pakarepo. Ivhu rine udongo rinopwanyika kuita zvidimbu zvidiki pakati peminwe, uye udongo hunosimba hunenge hwakaoma sematombo.
Sl. 2 - Ivhu rine ivhu
Ivhu remabviro ezvinhu zvipenyu
Ivhu iri rine chikamu chikuru chezvinhu zveorganic kana zvezvirimwa, zvine ivhu revhu uye zvimwe zvikamu. Nekuda kwekuti rine zvinhu zveorganic, ivhu iri harina kugadzikana zvikuru uye rinonwa mvura yakawanda, saka harigadziriki uye harigoni kushandiswa seivhu rinotakura mutoro kana sechinhu chekugadzira zvivako zvenyika. Muvhu iri mune humus, silt uye peat.
Humus ivhu rine manyowa rinowanikwa muchikamu chepamusoro chemakobvu epasi, rinowanzova nehukobvu hwemadekimita mashoma. Rinosanganisira musanganiswa wezvinhu zvipenyu nezvicherwa zvine mabhakitiriya mazhinji. Pakugadzira mapadza evhu, nzira dzemumigwagwa nemamwe mabasa akafanana pavhu, uyewo pakuchera munzvimbo yekukweretesa zvinhu zvekugadzira zvivako zvevhu, zvakakosha kuchera nekubvisa rukoko rose rwehumus, runogona kushandiswa chete pakudzivirira materu evhu kuti asashambidzwe nemvura.
Muf. 3 - Humus
Matope anoumbwa nemusanganiswa wezvinhu zvipenyu zviri muchimiro chezvimedu zvidiki kwazvo nezvinhu zvemaminerari zvakaita sevhu, guruva uye jecha. Anowanikwa pazasi perwizi nemadhamu ekare.
Turf inoumbwa nehuwandu hukuru hwezvinhu zvezvirimwa nezveorganic zviri muchimiro chefibha, iine huwandu hushoma hwezvinhu zvemaminerari.
Kwakatangira ivhu
Kana tikaita chikamu kuburikidza necrust yepasi, tinoona kuti rinowanzoumbwa ne ivhu repamusoro – humus rine ukobvu hudiki hwerukoko, wozotevera ivhu repasi pevhu rinoumbwa nerukoko rumwe kana kupfuura rwekuumbwa kwakasiyana uye ukobvu hwakasiyana-siyana, uye pakupedzisira ne dombo rakasimba. Ivhu repamusoro rakabva zvikuru pakuora kwezvinhu zvezvirimwa nezvinhu zvipenyu, nepo ivhu repasi pevhu rakabva pakuora kwedombo rakasimba.
Kuparara kwedombo rakaoma kunoitika nekuda kwe zvinokanganisa zvemamiriro ekunze kana nekuda kwe chiito chevolkeno. Zvinokanganisa zvemamiriro ekunze zvinogona kuva zvemuchina kana zvemakemikari. Kana nzira yekuputsika kwedombo rakaoma iri kubatana kwemaminerari neokisijeni, zvino i kuparara neoxidation, uye kana iri kubatana nemvura, zvino i kuparara nekudhiridzwa nemvura. Chiito chevolkeno chemakemikari. Nekuda kwekupisa kukuru dombo rakaoma rinoshanduka kuva vulcanic ash.
Maitiro ekuora kwedombo rakasimba uye kushanduka kwaro kuita ivhu kunogona kuitika panzvimbo „in situ“ kana nekutakurwa. Kutakurwa kwezvikamu zvakaputsika kunoitwa nemvura, apo panobuda ivhu realluvial, nemhepo, apo rinova ivhu reaeolian kana nechando, apo panoumbwa ivhu reglacial. Panguva yekutakurwa kwezvimedu nezvidimbu zvedombo rakasimba, kuputswa kwazvo kunoenderera mberi nekuda kwekurohwa, kukweshera uye kugezwa, izvo zvazvinoratidzwa nazvo panguva yekutakurwa. Nekuda kwechiito ichocho, mipendero yezvimedu zvakaputsika inotenderera, zvimedu zvitsva zvinopwanyika, mipendero yazvo inotenderera zvakare uye zvichidaro kusvika kutakurwa kwapera. Kukura uye chimiro chezvinhu zvakasimba zvinoenderana nesimba redombo, kureba kwekutakurwa, mhando yekutakurwa nezvimwe. Nokudaro chimiro chezvimedu zvakasimba muvhu chakasiyana zvikuru: denderedzwa, oval, chine mipendero yakapinza kana yakatenderera, chemativi matatu nezvimwe. Zvinhu zvakasimba zvine ukuru hwe0,02 – 0,002 mm, chikamu icho chinonzi muinjiniya yevhu guruva, kazhinji chiri chedenderedzwa kana oval. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvine ukuru huri pasi pe0,002 mm, chikamu chinonzi ivhu revhu, zvine chimiro chemapapiro. Zvimedu zvakakura zvejecha, matombo madiki uye matombo akakomberedzwa zvinogona kuva nemhando dzakasiyana: zvekuboka, zvakakomberedzwa, zvakatsetseka, nezvimwe. Zvimedu zvekuboka zvinonetsa kuchinja chimiro chazvo, zvakatsetseka zviri nyore. Nokuda kweizvi ivhu rine zvikamu zvakawanda zvakatsetseka rinogona kuchinja zviri nyore kuumbwa kwaro.
Zvinotaurwa kuti mamwe marudzi evhu, ayo kugadzirwa kwawo kwapera zvachose, dzimwe nguva anofukidzwa zvakare nemadonhwe matsva, zvekuti ivhu rakanga ratoumbwa kare rinoramba riri mukadzika, asi padonhwe idzva panoumbwa rimwe ivhu risingafaniri kuva nerutivi chero ripi zvaro nerakare. Ivhu rakadai raimbogadzirwa kare rozozofukidzwa nedonhwe idzva rinonzi ivhu rakavigwa. Aya anowanzo kuva minda yakarimwa, yakazogadziridzwa ndokufukidzwa nemadonha eguruva reless nemhepo, asi madonhwe acho anogonawo kuva erwizi. Ivhu rakavigwa rinozivikanwa neruvara rwakasviba uye matinji akadaro evhu anogona kuva akawanda kana maitiro aya akadzokororwa kakawanda.
Ivhu rialuviyari
Ivhu realluvial rinoumbwa nekukandwa pasi kwezvimedu zvakasimba panguva yekutakurwa nemvura. Kukandwa pasi kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda, pakati pazvo zvakanyanya kukosha kumhanya kwemvura, ukuru hwezvinhu zviri kutakurwa, uye huwandu hwezvimwe zvinoriumba zvakaita semunyu, lime, nezvimwe. Pamwero mukuru wekuyerera kwemvura, zvinongokandwa pasi zvikamu zvikuru chete, nepo zvidiki zvisingakandwi pasi asi zvichifambiswa mberi. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvakasimba zvikuru zvinokandwa pasi muchikamu chepamusoro chemvura, pedyo nenzvimbo inotangira, apo kumhanya kwemvura kwakakura. Sezvo kumhanya kwemvura kuchidzikira, zvinhu zviri kuramba zvichinaka ndizvo zvinokandwa pasi. Mumvura yakanyarara, isina kuyerera, kazhinji zvinhu zvakasimba zviduku zvikuru ndizvo zvinokandwa pasi. Pose panotanga kuderera kumhanya kwemvura, panoitika kuunganidzwa kukuru kwezvinhu zvakakandwa pasi, sezvinoitika munzvimbo dzinofashukira pakubuda kwemvura murwizi, pamwe pamukanwa merwizi, pamberi pemadhamu, nezvimwe.
Kunyura kwezvimedu zvidiki kwazvo zveclay yecolloid kunogona kutora nguva isingaperi nekuda kwechiito cheelectrochemical, chinoitika pakati pezvimedu zvidiki zvehukuru huri pasi pe0,0002 mm kana zvatonyudzwa mumvura. Muchiitiko ichocho, zvimedu zvakasimba zvinotakura mutoro wemagetsi werudzi rumwe chete (negative), ndosaka zvichisundana uye zvichifamba mumasaizi emvura nekumhanya kunowedzera sezvazvichiri zvidiki. Aya ndiwo mafambiro aBrown. Nekuda kwekufamba uku, kunyura kwezvimedu zvakasimba mumvura kunononoka zvikuru uye kunogona kutora nguva isingaperi.
Fig. 4 - Ivhu rerwizi rakatakurwa nemvura
Ivhu remhepo
Ivhu reAeolian rinoumbwa nokuiswa kwezvimedu zvakasimba nemhepo. Pane mhando mbiri dzeivhu reaeolian les ne dine. Les rinoumbwa nezvimedu zvakasimba zvine ukuru hunosvika pa0,05 mm kana zviri pasi ipapo, zvakabatana pamwe nekabhoneti yecalcium. Nokuda kweizvozvo, kana riri rakaoma, les rine kusimba kukuru. Makucheka mu les anogona kumira nemativi akatwasuka pakakwirira zvikuru. Zvisinei, kana les ranyoroveswa zvakanyanya, rinorasikirwa nekusimba kwaro uye rinofamba nyore. Pane nyaya dzinozivikanwa dzezviumbwa zve les paBežanijska kosa pedyo neBelgrade, zvinomira nemativi akatwasuka pakukwirira kunopfuura 20m. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzakavakwa dziri pedyo nemipendero, sezviri muČunarska street muZemun, uko kune kunyoroveswa nguva dzose pedyo chaipo nemukwidza weplateau ye les nekuda kwekupararira kwemvura yakashandiswa, materu e les anoputsika uye kugadzikana kwevhu re les pedyo nemupendero kunenge kwava panjodzi.
Dune ndiwo makomo anofamba ejecha risina kusungwa rinofuridzwa nemhepo. Makomo aya anokurumidza kuparadzirwa nekudzokororwa kugadzirwa nekuda kwemhepo, zvichiita kuti ave njodzi yekuviga nekupwanywa kwedzimba nemidziyo yekufambisa.
Muf. 5 - Ivhu re eoliyan
Ivhu remagletsiya
Ivhu reglacier rinoumbwa nekutakurwa kwezvimedu zvakasimba zvevhu nechando. Ivhu reglacier rine chimiro chakasiyana nechealluvial, nokuti rinoumbwa nezvimedu zvakasimba zvinenge zvakafanana pakukura, zvinoti matombo madiki, matombo matema (moraines) kana jecha rakasara mushure mekunyunguduka kwechando. Muzvikamu zvenharaunda dzaimbova madziva e glacier mune ivhu rinonzi glacier loam.
Muf. 6 - Ivhu remaGlacier