Emakhenikheni womhlabathi kuhlukaniswa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zenhlabathi: engenakho ukubumbana, enokubumbana kanye nenhlabathi yemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona namatshe, kodwa wona awafundwa emakhhenikheni womhlabathi, kunalokho afundwa esifundweni sesayensi esithi mekhenikhi yamatshe.
Inhlabathi engaboshiwe
Amahlelwe kancane noma izinhlabathi ezingahlangani yilezo izingxenye zazo ezingaboshwanga nganoma iyiphi into ebophayo. Esimweni esomile, lapho zingekho ngaphansi komthelela womswakama, izingxenye eziqinile zenhlabathi engahlangani zikhululekile ngokuphelele enhlanganisweni yomhlaba, futhi phakathi kwazo kukhona ukungqubuzana kuphela, okubizwa ngokuthi ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi. Emhlabathini ongahlangani kufakwa:
- Amabhulokhi, usayizi wamasongo 200 – 2000 mm
- Amatshe amakhulu, usayizi wezinhlamvu 60 – 200 mm
- Utshe oluncane, usayizi wezinhlamvu 2 – 60 mm
- Isihlabathi, usayizi wezimbewu 0,02 – 2 mm
- Uthuli, ubukhulu bezinhlamvu 0,002 – 0,02 mm.
Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi ingxenye yothuli kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi udaka (ngesiNgisi silt, ngesiJalimane Schluff). Nokho, njengoba lapha kithi udaka lusho uhlobo oluthile lomhlabathi wemvelaphi ephilayo, leli gama lale ngxenye lingabangela ukungaqondi.
Umdwebo 1 - Inhlabathi enesihlabathi
Inhlabathi ehlanganisiwe
Eziboshwe noma izinhla ezihlangene yilezo izingxenye zazo eziqinile eziboshwe phakathi kwazo ngokuhlangana. Izihlabathi ezihlangene zingaba nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezingazinzile kakhulu, ezishintsha kalula ngaphansi kwethonya lamanzi. Ezinhleni eziboshwe kufakwa lezo eziqukethe izingxenye eziqinile ezinobukhulu obungaphansi kwe-0,002 mm. Umhlabathi oqukethe ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezinobukhulu 0,002 – 0,0002 mm ubizwa ngokuthi ubumba, kanti uma lezi zingxenye zinobukhulu 0,0002 – 0,00002 mm, khona-ke ubizwa ngokuthi ubumba lwe-colloid.
Emvelweni udaka olumsulwa luvame ukungatholakali, kodwa ngokuvamile luhlanganiswe nezinye izingxenye, njengesihlabathi nothuli, okubizwa ngokuthi ilovača; udaka olunetshe likalika lubizwa ngokuthi laporovita glina (lapor), kanti udaka olunemagnesium lubizwa ngokuthi uma. Ngokuvamile kwamukelwa ukuthi inhlabathi equkethe ngaphezu kwe-50% yezingxenye ezinodaka ibizwa ngokuthi masna glina noma nje glina, kanti inhlabathi enezingxenye ezinodaka ezingaphansi kwe-50% ibizwa ngokuthi glinovito tlo. Inhlabathi equkethe ngaphansi kwe-5% yezingxenye ezinodaka ibhekwa njengenezici zenhlabathi engaqinile.
Indlela esheshayo futhi elula kakhulu yokuhlola ukuthi inhlabathi ethile ingeqembu liphi wukomisa isampula bese uzama ukuyichoboza phakathi kweminwe. Inhlabathi engahlangani iye yehle ibe yizicucu ngokushesha. Inhlabathi enobumba iyachobozeka phakathi kweminwe ibe yizicucu ezincane, kanti ubumba luba lukhuni cishe njengetshe.
Umfanekiso. 2 - Inhlabathi yobumba
Inhlabathi enomsuka wezinto eziphilayo
Lomhlabathi wenziwa ingxenye enkulu yezinto eziphilayo noma zezitshalo, kanye nezakhi zobumba nezinye. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo lo mhlabathi awuzinzile kakhulu futhi umunca amanzi kakhulu, ngakho awuzinzile futhi awukwazi ukusetshenziswa njengomhlabathi okwazi ukuthwala umthwalo, noma njengento yokwakha imisebenzi yomhlabathi. Kule mihlaba kufakwa humus, mulj kanye no treset.
I-humus ingumhlabathi ovundile, otholakala esendlalelweni esingaphezulu soqweqwe lomhlaba, ngokuvamile ubukhulu obungamadesimitha ambalwa. Yakhiwa ingxube yezinto eziphilayo nezaminerali enamagciwane amaningi. Ekwenzeni izinqwaba zomhlabathi, imizila emigwaqweni neminye imisebenzi efanayo enhlabathini, kanye lapho kumbiwa endaweni yokubolekisa izinto zokwakha izakhiwo zomhlabathi, kufanele kugujwe futhi kususwe sonke isendlalelo se-humus, esingasetshenziswa kuphela ukuvikela imithambeka yomhlaba ekukhukhuleni kwamanzi.
Sl. 3 - I-humus
Izingcolisisi zakhiwa ingxube yezinto eziphilayo ezisesimeni sezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu kanye nezinto zamaminerali ezifana nobumba, uthuli nesihlabathi. Itholakala phansi kwemifula namachibi akudala.
I-peat iqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto zezitshalo nezezinto eziphilayo ezisesimweni semicu, nenani elincane lezinto zamaminerali.
Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi
Uma besingasika uqweqwe lomhlaba, besingathola ukuthi luvame ukwakhiwa kakhulu ngenhlabathi engaphezulu – i-humus enongqimba oluncane, bese kuba ngenhlabathi engaphansi eyakhiwa ungqimba olulodwa noma amaningi anokwakheka okuhlukile nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, futhi ekugcineni idwala eliqinile. Inhlabathi engaphezulu yakheka ikakhulukazi ngokubola kwezinto zezitshalo nezinto eziphilayo, kanti inhlabathi engaphansi yakheka ngokubola kwedwala eliqinile.
Ukubhidlika kwetshe eliqinile kwenzeka ngenxa yezinto zomkhathi noma ngenxa yesenzo sentaba-mlilo. Imithelela yomkhathi ingaba eyemishini noma yamakhemikhali. Uma inqubo yokubhidlika kwetshe eliqinile kuwukuhlangana kwamaminerali ne-oksijini, khona-ke lokho ukubhidlika ngokufakwa kwe-oksijini, kanti uma kuwukuhlangana namanzi, khona-ke kuba ukubhidlika ngokufakwa kwamanzi. Isenzo sentaba-mlilo singamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu itshe eliqinile liphenduka uthuli lwentaba-mlilo.
Inqubo yokuwohloka kwetshe eliqinile nokuguquka kwalo libe umhlabathi ingaba sendaweni “in situ” noma ngokuthuthwa. Ukuthuthwa kwezingxenye eziphukile kwenziwa ngamanzi, lapho kuvela khona inhlabathi ye-alluvial, ngomoya, lapho ziba inhlabathi ze-aeolian noma ngeqhwa, lapho kwakheka khona inhlabathi ze-glacial. Ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwezingcezu namasuntswana amatshe aqinile kwenzeka ukuqhubeka kokuchotshozeka kwazo ngenxa yokushayisana, ukugudluzeka nokugezwa, okuzivezela ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. Ngenxa yalowo mthelela, imiphetho yezingcezu eziphukile iyazungeza, amasuntswana amasha achotshozwa, imiphetho yawo iphinde izungeze njalo njalo kuze kube sekupheleni kokuthuthwa. Ubukhulu nomumo wezingxenye eziqinile kuncika ekuqineni kwetshe, ubude bokuthuthwa, uhlobo lokuthuthwa njll. Ngakho-ke umumo wamasuntswana aqinile emhlabathini uhlukahlukene kakhulu: oyindilinga, oyival, onemiphetho ebukhali noma eyindilinga, ongunxantathu njll. Izingxenye eziqinile ezinobukhulu 0,02 – 0,002 mm, le ngxenye emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bomhlabathi ebizwa ngokuthi uthuli, ngokuyinhloko ziyindilinga noma ziyival. Lezi zingxenye ezinosayizi ongaphansi kuka 0,002 mm, le ngxenye ebizwa ngokuthi ubumba, zinomumo ofana nezigaxa. Izinhlayiyana ezinkulu zesihlabathi, amatshe amancane namatshe ayindilinga zingaba nemumo ehlukahlukene: eyikhabhu, eyindilinga, eyisicaba, njll. Izinhlayiyana eziyikhabhu ziguqula umumo wazo kancane, ezisicaba kalula. Yingakho imihlaba enezinhlayiyana eziyisicaba ikakhulukazi ingashintsha kalula ukwakheka kwayo.
Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi inhlabathi ethile, ukwakheka kwayo sekuphele ngokuphelele, kwesinye isikhathi kamuva imbozwa ngamaqoqo amasha, ukuze inhlabathi eseyakhiwe ngaphambili ihlale ekujuleni, kanti phezu kweqoqo elisha kwakheka enye inhlabathi engadingi ukuba ibe nento efanayo naleyo yangaphambilini. Inhlabathi eyakhiwe kanjalo ngaphambili bese imbozwa iqoqo elisha ibizwa ngokuthi inhlabathi engcwatshiwe. Lokhu kuvame ukuba yizindawo zokulima, ebezilinywa bese zimbozwa yizingqimba zothuli lwe-loess olupheshulwa umoya, kodwa izingqimba zingaba nezelemifula futhi. Inhlabathi engcwatshiwe ibonakala ngombala omnyama, futhi izingqimba ezinjalo zenhlabathi zingaba ziningi uma le nqubo iphindaphindwe kaningi.
Inhlabathi ye-alluvium
Umhlabathi we-alluvial wakheka ngokunqwabelana kwezinhlayiyana eziqinile ngesikhathi kuthuthwa ngamanzi. Ukuqoqeka kuncike ezintweni eziningi, okuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ijubane lokugeleza kwamanzi, ubukhulu bezinto ezithuthwayo kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinye izinto ezifana nosawoti, umcako, njll. Ekujubeneni okukhulu kokugeleza kwamanzi kuhlala izinto ezinkulu kuphela, kanti ezincane aziqoqeki, kodwa zithuthwa ziqhubeke. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto eziqinile ezinkulu ziqoqeka engxenyeni engenhla yokugeleza kwamanzi, eduze nomthombo, lapho ijubane lokugeleza liphezulu khona. Njengoba ijubane lokugeleza kwamanzi lehla, kuqoqeka izinto eziba ncane ngokuya ngokuncipha. Emanzini azolile, ngaphandle kokugeleza, ngokujwayelekile kuqoqeka izinto eziqinile ezincane kakhulu. Nomaphi lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi kwehla khona, kuvela ukunqwabelana okukhulu, njengoba kwenzeka endaweni egcwele izikhukhula lapho amanzi ephuma embhedeni womfula, nasemlonyeni wemifula, phambi kwamadamu, njll.
Ukucwila kwezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu zobumba lwe-colloid kungahlala isikhathi eside ngokungenamkhawulo ngenxa yesenzo se-electrochemical, esivela phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezincane ezinobukhulu obungaphansi kwe-0,0002 mm lapho zicwiliswa emanzini. Kuleso simo izinhlayiya eziqinile zithwala ugesi wensika efanayo (ongelona oqondile), ngenxa yalokho ziyaqhelelana zodwa futhi zihambe emzimbeni owuketshezi ngesivinini esikhulu ngokwengeziwe njengoba zincane. Lezi ukunyakaza kukaBrown. Ngenxa yalezi zinyakazo ukucwila kwezinhlayiya eziqinile emanzini kubambezeleka kakhulu futhi kungahlala isikhathi eside ngokungenamkhawulo.
Sl. 4 - Umhlabathi we-alluvial
Inhlabathi ye-eolian
Inhlabathi ye-aeolian yakhiwa ngokufakwa kwezinhlayiya eziqinile ngumoya. Kuhlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili zenhlabathi ye-aeolian les kanye dine. Les yakhiwa izinhlayiya eziqinile ezinobukhulu obucishe bube ngu-0,05 mm noma obuncane kancane, ezibambene phakathi kwazo nge-calcium carbonate. Ngenxa yalokho, uma isesimweni esomile, i-les inamandla amakhulu. Ukusikeka ku-les kungagcinwa kunezindonga eziqondile ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Nokho, uma i-les imanziswa kakhulu, ilahlekelwa amandla ayo futhi ihamba kalula. Kuyaziwa izibonelo zamadiphozithi e-les e-Bežanijska kosa eduze kwaseBelgrade, agcinwa nezindonga eziqondile ezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-20m. Nokho, ezingxenyeni lapho kwakhiwe khona izindawo zokuhlala eduze kwemiphetho, njengasemgwaqweni waseČunarska eZemun, lapho kuba khona ukumanzi okuqhubekayo eduze komthambeka weplathifomu ye-les ngenxa yokusakazeka kwamanzi asetshenzisiwe, imithambeka ye-les iyawa futhi ukuzinza kwenhlabathi ye-les eduze komkhawulo kusengozini.
Ama-dune amagquma ahambayo enziwe ngesihlabathi esingaboshiwe esifuthwe ngumoya. Lawa magquma, ngaphansi kwesenzo somoya, asakazeka ngokushesha bese ephinda akheke, yingakho eyingozi yokungcwaba nokuwisa izindlu nezindlela zokuthutha.
Sl. 5 - Umhlabathi we-eoliyu
Inhlabathi yeqhwa
Inhlabathi ye-glacial yakheka ngokuthuthwa kwezinhlayiya eziqinile zenhlabathi yiqhwa. Inhlabathi ye-glacial inemikhakha ehlukile kuneyezinhlaka ezilethwe amanzi, ngoba yakhiwa izinhlayiya eziqinile ezicishe zifane ngobukhulu, okungamatshe ayisiyingi, amatshe amancane (moraines) noma isihlabathi esasala ngemva kokuncibilika kweqhwa. Ezendlalelweni zamachibi angaphambilini e-glacial kukhona udaka lwe-glacial.
Sl. 6 - Inhlabathi yeqhwa