Laau a me kona mau waiwai

He veins, kumu, lālā a me lau ka lāʻau. Hōʻike ka ʻōpala i ka nui nui o ka lāʻau a me nā kiʻi50-90 %kona cubature; nā aʻa a me nā lālā10-50 %ka nui o ka laau.

Nā ʻāpana kumu o ka lāʻau

Aia nā ʻāpana kumu o ka lāʻau: puʻuwai, pith, cambium a me ka ʻili. ʻO ka ʻili ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka lāʻau, he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai ka puʻuwai. Aia ma waena o ka ʻili a me ka ʻiʻo he apo lahilahi, ʻaʻole ʻike maka ʻia e ka maka, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo cambium. ʻO nā pūnaewele o ka cambium, ma o ka mahele ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​puʻuwai puʻuwai i kēlā me kēia makahiki i loko o ke kumu lāʻau, a me nā ʻili ʻili ma waho o ka lāʻau. Ma muli o ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka cambium i nā pūnaʻi puʻuwai ʻoi aʻe ma mua o nā ʻili ʻili, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā puʻuwai ma mua o ka ʻili.

ʻO ka puʻuwai ka mea waiwai loa o ka lāʻau; Aia ma waena o ka puʻuwai a me ka ʻili. Aia ka puʻuwai i waenakonu o ka lāʻau. Aia i loko o ka ʻiʻo palupalu, porous, a he nāwaliwali loa nā ʻano mechanical. Ke loaʻa nā puʻuwai i loko o nā papa, nā laths a i ʻole nā ​​​​kukui, a laila e haki kēia mea i ka manawa. No laila, no ka nui o nā mea koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka noho ʻana o ka puʻuwai i loko o ka mea.

ʻEkolu oki lāʻau nui

Hiki ke loaʻa ka hōʻike kūpono o ka lāʻau ke nānā ʻia ma nā ʻāpana ʻekolu: transverse, radial and tangential.

_ ʻO ka pauku ʻaʻa_ ka mea e kuhikuhi ana i ke koʻi o ka lāʻau, _ ʻo ka pauku radial_ hele ma ka lāʻau, e hele ana i loko o ka puʻuwai, a ʻo tangential ka mea hele ma ka lāʻau ma waho o ka puʻuwai (fig. 1).

Fig.1. ʻEkolu oki lāʻau nui:1— tangential;2- radial;3— kuapo.

Nā makahiki, lāʻau mua a hope

Ma ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka lāʻau, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā pōʻai, e piʻi aʻe mai ke kikowaena a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao, a ua kapa ʻia nā apo makahiki (makahiki). ʻO kēlā me kēia apo makahiki he ʻāpana o loko a me waho. Ua kapa ʻia ka papa o loko he lāʻau mua, a ʻo ka papa waho he lāʻau hope. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka lāʻau mua i ka pūnāwai, a ma hope - i ke kauwela. He porous ka lāʻau mua, aia nā ʻiʻo hollow, hele ka wai i loko o ia me nā mea mineral i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, pono ia no ka meaʻai o ka lāʻau. Loaʻa ka lāʻau hope i nā pūnaewele pā mānoanoa e lawe ana i nā waiwai mechanical.

Fig.2. Nā kukuna kumu ma nā ʻāpana transverse, radial a me tangential:1- ʻili;2— ano;3— makahiki;4- ka puʻuwai;5a6— na kukuna laula laula.

Ma ka ʻāpana radial, ʻike ʻia nā papa makahiki ma ke ʻano o nā laina longitudinal pololei, ma ka ʻāpana tangential - ma ke ʻano o nā laina curved curved.

Nā kukuna kumu

Ma nā ʻāpana transverse, radial a me tangential, ma kahi o nā papa makahiki, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i core rays (Fig.2). Ma ka ʻāpana keʻa, loaʻa iā lākou ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, ma ka ʻāpana tangential - nā laina ʻeleʻele me nā kihi liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukuna kumu e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai a me ka ea ma ke kumu o ka lāʻau i ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o nā kukuna kumu ma nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole a hiki i ka like3000ma1 cm2, a ma ka spruce143000. I nā ʻano conifer, noho nā kukuna kumu3—10 %, a me na laau lau9-36%mai ka nui o ka nui o ka laau.

ʻO nā kukuna kumu he mau cell, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka ikaika mechanical, no laila lākou e hoʻonui ai i ka māhele o ka lāʻau.

Kohu kumu a me ka mahele ʻana o nā ʻano lāʻau

Ma kekahi ʻano lāʻau, e laʻa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kiko keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele paha ma ka ʻāpana keʻa o alder, birch, yew, chub, a me hornbeam. ʻO kēia mau kiko ma muli o nā ʻiniko a i ʻole ka hau e hoʻopōʻino ana i ka cambium, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo core spots. Hoʻemi kēia mau ʻili kumu i ka ikaika mechanical o ka lāʻau. Hiki ke māhele ʻia nā ʻano lāʻau a pau i ʻehā pūʻulu:

1. _ ʻAno laʻa_ (ʻoka, wōkeke, akasia keʻokeʻo, pine, kedera, larch, etc.);
2. Nā ʻano lāʻau puʻuwai makua (beech, linden, spruce, fir, Siberian a me Caucasian fir, etc.);
3. Nā ʻano me ka puʻuwai kumu a me ka naʻau oʻo (lehu, elm, etc.);
4. _ ʻAno nui_ (birch, aspen, ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo alder, hornbeam, maple, wild chestnut, maple, etc.).

Koko, kohu a me nā tile

Ma nā ʻano lāʻau palupalu, kapa ʻia ka ʻāpana waena ʻeleʻele he core, a ʻo ka ʻāpana kala māmā i kapa ʻia ʻo stem. I ka hihia o nā ʻano lāʻau me ka puʻuwai oʻo, ʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana waena o ka ʻāpana e ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka wai ma mua o ka ʻāpana peripheral. Ma kahi lāʻau ulu, lawelawe ka sapwood i ka wai a hōʻiliʻili i nā meaʻai. I kekahi ʻano lāʻau, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi sapwood pālua ma ka ʻāpana kea. ʻAʻole kēia akā ʻo ka pae mua o ka pala lāʻau i hana ʻia e nā haʻi hoʻopau lāʻau kūikawā.

ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka ikaika mechanical o ka lāʻau kohu i ke kumu, akā ʻaʻole nawaliwali i ka popopo. Me ka ulu ʻana o ka lāʻau, neʻe mālie ka sapwood i ka puʻuwai. Ma ke kaʻina hana o kēia hoʻololi, i loko o nā moku o nā ʻano lau, a i loko o ka trachea o nā conifers, ʻike ʻia nā hua kūikawā, i kapa ʻia ʻo tiles, a hoʻopiha ʻia nā lua a me nā envelopes o nā cell i nā mea kelepona a me nā mea extractive.

Hoʻopiha nā pāpaʻi i nā mea o ka puʻuwai, me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana i nā wai. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia ka srcica e hana i nā barela, nā pahu lāʻau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Pili kēia i ka lāʻau beech, nona ke kumu hoʻopunipuni, i hana ʻia ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lāʻau i nā haʻi e luku ai i kona ulu ʻana.

No ka hoʻomau ʻana i ke kumuhana, e ʻike i nā ʻatikala ma ka māmā lāʻau a me ka maloʻo lāʻau maoli. Inā e hoʻolālā ana ʻoe i nā mea hoʻohui hou, e nānā i nā puka makani lāʻau maʻamau a i ʻole e hoʻouna i noi no ka ʻōlelo.