Maiʻiʻo loea waihona: mālama ka ʻatikala i nā waiwai mōʻaukala, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, nā hoʻohālikelike a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā pōhaku lepo a me nā tile. ʻAʻole kūpono ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī o ka huahana, static a i ʻole ke ahi, ka nānā ʻana i ka ikehu, ka kikoʻī o ka hale a i ʻole nā ʻōlelo hoʻokō. Hoʻohana ka papahana i nā huahana i hōʻike ʻia, nā kūlana o kēia manawa, ka ʻikepili a ka mea hana a me nā helu ʻana e nā loea i ʻae ʻia.
I kēia lā, nānā ʻo Savo Kusić i nā puka makani lāʻau, mau pukaaniani laau-aluminika, pukapuka maʻamau, puka a me noi no ka haʻi ʻōlelo. He waihona ʻenehana kēia ʻatikala a ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i kahi hāʻawi no ka hana pōhaku, tile, masonry a i ʻole ka hana hale.
Ua hana ʻia nā pōhaku lepo, nā paipu, nā ipu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe mai ka wā kahiko. Ma ka hoʻomehana mālie ʻana i nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻoluʻu mālie, hele nā ʻano mai nā mea maka i loko o nā kino paʻa ʻoi aʻe a liʻiliʻi paha. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana o ka pālolo, hiki ke hana ʻia nā brick i kālua ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole.
Piliki pā (nā pōhaku i kālua)
1. ʻO ke ʻano, nā hiʻohiʻona waho a me nā ana
I mea e loaʻa ai nā pōhaku lepo me nā māwae liʻiliʻi a me nā ana kūpono e like me ka hiki, hoʻohui ʻia ke one, nā ʻāpana pōhaku a me ka palaoa pālolo maloʻo i ka nui maka. Loaʻa i nā pālolo mai kekahi mau wahi ka lime i loko o nā puʻupuʻu nui. ʻOiai ʻaʻole nui ka nui o ka lime, pono e māhele ʻia ka lime, no ka mea ma hope o ke kī ʻana hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka wai e komo i ka pōhaku. A laila hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka leo ke alakaʻi i ka ʻili inā waiho nui ka puʻupuʻu lime.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o waho o nā pōhaku lepo e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pālolo a me ke kī ʻana. He mea koʻikoʻi ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi mai nā ana nominal no ka mea hiki i nā mānoanoa like ʻole a me nā laula o nā hui ke hoʻololi nui i ka ikaika o ka pā. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ka pā pōhaku paʻa i ka kikokikona kumu250×120×65[mm], ʻekolu hapahā185×120×65, a me na hapa120×120×65 mm. ʻAe ʻia nā haʻalele ʻana mai nā ana i manaʻo ʻia e like me ka nui o ±4%.
2. Ka ikaika o nā pōhaku lepo
Hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ikaika i ka kikokikona e ka ukana compressive, no ka mea, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pā pōhaku no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea e loaʻa ai ke kaomi. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pōhaku pōhaku ma waena o ʻelua mau ʻili kila a hoʻouka ʻia a haki. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka piko e paipai i ka hana ʻana i nā pōhaku lepo ʻole.
Hōʻike ka papa mōʻaukala 15 ʻano o nā pōhaku lepo i māhele ʻia i ʻekolu pūʻulu e like me ke kaumaha o ka nui. Hōʻike pū ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka manawa, ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha volumetric, ka ikaika liʻiliʻi a me nā kūlana paʻa i ka hau.
Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hale hana: ʻO ka haki ʻana o nā pōhaku lepo ma lalo o kahi paʻi paʻi hiki ke hoʻolei i nā ʻāpana ʻoi. ʻO nā mea hana, ka pā pale, ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana i nā laʻana, ke ana ʻana, ka pale pilikino a me nā koina hopena e kūpono i ke kaʻina hana kūpono a ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana o nā limahana i aʻo ʻia.
3. Ka ikaika paʻa o nā pā pōhaku
I ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā ʻano pōhaku like ʻole ma lalo o nā kūlana like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika compressive o ka pā i kūkulu ʻia mai nā pōhaku ikaika. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mānoanoa o nā hono, e emi ana ke kū’ē o ka pā. Hiki i nā hui like ʻole ke hoʻemi nui i ka ikaika compressive, ʻo ia ke kumu he mea nui ke ʻano kūpono a me nā ana o nā pōhaku. ’Ōlelo pū ka kikokikona e emi ana ka ikaika compressive me ka hoʻonui i ka ʻāpana pā.
Hōʻike ʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā pōhaku lepo, mortar a me ka masonry ikaika no nā ami like a me ka paʻa masonry maikaʻi e hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻohālikelike mōʻaukala a me ka papaʻaina. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka ikaika o ka pā a me ka haʻawe ʻae ʻia ma ke kikokikona ʻo 2,7 a i 4,8. Pono ka coefficient e hoʻokomo i nā koʻikoʻi hou ma muli o nā ukana eccentric a me nā hemahema o ka hana ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia. Hāʻawi ʻia ka nui e = 10 kg/cm2 no ka pā i hana maikaʻi ʻia; no ka pā me nā hemahema i ka hana, wānana ka kikokikona i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a inā pono, he waiwai maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻAʻole he helu helu: ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā lakio mōʻaukala, nā ʻāpana a me nā hoohalike no ka nui o ka pā a i ʻole ka loiloi ʻana i kahi hale e kū nei. ʻO ka hiki ke kau ʻia ma muli o nā waiwai i haʻi ʻia o nā mea a me ka mortar, geometry, pili, slenderness, load, foundation, seismicity, moisture a me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana, me ka helu kūpono e ka ʻenekini mana.
4. Elasticity o ka pōhaku lepo a me ka pā ma lalo o ke kaomi
ʻO ka elasticity o nā pōhaku lepo i kālua ʻia he ākea ākea. Hōʻike ka kikokikona kumu i ka modulus o ka elasticity me ka palena haʻahaʻa o E = 100 000 kg/cm2, ʻo ia hoʻi 1 GPa, no nā pōhaku lepo me ka ikaika compressive a puni 300 kg/cm2, ʻo ia hoʻi 3 MPa; no nā pōhaku lepo ʻē aʻe he haʻahaʻa loa ia. E a hiki i 4,5 GPa i kuhikuhi ʻia no clinker.
He mea nui ka maʻalahi o ka mortar no ka elasticity o ka pā; ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pahū lime ma mua o ka pahū sima. Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike waihona hou aʻe ma ka ʻatikala ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka sima.
ʻO ka modulus elastic o ka pā e like me nā hoʻokolohua mua ma Stuttgart i iho i E = 40 MPa me ka pahu lime a piʻi aʻe i kahi kokoke i 1600 MPa me ka pahu sima. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēlā mau waiwai ma luna o nā pā pōhaku a me nā pā pōhaku, me nā mānoanoa hui 10-12 mm.
5. Ka emi ʻana a me ka pehu ʻana o nā pōhaku lepo
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka emi ʻana a me ka pehu ʻana o nā pōhaku lepo ma mua o pōhaku maoli. No ka laʻana, no nā pōhaku lepo ikaika haʻahaʻa, ʻōlelo ʻia ka pehu ʻana a hiki i 0,19 mm/m.
6. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela a me ka conductivity
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi ʻano pōhaku maoli, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka granite, hōʻike liʻiliʻi a hoʻonui mālie nā pōhaku lepo i puhi ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka wela, e like me ke kikokikona.
Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pōhaku lepo. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka wela ma mua o nā pōhaku lepo māmā, no laila, ma ka loiloi mōʻaukala, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pōhaku e ka nui. Hōʻike ka papa ʻaina i ka mānoanoa o ka pā no ʻekolu mau wahi o ka hoʻokaʻawale wela i kēlā manawa.
Nā waiwai wela: ʻo nā mānoanoa i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ia he hōʻoia hou no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi ikehu. Ua koi ʻia nā coefficients o nā ʻāpana āpau o ka pā, nā alahaka wela i hoʻoholo ʻia, ka makū a me ka condensation, a me nā helu ʻana e like me nā lula o kēia manawa.
7. Pale pale ahi
Inā ʻike ʻia ka pā i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻōlelo ka kikokikona e hāʻule nui ka ikaika ma nā mahana ma luna o 300 °C. Loaʻa ka pōʻino i ka wā e kinai ana a me ka hoʻomālili koke ʻana o nā pōhaku lepo wela. ʻO ka pā me ka plaster e kū pono ana e wehewehe ʻia he ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa, no ka mea, hoʻolohi ka papa plaster i ka hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻomaha. No kēia kumu, ʻōlelo ka ʻatikala mōʻaukala i ka lime plaster me ka 10% gypsum a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ami ma ke ʻoki ʻana ma mua o ka hamo ʻana.
Pale ahi: ʻaʻole hōʻoia ka wela o ka mōʻaukala a me ka haku mele ʻana o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ahi. ʻO ke kū’ēʻana o ka hui e pili ana i ka’ōnaehana i haʻiʻia, ka mānoanoa, nā lua, ka ukana, nā hono, ke komo a me keʻano o ka hoʻokō. Pono e nānā ʻia kahi pā i ʻike ʻia i ke ahi a i ʻole ka hoʻoluʻu koke ʻana e kekahi loea i ʻae ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻohana hou ʻana.
8. ʻO ke ʻano e pili ana i nā hopena kemika
ʻO nā pōhaku lepo i puhi maikaʻi ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā brick facade a me ka clinker, ua wehewehe ʻia ma ka kikokikona kumu me ke kūpaʻa i ka ʻōpala a me ka wai lalo. Hōʻike pū ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o nā pā pōhaku i hoʻomoʻa ʻia no ka pale ʻana i nā hale paʻa mai nā wai ʻino. Hoʻopili ʻia ka lōʻihi o ia pale e nā pōhaku lepo me ka ʻole o nā māwae a me ka impermeability kūpono, ka mortar kūpono a me nā hono i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
Kaiapuni koʻikoʻi: ʻaʻole kau ʻia ke koho o ka pale ma ka inoa o ka mea. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ka lepo, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike a me ka mahana, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā pōhaku lepo, ka pahū a me nā hono, nā kikoʻī komo a me ka mālama ʻana, a me kahi papahana no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke kaʻa.
Tile
Hoʻokaʻawale ka kikokikona i kekahi mau ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā tile:
- kile i huki ʻia mai loko mai o ka pā palolo palahalaha, e like me ka pā hale palahalaha me ka ihu - ʻili pepa a i ʻole shingle - a huki ʻia ke tile;
- paʻi palolo palolo palolo palolo palolo, e komo pū ana me nā tile i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā ʻili.
1. ʻO ke ʻano, nā hiʻohiʻona waho a me nā ana
O ka hana ʻana i nā kīleʻa hale e pono ai ka pālolo pōhaku lepo i hoʻomākaukau pono ʻia. Pono ke ʻano o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana a me ka porous maikaʻi loa, a ʻo ka ʻili e like me ka maʻalahi e hōʻemi i ka paʻa ʻana o ka limu a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻokahe wai.
No ka ʻike maka, ua uhi ʻia ka ʻili o luna o ka tile i kekahi manawa me kahi liner palolo kala — engobe — pono e hoʻopaʻa mau ʻia i ka tile.
Pono ke ʻano a me nā ana kūpono o nā tile i paʻa pono ke kaupaku ma nā hono. Ma ka kikokikona kumu, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole pono ke kūpono hermetic, akā pono nā āpau e ʻae i ka ventilation o ka attic a me ka evaporation o ka wai condensed. ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻōlelo ʻia ai nā ʻauwaha lōʻihi a i ʻole nā iwi ʻaoʻao i ka biber-crepa.
2. Ka ikaika o ka hale
Ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana, ma ka hale a i ka wā e ʻākoakoa ai, hōʻike ka kikokikona i kahi hoʻāʻo ukana ma waena ma kahi mamao kākoʻo o 25 cm. No ka pepa crepe, ua kuhikuhi ʻia kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 50 kg no ʻelima mau ʻāpana i hoʻāʻo ʻia.
3. Hiki i ka wai
Ma ka helu mōʻaukala, pono e hāʻule nā tile ma lalo o ke kolamu wai o 5 cm leak ma ka awelika ma hope o ka 90 minuts i ka mua loa. Hoʻomaopopo ka kikokikona i ka emi nui ʻana o ka hikiwawe o nā tile he nui i ka manawa.
4. Kūleʻa ka lewa
Pono nā tile e kū i ka hoʻāʻo hau. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomaloʻo pinepine ʻana o nā ʻili pulu o ka hale, hiki ke hōʻino ʻia e ka crystallization o nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia e ka wai ua. No ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino, ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻōlelo e kaupalena ʻia nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka hana ʻana a me ka waiho ʻana i nā tile i mea e pale aku ai i ka waiho ʻana o nā mea. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pōʻino o nā tile ma kahi pali liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka nui.
Ka hana ʻana o ka hale: ʻaʻole e hoʻololi nā koina mōʻaukala i ka ʻōlelo a ka mea hana, ka pali hoʻolālā, ka hale lalo, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ka ea, nā kikoʻī komo a me ka hōʻoia hoʻouka. ʻO ka hale kahi wahi pilikia o ka hāʻule a me ka pala; mai hele ma luna o ka tile a hana i ka hana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ka pale hāʻule hui pū ʻana a me kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana.
Klinker no nā pōhaku pōhaku
No ka paʻi ʻana i nā alanui ākea, nā ala hele a me nā papahele i nā hale hana kemika, ua wehewehe ka ʻatikala mōʻaukala i nā pōhaku lepo i puhi ʻia me ka ikaika compressive kiʻekiʻe a piʻo, kūʻē i ka ʻaʻahu, nā ana maʻamau a ʻaʻohe māwae koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia i ke kī ʻana. Ua kaupalena ʻia nā ʻokoʻa mai nā ana i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i paʻa a haiki nā hono, a paʻa ka papahele.
Paving: ʻo ke koho ʻana o ka clinker a me ka substrate pono e komo i ka haʻawe i manaʻo ʻia, ka hau, ka wai a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka ʻaʻahu a me ka pale ʻana i ka paheʻe, ka palahalaha a me ka hiki ke komo. No nā papahele i hoʻopiha ʻia me ke kemika, pono ke nānā pono kūpono o ka ʻōnaehana piha.