Ukhuni luyizinto eziphilayo ezichayeke ekuboleni ngenxa yesenzo sesikhunta esibhubhisayo lapho izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama kufaneleka ekukhuleni kwazo.
Uphawu lokuqala lokuba khona kwesikhunta esihlahleni kungaba i-mycelia, i-hyphae ne-corpophores - imizimba ethela izithelo. Ukuze unqume uhlobo lwesikhunta esibangele ukubola, kuyadingeka ukuhlola isampula yesihlahla esigulayo ezimweni zaselabhorethri.
Izimo lapho amakhowe akhula khona
Amakhowe asendlini angakhula futhi athuthuke ekushiseni kuka +2kuye +35 °C, kodwa izinga lokushisa elihle kakhulu lokuthuthukiswa kwabo lisuka18ku20 °C, enomswakama we25ku150%.
Izinkuni ezomisiwe zibe umswakama ngaphansi komkhawulo we-hygroscopic, okungukuthi ngaphansi 23%, zinokuzivikela okomile ngokumelene nesikhunta esibhubhisa izinkuni. Kumswakama ongaphezulu kuka-150%, izinkuni zithola ukuvikeleka komswakama ngokumelene nesikhunta esibhubhisayo. Izindlela zokugcina izinkuni ezomile nezimanzi ezinqolobaneni zisekelwe kumgomo wokuzivikela okomile nokumanzi.
Amaqembu amathathu ezilinganiso zokuvikela izinkuni
Izinyathelo zokuvikela izinkuni ekuboleni zihlukaniswe zibe:
- eyakhayo;
- ukuxhashazwa;
- amakhemikhali.
Izinyathelo ezakhayo
Izinyathelo ezakhayo cabanga ukuhlukaniswa kokhuni ethonyeni lomswakamo wenhlabathi, ukubanda, ukufingqa komhwamuko wamanzi kanye nemvula yomkhathi, ukungenisa umoya emagumbini angaphansi nokususwa noma ukwahlukanisa ukhuni kushimula ukuze lungabaleki.
Izinyathelo zokuxhaphaza
Izinyathelo zokusebenza zihlose ukuvikelwa kokhuni ekumanzini ngenxa yenethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi engalungile, uphahla oluvuzayo, ukuvaleka kwamagatha ngamahlamvu nezinye izimbangela ezifanayo.
Iphansi le-Parquet akufanele liwashwe ngamanzi, njengoba lokhu kuzomanzisa kakhulu izitezi ezingaboni ngaphansi kwazo. Azingeni kahle umoya, zome kancane futhi zingangenwa isikhunta esicekela phansi izinkuni. Izinkuni ezitheleleke ngesikhunta esibhubhisayo akufanele zilethwe ezakhiweni, futhi isakhiwo kufanele sihlale singenisa umoya.
Izilinganiso zamakhemikhali
Izinyathelo zamakhemikhali zicabanga ukuphathwa kwezinkuni ezihloselwe imisebenzi yokwakha ngezibulala-magciwane ezikhethekile. Ahlukaniswe ama-antiseptics ancibilika emanzini, amafutha amaminerali ahlukahlukene kanye ne-gaseous antiseptics.
Ezibulala-magciwane ezincibilika emanzini, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu i-sodium fluoride (NaF) ne-sodium silicon fluoride (Na₂SiF₆). 3% isixazululo samanzi se-sodium fluoride isetshenziswa kakhulu njengesibulala-magciwane uma kwakhiwa.
Izindlela zokumilisa izinkuni
Ukufakwa kwezinkuni kwenziwa:
- ukucwiliswa;
- indlela ye-bandage;
- ngokusebenzisa supercoating;
- impregnation ngaphansi kwengcindezi;
- ukwelashwa ngama-antiseptics usebenzisa ibhulashi noma isibhamu se-spray;
- ngokusebenzisa ukugeza okushisayo okubandayo;
- ukwelashwa ngama-pastes e-antiseptic.
Ukucwilisa ukhuni
Ukucwiliswa kwezinkuni ezitsheni ezivulekile ezinezindonga noma zikakhonkolo ezigcwele isinqandakuvunda kusetshenziselwa ukufakwa kwezigxobo ze-telegraph, i-scaffolding nezinye izakhi.
Isikhathi sokucwiliswa kukaphayini si7-8izinsuku, kanye ne-spruce okungenani10izinsuku. Ngale ndlela, i-ejenti ye-antiseptic ingena ezinkuni3-6 mm.
Imodi yebhande
Indlela yebhendi isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumithisa izigxobo zocingo kanye nezigxobo zocingo. Isiphetho sepali esidinga ukugqitshwa phansi sisongwa ngebhandeshi elenziwe ngezingqimba ezimbili zendwangu yejute noma enye into lapho i-ejenti eyomile yokubulala isibulala-magciwane isakazwa ngokulinganayo.
Indwangu ithungwe ngentambo ukuze isibulala-magciwane singawi, futhi ungqimba lwaso olungaphandle kufanele lungangeni manzi. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angena ngobuso obungezansi bekholomu, agibele okhunini, ancibilikise i-antiseptic agent futhi ayidonse. Ukushona kokukhulelwa kufinyelela 1–2 cm.
I-Supercoat mode
Ngendlela ye-supercoat, i-ejenti ye-antiseptic encibilika emanzini ixutshwa ne-adhesive futhi isetshenziswe phezu kokhuni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eside, ingena ngaphakathi kokhuni.
Ukungena kwenziwa ngokomthetho wokusabalalisa, okuvumela ukugxiliswa kokhuni ngokuswakama okwandisiwe. Izibulala-magciwane ezinamafutha azikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngale ndlela.
Ukukhulelwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi
Ukufakwa ngaphansi kokucindezela kusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokulala zikaloliwe futhi kungenziwa ngendlela yokuphakela ngokugcwele noma eyongayo.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okugcwele
Ngamandla aphelele, ukhuni lufakwa kusilinda sokukhulelwa futhi lugcinwe 15–45 min ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ukuze kukhishwe umoya ezimbotsheni zongqimba olungaphezulu lokhuni. Isilinda sibe sesigcwaliswa ngesisombululo esinamanzi se-antiseptic.
Izinga lokushisa lithi 40–50 °C okwezibulala magciwane ezinamanzi, noma 90–100 °C kwezisekelwe kuwoyela. Uma isilinda sigcwaliswa ngesibulala-magciwane, umfutho we-8–20 umkhathi udalwa kusetshenziswa iphampu. Ukhuni lugcinwa ngaphansi kwalokhu kucindezela amahora angu-1–2, kuye ngosayizi wesigaba esiphambanayo sento okufanele ikhuleliswe.
Le ndlela iyabiza, njengoba idinga cishe 300 kg isibulala-magciwane okhunini 1 m³.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla ezomnotho
Ukufakwa kugesi ngamandla akongayo kudinga ukusetshenziswa okuncane kakhulu kwezibulala-magciwane zikawoyela. Ukhuni lugcinwa kusilinda sokukhulelwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomoya engu-2–4 emkhathini 10–15 mamaminithi. Isilinda sibe sesigcwaliswa ngesibulala-magciwane esinamafutha esishiselwe ku-95 °C.
Ingcindezi engu-7 ukuya ku-20 emkhathini idalwe kusilinda phakathi namaminithi angu-30 m. Ngemva kwalokho, i-ejenti yokubulala isibulala-magciwane iyakhululwa bese kuvuleka isikhala esingafika kukholomu ye-mercury efika ku-55 mm phakathi namaminithi angu-15–20 m. Ukusetshenziswa kwesibulala-magciwane sikawoyela 70–75 kg 1 m³ yokhuni.
Umgomo wokunikezwa kwamandla okongayo usekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi umoya osezimbotsheni zokhuni ucindezelwe ngenxa yokucindezela kokuqala. Ngesikhathi se-vacuum esigabeni sokugcina sokukhulelwa, umoya ocindezelwe ukhipha isibulala-magciwane ezimbotsheni zokhuni.
Ukumboza ngebhulashi noma isibhamu sokufutha
Ekwakhiweni, ukhuni lugcotshwa ngezibulala-magciwane kusetshenziswa ibhulashi noma isibhamu sokufutha.
Izinkuni ezomile ezihloselwe umsebenzi wokwakha - imishayo, ama-easel, amakholomu, amabhodi aphansi, ama-ceiling panel nezinye izakhi - ziphathwa ngesisombululo samanzi ashisayo esingamaphesenti amathathu se-sodium fluoride. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa indawo yokhuni yomile, ukwelashwa kuyaphindwa.
Ibhavu elibandayo elishisayo
Indlela yokugeza eshisayo iyasebenza kakhulu. Ukhuni olomile lucwiliswa ethangini eligcwaliswe ngesisombululo samanzi esingamaphesenti amathathu se-sodium fluoride ezingeni lokushisa elingu-95 °C. Ngokuya ngobukhulu bokusikwa, ihlala ku-antiseptic cishe amahora amane.
Ukhuni lube seludluliselwa kusixazululo esibulala amagciwane ezingeni lokushisa elingu-20–25 °C, lapho luhlala khona amahora angu-2–2,5.
Izibulala-magciwane ezinamafutha
Kuma-antiseptics kawoyela, uwoyela we-creosote ne-carbolineum asetshenziselwa kakhulu ukumilisa iziphetho ezingezansi zezigxobo ze-telegraph, iziphetho zemishayo egqitshwe phansi, imishayo yokulala, izindawo zokulala zikaloliwe nezinto ezifanayo.
Ngenxa yephunga elibukhali nelingemnandi, izinkuni ezihloselwe izakhiwo zokuhlala, izindawo zokugcina izithelo nemifino nezinye izindawo zemikhiqizo yokudla akumele zifakwe izibulala-magciwane zikawoyela.
I-Antiseptic coatings kanye nama-gas agents
Izimbotshana ze-Antiseptic, i-silicate coat, i-extract supercoat ne-bituminous supercoat nazo zisetshenziselwa ukumilisa ukhuni.
Izimbotshana ezibulala amagciwane zisetshenziswa endaweni yokhuni ngebhulashi, ngenani elingu-450 ukuya ku-750 g 1 m² ngayinye. Ama-Supercoatings asetshenziswa ukuze kugxiliswe izingxenye zokhuni ezibaluleke kakhulu, njengeziphetho zemishayo, izisekelo zamagridi kanye neziphetho zamakholomu agqitshwe phansi.
Ama-antiseptic agents - i-chlorpicrin, igesi yesulfure nezinye - awavamile ukusetshenziswa.
Ukukhetha inqubo yokuvikela
Indlela yokukhulelwa ikhethwa ngokuya ngezimo lapho ukhuni lutholakala khona.
Ukuze usebenzise ukhuni emsebenzini wokubaza wesimanje, bheka amawindi okhuni kanye neminyango yangaphambili, noma thumela umbuzo nge-ikhasi lokuxhumana.