Mkhuni ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimavunda chifukwa cha zochita za mafangasi owononga pamene kutentha ndi chinyezi zili bwino kuti zikule.

Chizindikiro choyamba cha kukhalapo kwa bowa pamtengo chikhoza kukhala mycelia, hyphae ndi corpophores - matupi obala zipatso. Kuti mudziwe mtundu wa bowa womwe unayambitsa kuvunda, m’pofunika kufufuza chitsanzo cha mtengo wodwala mu labotale.

Mikhalidwe yomwe bowa wa m’nyumba amamera

Bowa wa m’nyumba amatha kukula ndikukula pa kutentha kwa +2ku +35 °C, koma kutentha kwabwino kwambiri pakukula kwawo kumachokera18ku20 °C, ndi chinyezi cha25ku150%.

Nkuni zowuma mpaka ku chinyezi pansi pa malire a hygroscopic, mwachitsanzo pansipa 23%, zili ndi chitetezo chowuma ku mafangasi owononga nkhuni. Pachinyezi pamwamba pa 150%, nkhuni zimapeza chitetezo chokwanira ku bowa wowononga. Njira zosungira nkhuni zouma ndi zonyowa m’nyumba zosungiramo katundu zimatengera chitetezo chowuma komanso chonyowa.

Magulu atatu azitsulo zotetezera nkhuni

Njira zoteteza nkhuni kuti zisawole zagawidwa motere:

  • zolimbikitsa;
  • kudyera masuku pamutu;
  • mankhwala.

Miyezo yomanga

Njira zomangira zimaganizira za kutsekeka kwa nkhuni chifukwa cha chinyezi cha nthaka, kuzizira, kukhazikika kwa nthunzi yamadzi ndi mpweya wa mumlengalenga, mpweya wabwino wa zipinda zapansi ndi kuchotsa kapena kutsekereza nkhuni pa chumuni kuti zisawole moto.

Njira zopezera masuku pamutu

Njira zogwirira ntchito zimayang’ana kutetezedwa kwa matabwa kuti zisanyowe chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa madzi, kutsekeka kwa denga, kutsekeka kwa ngalande ndi masamba ndi zina zotero.

Parquet pansi sayenera kutsukidwa ndi madzi, chifukwa izi zidzanyowetsa kwambiri pansi pakhungu pansi pake. Zimakhala zopanda mpweya wabwino, zimauma pang’onopang’ono ndipo zimatha kutenga matenda owononga nkhuni. Matabwa okhala ndi mafangasi owononga sayenera kubweretsedwa m’nyumba, ndipo m’nyumbamo muzizikhala ndi mpweya wabwino nthawi zonse.

Miyezo ya mankhwala

Miyezo yamankhwala imaganizira zopangira matabwa opangira ntchito zomanga ndi mankhwala apadera opha tizilombo. Amagawidwa m’magulu ophatikizika osungunuka m’madzi, mafuta osiyanasiyana amchere ndi mankhwala ophera mpweya.

Pa mankhwala osungunula m’madzi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sodium fluoride (NaF) ndi sodium silicon fluoride (Na₂SiF₆). 3% madzi osungunuka a sodium fluoride amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera matabwa pomanga.

Njira zoyika matabwa

Kuyika matabwa kumachitika:

  • kumizidwa;
  • bandeji njira;
  • pogwiritsa ntchito supercoating;
  • impregnation pansi pa mavuto;
  • mankhwala ndi antiseptics pogwiritsa ntchito burashi kapena kupopera mfuti;
  • pogwiritsa ntchito madzi osamba otentha;
  • mankhwala ndi antiseptic phala.

Kumiza nkhuni

Kumizidwa kwa matabwa m’mabeseni otseguka okhala ndi mipanda kapena konkire wodzazidwa ndi antiseptic ntchito impregnation wa telegraph mizati, scaffolding ndi zinthu zina.

Nthawi yomizidwa paini ndi7-8masiku, ndi spruce osachepera10masiku. Mwa njira iyi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amalowa mu nkhuni3-6 mm.

Bandage Mode

Njira ya bandi imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakuyimiritsa ma telegalafu ndi ma telefoni. Mapeto a nsanamira yomwe iyenera kukwiriridwa pansi imakulungidwa ndi bandeji yopangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za nsalu ya jute kapena zinthu zina momwe mankhwala owuma opha tizilombo amagawidwa mofanana.

Nsaluyi imasokedwa ndi chingwe kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda asagwe, komanso kunja kwake kusakhale madzi. Madzi apansi amalowa m’munsi mwa mzati, amakwera m’mitengo, amasungunula mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuchikoka. Kuzama kwa kuimitsidwa kumafika 1–2 cm.

Supercoat mode

Mu njira ya supercoat, mankhwala osungunuka m’madzi amasakanikirana ndi zomatira ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa nkhuni. Pakapita nthawi yaitali, imalowera mkati mwa matabwa.

Kulowetsa kumachitika molingana ndi lamulo la kufalikira, komwe kumalola kuti matabwa alowemo ndi chinyezi chochulukirapo. Mankhwala ophera mafuta sangagwiritsidwe ntchito motere.

Kulowetsedwa pansi mopanikizika

Kuthira m’mitsempha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kwa ogona m’njanji ndipo amatha kuchitidwa ndi njira yodyetsera yokwanira kapena yosachepera.

Magetsi athunthu

Pa mphamvu zonse, nkhuni zimayikidwa mu silinda yoyimiritsa ndikusungidwa 15–45 mmu vacuum kuti mutulutse mpweya ku ma pores a pamwamba pa nkhuni. Kenako silindayo imadzazidwa ndi madzi amadzimadzi a antiseptic agent.

Kutentha ndi 40–50 °C kwa mankhwala ophera amadzimadzi, kapena 90–100 °C kwa opangidwa ndi mafuta. Silinda ikadzadza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mphamvu ya 8–20 imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mpope. Mitengoyi imasungidwa pansi pa kukanikiza kumeneku kwa maola 1–2, kutengera kukula kwa zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuimitsidwa.

Njirayi ndiyokwera mtengo, chifukwa imafuna za 300 kg antiseptic agent pa 1 m³ nkhuni.

Magetsi azachuma

Kulowetsedwa ndi mphamvu yazachuma kumafuna kuchepetsedwa kwambiri kwa mankhwala ophera mafuta. Mitengoyi imasungidwa mu silinda yoyamwitsa pansi pa kupanikizika kwa mpweya kwa 2–4 mpweya kwa mphindi 10–15 m. Silindayo imadzazidwa ndi mankhwala ophera mafuta otenthetsera mpaka 95 °C.

Kuthamanga kwa 7 mpaka 20 kumapangidwa mu silinda mkati mwa mphindi 30 m. Pambuyo pake, mankhwala opha tizilombo amatulutsidwa ndipo mpweya wofikira mpaka 55 mm mercury column umapangidwa mkati mwa mphindi 15–20 m. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera mafuta ndi 70–75 kg pa 1 m³ ya nkhuni.

Mfundo yamagetsi yamagetsi imachokera pa mfundo yakuti mpweya wa pores wa nkhuni umakanizidwa chifukwa cha kukakamiza koyamba. Panthawi yopuma mu gawo lomaliza la kulowetsedwa, mpweya woponderezedwa umatulutsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m’zibowo za nkhuni.

Kupaka ndi burashi kapena mfuti yopopera

Pomanga, matabwa amakutidwa ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito burashi kapena mfuti ya spray.

Mapulani owuma mumlengalenga opangira ntchito yomanga - matabwa, zingwe, mizati, matabwa apansi, mapanelo a siling’ono ndi zinthu zina - amathiridwa ndi madzi otentha atatu peresenti ya sodium fluoride. Maola angapo matabwa akauma, mankhwalawa amabwerezedwa.

Bafa lozizira kwambiri

Njira yosambira yotentha ndi yothandiza kwambiri. Mitengo yowuma mumpweya imamizidwa mu thanki yodzaza ndi sodium fluoride wamadzimadzi atatu peresenti pa kutentha pafupifupi 95 °C. Malingana ndi kukula kwa mdulidwewo, imakhala mu antiseptic kwa maola anayi.

Nthanizo zimasamutsidwa ku mankhwala opha tizilombo pa kutentha kwa 20–25 °C, kumene zimatsalira 2–2,5 maola.

Oil antiseptic agents

Mwa mankhwala ophera mafuta, mafuta a creosote ndi carbolineum amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyika malekezero apansi a mitengo ya telegraph, malekezero a matabwa omwe amakwiriridwa pansi, matabwa ogona, zogona njanji ndi zinthu zina zofananira.

Chifukwa cha fungo lakuthwa komanso losasangalatsa, matabwa opangira nyumba zogonamo, mosungiramo zipatso ndi masamba ndi malo ena opangira zakudya sayenera kupakidwa mankhwala ophera mafuta.

zokutira ndi antiseptic ndi ma gasi

Zopaka za antiseptic, zokutira za silicate, supercoat ndi bituminous supercoat zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito popangira matabwa.

Zopaka za antiseptic zimapaka pamatabwa ndi burashi, kuchuluka kwa 450 mpaka 750 g pa 1 m² pamwamba. Zovala zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zilowetse mbali zofunika kwambiri za matabwa, monga malekezero a matabwa, zogwiriziza za grids ndi mapeto a mizati yomwe imakwiriridwa pansi.

Magesi opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - chlorpicrin, gasi wa sulfure ndi ena - sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.

Kusankha njira zodzitetezera

Njira yoikidwiratu imasankhidwa molingana ndi momwe matabwawo amapezeka.

Pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa muukakalipentala wamakono, onani mazenera amatabwa ndi zitseko zakutsogolo, kapena tumizani zofunsira kudzera pa tsamba lolumikizana.