** Archive nyanzvi yezvinyorwa uye njodzi yakakomba: ** chinyorwa chinochengetedza nhoroondo yenhoroondo yekugadzikana kwemateru, zviratidzo, mafomula uye madhayagiramu kubva muzvinyorwa zvepakutanga. Haisi geotechnical kudzidza, kuchera kana embankment purojekiti, kugadzikana kuverenga, dhiraivha chirongwa, landslide kuongorora kana mirairo yebasa. Nzvimbo isina kugadzikana inogona kuviga vanhu kamwe kamwe, zvivakwa nemigwagwa; akacherekedza makatsemuka, mabulges, mvura ine makore, kudzika kamwe kamwe kana kutamiswa kunofanirwa kubatwa sechikonzero chekusimuka kubva munzvimbo ine njodzi uye nekukurumidzira kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi.
Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chehunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza uye hachimiriri kupihwa kweiyo geotechnical dhizaini, kutarisa kana kuuraya kwepasi.
Pamavhu akavakwa akadai semachekwa, migero nemigero, materu ekupedzisira dzimwe nguva anodonha. Uye kutenuka kwechisikigo, kusina mabasa ekugadzira, kunogona kufamba kamwe kamwe uye nesimba guru kana kuti zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zviitiko zvakagara zviri nyaya yezvidzidzo zve geological uye geomechanical, nechinangwa chekuongorora kugadzikana kubva kune maitiro emuviri evhu uye mamiriro ega ega ega.
Zvikonzero zvekufamba kwehuwandu hwepasi
Mamiriro ekugadzikana kwevhu chero ripi zvaro, ringava chinhu chevhu rakagadzirwa kana ivhu rechisikigo, nderokuti pane kuenzana pakati pemasimba ekunze uye kushorwa kwemukati kwevhu. Masimba ekunze ndiwo anonyanya kuremerwa nevhu, iro rinowanzova simba rekunze chete, rinoteverwa nechero mumwe mutoro wekunze unoshanda pamateru, zvachose kana kufamba. Kupikiswa kwemukati kunosanganisira kubatana uye kukweshana muvhu rakasungwa, uye kupesana chete muvhu risina kusungwa.
Fig. 1. Kutenuka kwevhu rakanyunguduka murwi
Kana tikacherekedza mupendero wehurefu h wakagadzirwa nevhu risina kusimba, semuenzaniso jecha rakaomarara rakakomberedzwa, tinoona kuti kutenuka kwemupendero iwoyo kwakarerekera pakona β kune yakachinjika (fig. 1). Saizi yekona β inotsamira pazvinhu zvakati wandei senge saizi yezviyo, chimiro chezviyo uye kuumbwa. Kana tikawedzera kureba kwemupendero h kusvika h1, h2, nezvimwewo nechinhu chimwechete chisina kusungwa chekubatana kwakafanana, kona β haizoshanduki, mutsetse wemupendero ucharamba uri pamateru mamwechete kusvika paurefu husina muganho h. Kune ivhu rakapihwa rakasununguka, the natural slope angle β inomiririra kureba kwemateru h. Kukura kwekona β yevhu risina kusungwa kunoenderana nekona yekukwesha kwevhu mukati φ uye inofungidzirwa kuva idiki zvishoma pane iyo, kana kuenzana nayo, β ≤ φ.
Fig. 2. Kucheka materu muvhu rakasungwa
Kana tikatarisa kuchekwa kwakaitwa muivhu rakasungwa, tinoona kuti kutenuka kwekucheka kunochengetwa pasi pemutsetse wakasimba.1:m, i.e. pakona yakakura β nekuda kwekuti kupikisa kwemukati kwevhu rakasungwa kunowedzera nekubatana, iyo isipo mujecha rakaoma (fig.2) Mune mamwe marudzi evhu, akadai sekuoma kwakaoma, kubatana kunogona kuwedzera kupikisa kwemukati kusvika pamwero wekuti ivhu rinogona kubatwa nedivi rakatemwa rakatemwa, i.e. pakona β =90°. Zvisinei, kana tikawedzera kureba kwekucheka h muvhu rakasungwa kusvika h1, h2 nezvimwewo, kona yekurerekera kwebevel yeakachekwa β inofanirwa kuderedzwa kuchengetedza bevel mukugadzikana. Pakona yega yega yakatsetseka β yemateru ekuchekwa muvhu rakaganhurwa kune imwe yakakosha kureba hc. Kana tikadarika hurefu uhwu, mutsetse AB haungachengetwe pachiyero uye unotsvedza panzvimbo inotsvedza CD (fig.3) Kutsvedza kwakaitika nekuda kwekuvhiringidza kwekuenzanisa pakati pesimba rekunze, huremu hwega hwepasi uye kurwisana kwemukati, iyo yakanga isingachakwanisi kupikisa kuwedzera kwesimba rekunze, i.e. kune kuwedzera kwehuremu hwevhu hunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwekukwirira kwemutsetse h.
Sl.3. Mutsetse wekucheka muvhu rakabatana
Kubva pane zvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvinotevera kuti kona yekutsika kwevhu kwevhu haigoni kutorwa sechinhu chinogara chichikosha kune ivhu rakapiwa, sezvo kukosha kwayo pasi pemamwe mamiriro ose kunoenderana nekukwirira kwemateru uye kunoderera nekuwedzera kwekukwirira uku. Zvisinei, inowanzogamuchirwa nokuda kwemateru ehurefu hudiki sehukoshi hunogara huripo, zvichienderana nekona yemukati wekukwesha kwevhu φ.
Kuvhiringidza kwekuenzanisa kunogonawo kuitika pasina kuwedzera kuchekwa kureba h, semuenzaniso kana kupikisa kwevhu kwemukati kunoderera. Zvinhu zvekupikiswa kwemukati kwevhu rakasungwa, kubatana uye kuputika, zvinoshanduka zvakanyanya uye zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwemvura muvhu. Nokudaro, muzviitiko zvakawanda, chinokonzera kutsvedza ndiko kuwandisa kwevhu rakasungwa nemvura, iro rinogona kuva rakakura zvokuti ivhu harichakwanisi kuzvitsigira pasi pemateru, asi slide nekuda kwehuremu hwayo.
Fig. 4. Kutsvedza kwevhu nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzinotsvedza
Kune zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutsvedza kwevhu nekuda kwekudzikira kwekudzivirira kwemukati, izvo zvatichataura pano zvishoma zvishoma.
Dzidzo yenzvimbo dzinotsvedza
Kana paine ivhu risingapindiki pamateru pazasi pevhu rinopindika (fig. 4a), kana paine jecha rakarerekera mudhaka revhu (fig. 4b), umo mvura inokwanisa kusvika kubva mumhepo negle (yepamusoro pemvura negle). kudonha kwevhu kunogona kuitika. Mvura yakawanda inopfuura nepakati pemvura inopinza kusvika kune ivhu revhu, iyo inonyorovesa zvakasimba, ichideredza kumira kwayo pamusoro, apo iyo yepamusoro inotsvedza.
Kukanganisika kwechiyero nekucheka cheka
Kucheka kucheka panguva yekugadzirwa kwenjanji nemigwagwa kunokanganisa mamiriro ekare ekuenzanisa, nokuti muchidimbu chekucheka ivhu rinoramba risina rubatsiro uye rinowanzoenda pasi nekuda kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Mamiriro ekuenzanisa anogona kuchengetedzwa kana kupikisa kwemukati kwevhu kwakakura zvakakwana kurwisa tsika iyi, iyo inogonekawo kana ivhu rakachekwa rine mitsara yakarerekera kune yakachekwa.
Fig. 5. Kutsvedza kwenzvimbo nekuda kwekucheka muvhu rakaturikidzana
Zvisinei, kana zvidimbu zvevhu risinganyunguriki uye rinopinda mukati zvikachekwa zvakachinjana (Fig. 5), pane mukana wekudonha kwevhu rinopinda nekunyorova kwevhu risinganyunguriki, panogona kutsvedza.
Kusafanana kwevhu
Matunhu akatetepa ezvinhu zvisinganyunguriki mumupendero wakagadzirwa nevhu rinopindika, anonzi malenzi evhu (fig. 6), anogona kukonzera kutsvedza kana mvura zhinji ikasvika paari uye ikaita nzvimbo inotsvedza.
Fig. 6. Nyaya yekutsvedza kwemupendero nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwechimiro
Mhedzisiro yechando
Pasi pekuita kwechando, mvura inoungana muchikamu chepamusoro semalenzi echando. Panguva yekunyungudutswa, malenzi echando anoshanduka kuita mvura, iyo inokwirisa ivhu kusvika pakadzika chando chiito, zvichibva zvaita kuti ive mvura yakawanda uye inorasikirwa nekugadzikana kwayo.
Nyaya iyi inongoitika muvhu rine njodzi yechando chete uye nekurebesa kwechando, nekuti zvinotora nguva yakawanda kugadzira maaizi lenzi.
Kudzikira kwemvura yepasi
Kana mvura yepasi yakadzikiswa zvachose, semuenzaniso nekuda kwekuita basa muvhu, ivhu rinooma uye, kana iri ivhu rine kuzvimba kukuru, kuputika kunoonekwa. Mvura yakawandisa pamusoro neyomuchadenga inopinda madziri, ichinyorovesa ivhu uye kuderedza kusamira kwayo mukati, izvo zvinogonawo kukonzera kuondomoka kwevhu.
Kunewo mamwe maitiro akawanda ekutsvedza kwenzvimbo, saka inogona kutariswa kuti chero ivhu rakabatana rinogona, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kurasikirwa nekupikisa kwemukati kusvika pamwero mukuru kana zvishoma uye, pasi pesimba rekunze kwemasimba, kuiswa mukufamba.
Ivhu risingawirirani rakagadzikana sekureba kwekona yekurerekera kwemateru kuri kudiki pane kona yekukwesha kwemukati kwevhu. Nerudzi urwu rwevhu, kutsvedza kunoitika chete kana kona yemateru yakakura kupfuura kona yekukwesha kwemukati. Zvisineyi, kana mupendero wakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisina kusungwa paivhu revhu, ivhu revhu rinogona kutsvedza uye mupendero wacho wodonha, uye zvinodiwa kuti patariswe kugadzikana.
Kuedza kugadzikana kwemateru epasi
Sliding surface shape
Mamiriro ekuenzanisa pakati pemasimba ekunze uye kuramba kwevhu kwemukati akaiswa naCoulomb ne equation yake
τ ≤ c + σ tgϕ
papi τ panoveura ivhu, c ndiko kubatana, σ ndiko kunetsekana kwakajairika panzvimbo inotsvedza, ϕ ndiyo kona yekukwesha kwemukati.
Kana ivhu rinopikisa mukati, kubatana c uye friction σ tgϕ hazvina kukwana kurwisana neshear stress yevhu, kutsvedza kunoitika panzvimbo inotsvedza mukati mevhu. Kune marudzi akasiyana enzvimbo inotsvedza, zvinoenderana nechimiro chevhu, stratification, humidity, kunze mutoro uye zvimwe zvinhu.
Makesi anotevera anotsvedza anosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo:
Fig. 7. Makesi chaiwo ekuondomoka kwevhu
a) Kutsvedza kwemativi akatwasuka echekwa. Kana iri migero yemvura, tsvina yetsvina, nezvimwewo, iyo inocherwa nemativi akatwasuka (fig. 7a), kana iyo yakakosha kureba hc, iyo inoenderana nehunhu hwevhu, yakapfuurwa, kutsvedza pamusoro pepamusoro ADC kunoitika. Mativi aya kazhinji haasi kureba kwenzira, asi anowanikwa munzvimbo, izvo zvinotsanangurwa nekusaenzana kwesimba rekugera kwevhu.
b) Patial kutsvedza (muonde 7b). Mativi aya anowanzoonekwa muchirimo panjanji nemigwagwa yakachekwa uye zvinokonzerwa nekuzarisa kwevhu nemvura.
c) Kutsvedza usiku (muonde 7c). Ndiko kutsvedza kwemateru ese ekuchekwa kana kuti mupendero kuenda pagumbo C.
d) Kutsvedza pasi petsoka (Mufananidzo 7d). Iko kutsvedza kwese kutsetseka kwekucheka kana kusungirirwa uye ivhu riri pasi petsoka. Slide iyi inodaidzwa zvakare kunzi subgrade fracture kana Swedish fracture, mushure mevaSweden vakatanga kuitsanangura.
Panyaya yechimiro chenzvimbo inotsvedza, inogona kungonzi inotsvedza muvhu rakasungwa haina kutwasuka, asi kuti inzvimbo yakakomberedzwa. Vamwe vanyori vanotora denderedzwa arc (Fellenius), logarithmic spiral (Rendulić) kana musanganiswa wemitsara yakakombama iyi (Brinch Hansen) sechimiro chenzvimbo inotsvedza.
Mhedzisiro yekusefa kwemvura pakugadzikana kwemateru
Kana pane mvura yekunze pamberi pemukwidza ine mwero we_N1_ (mu.8), kuyerera kwemvura kunoitika muvhu kuseri kwemateru, izvo zvinokonzeresa kumanikidzwa kwemvura mukati me pores, semugumisiro wekuti kukakavara pakati pezvimedu zvakasimba kunoderera uye kushushikana kweshear muvhu kunowedzera.
Kana iyo nhanho iri N1 yemvura pamberi pemutsetse inoramba iripo, mbiru yemvura H*γW inokonzera kudzvinyirirwa kwemvura mumapores evhu, izvo zvinoderedza kukweshana pakati pezvimedu zvakasimba, semugumisiro wekuti njodzi yekutsvedza kwemateru inowedzera. Nekudaro, kana iyo nhanho iri N1 nguva dzose, kudzvinyirirwa kwembiru yemvura H*γW kunosunda zvimedu zvakasimba kuenda mukati mevhu, nokuda kwengozi yokutsvedza kwemateru inoderedzwa kusvika pamwero wakati. Muchiitiko ichi, pachiyero chemvura nguva dzose N1 pamberi pemateru, kune njodzi yekutsvedza kwemawere ezasi, nekuti mhedzisiro yekusefa kwemvura muvhu inokonzeresa kusunda kwezvimedu zvakaomarara munzira yekunze kwemutsetse wezasi.
Sl.8. Maitiro ekusefa pakugadzikana kwevhu rakatsetseka
Kana mvura yekunze ichidonha zvakanyanya kubva pa_N level1_ pa_N2_ ipapo kugadzikana kwemateru ekumusoro kunotyisidzirwa. Muchiitiko ichi, mvura yemukati yepore inoyerera ichienda kudivi rekunze kwemateru ekumusoro, ichisunda zvimedu zvakasimba kudivi iro.
Nemhaka yezvose izvi, kana ivhu rakanyura mumvura, mhedzisiro yekusefa kwemvura inofanirawo kuverengerwa pakuedza kugadzikana kwemateru.
Mhedzisiro yekusefa kwemvura muvhu kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakati wandei, zvinonyanya kukosha zvinoti permeability yevhu, hydrostatic pressure yekunze kwemvura, rate yekuderera kwemvura yekunze uye homogeneity yevhu.
Kana isu tichifungidzira kuti ebankment mune fig. 8 yehomogenous isotropic mass, pasi pekuita kwehydrostatic pressure yekunze kwemvura yelevel N1, mvura inoyerera mumapores emupendero yakananga kuzasi kwerukova, uko mwero wemvura yepasi mumukoko unozodzikira nehurefu hwemugwagwa wafambwa. Kana tikaunza mapaipi epiezometer AA’, BB’ uye CC’ mumutsetse (fig. 9), mvura yepore iri pasi pesimba re hydrostatic pressure ichapinda mupombi idzi uye ichikwira kusvika panhanho N1, inogona kufanana mumapombi ese, kana iwo mapoinzi _B akasarudzwa _B_A. mbiru yemvura mumapombi anoti h1, h2 uye h3.
Fig. 9. Equipotential uye mitsetse yazvino
Kana tichireva ne h kukwirira kwechikamu chemvura N1 maringe neimwe ndege yakasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano O-O, zvinokwanisika h kune vese 3 mapoinzi, A, B ne_C_ zvakafanana. Mutsetse unobatanidza mapoinzi matatu aya ndiwo equipotential line. Mvura yepasi muvhu haigoni kuyerera ichitevedza mutsara iwoyo, asi chete yakananga kunzvimbo dzine simba rakaderera.
Nenzira yakafanana tinogona kusarudza muhuremu humwe chete mapoinzi D, E uye F ine simba rakaderera h ― Δh. Mutsara unobatana nemapoinzi matatu aya ndiwo mutsara we equipotential wekugona h ― Δh. Kuyerera kwemvura kubva panzvimbo A ye equipotential line ABC kune imwe nzvimbo isingagumi yepedyo D ye equipotential line DEF ichavepo munzira yehukuru hydraulic drop _imaxest in the small direction = the small direction of the _Δel . AD. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutsetse AD painoyerera mvura wakanangana nemitsara yese yekuenzanisa, nekuti
imax = Δh / Δlmin
apo Δlmin yakajairika kune ese ari maviri equipotential mitsetse. Izvo zvinojairwa kumitsara ye equipotential ndiwo mafambiro ekuyerera kwemvura muhuremu hunopindika uye anonzi current lines. Nharaunda yemitsara ye equipotential uye yazvino, inowirirana perpendicular kune mumwe nemumwe, inoumba inoyerera network.
Manetiweki anoyerera ane zvimiro zvakasiyana zvinoenderana nekuwanda kupenya. Nyaya inonyanyozivikanwa ndeye mupendero wakagadzirwa nekukura kwemvura paivhu risingapindiki, kureva paivhu rinokwanisa kunyura (fig. 10). Muchiitiko ichi, kana chiyero chemvura chekunze chinoramba chiripo, mitsetse iri pakati peparabola.
Fig. 10. Kuyerera mambure munzvimbo inopinza mvura paivhu risinganyure
Pamateru ekumusoro, maparabola anobatana nemitsara yakananga kumateru, inomiririra mutsetse we equipotential, nekuti padanho rinogara N1 mvura haiyerere ichidzika nemateru. Nekudzika kwakadzika, parabolas inopera tangentially kumateru, iyo isiri mutsara we equipotential kana mutsara wezvino. Pamusoro pevhu risingapindiki pasi pemupendero inzira inoyerera, nokuti mvura iri pasi pemupendero inoyerera ichienderana nepamusoro peiyi. Muchikamu chepamusoro, iyo inoyerera network inopera neiyo parabola yakakosha inonzi seepage line, inomiririra muganhu wevhu pasi pechiito chekusefa. Pasi pemuganhu uyu, ivhu riri pasi pekuita kwefiltration nekuda kwe hydrostatic pressure yekunze kwemvura H \ * γ W, asi pasina kusvibiswa muvhu pamusoro payo. The seepage line inonziwo saturation line, sezvo zvichifungidzirwa kuti ivhu riri pasi paro rakazara nemvura, asi pamusoro paro rinenge rakazara.
Actual slope assessment inofanira kusanganisira kuongorora, stratification, simba parameters, pasi uye pamusoro pemvura, kuchinja kwemazinga, mvura, seismic, kuchera kana kuzadza zvikamu, zvivakwa zviri pedyo uye mamiriro enguva pfupi. Kuchera pasina dziviriro yakakodzera uye kupinda munzvimbo inokwanisika kudonha hakuna kuchengeteka zvichibva pane zvakajairwa zvinyorwa kana chimiro chemutsetse wacho pachako.